Extensive tracheal resection in lung cancer and tuberculosis: a case report.

BACKGROUND: Tracheal bifurcation resection remains the greatest challenge in airway reconstruction, especially with extensive lesions. Additionally, lung cancer and pulmonary tuberculosis comorbidity complicate the chemoradiotherapy treatment due to the TB reactivation. This case describes tracheal resection in a patient with both tuberculosis (TB) and lung cancer. CASE PRESENTATION: The patient was diagnosed with right lung tuberculosis and upper lobe cancer with trachea invasion complicated by hemoptysis. A right pneumonectomy with circular trachea bifurcation resection was performed. Radiotherapy and chemotherapy were not administered to avoid TB reactivation. At 5.5 years post-surgery, there was cancer recurrence that was treated with radiation therapy. At 10 years post-surgery, an invasive squamous-cell carcinoma of a three-segment bronchus on the left was revealed. Radiation therapy and a course of chemotherapy were carried out with almost complete tumor regression. CONCLUSIONS: TB presence should not serve as a basis for the refusal of cancer treatment. Combined treatment may be recommended when the main infection focus in the pulmonary parenchyma is removed during surgery.

Case of Video-Assisted Thoracoplasty Application in Pulmonary Tuberculosis Treatment.

A patient with extensive fibrocavitary pulmonary tuberculosis and extensively drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis underwent bilateral video-assisted thoracic surgery thoracoplasty. An examination 4 years post-surgery revealed that the patient was in a satisfactory condition and able-bodied. We performed surgery according to our proposed video-assisted thoracic surgery thoracoplasty technique. In the postoperative period, we noted early patient symptoms, including significantly less-pronounced pain than with standard incisions, the absence of limitations in upper limb mobility, and the absence of gross chest deformation. Permanent surgical collapse sufficient for closing cavities and the elimination of bacilli were achieved and confirmed with a computed tomography scan.

Single lung resection: The limits of the possible. Clinical report.

INTRODUCTION: Single lung resection remains a challenge due to the preservation of the respiratory reserve. This report presents that case of a female patient with bilateral fibrotic-cavitary pulmonary tuberculosis complicated with empyema on the right lung. Only 3.5 lung segments were left after a multistage surgery. PRESENTATION OF CASE: The first stage included draining of empyema and transsternal transmediastinal right main bronchus occlusion. Then, upper lobectomy with partial S6 resection of the left lung, followed by pleuropneumonectomy was performed. At a follow-up of two years and 10 months, patient's condition was good. DISCUSSION: Although single lung surgery has been possible over half a century ago, it remains a high-risk intervention. CONCLUSION: With the removal of the non-functioning parenchyma and elimination of the air/vascular shunt, single lung resection volume exceeding lobectomy is possible, which may improve cardiorespiratory function.

Surgical treatment of bilateral vanishing lung syndrome: a case report.

BACKGROUND: Volume reduction surgery is a routine treatment method for lung emphysema in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients. The formation of giant bullous emphysema is an indication for surgical bullectomy. Bilateral giant bullae severely compromise lung function and complicate surgical treatment. CASE PRESENTATION: We present the algorithm for surgical treatment and correction of complications in a 38-year-old male with bilateral giant bullae (vanishing lung syndrome), severe COPD. Primarily the patient was admitted with a mild cough, mucopurulent sputum and dyspnea. A CT scan revealed bilateral giant bullae, displacing up to 50% of lung volume. A two-stage surgical bullectomy was planned, yet postoperative complications due to secondary bullae rupture prompted urgent revision with contralateral bullae resection. After complete bullectomy, severely reduced lung volume was successfully managed throughout a long postoperative rehabilitation period. At 5 year follow-up, spirometry indicators and radiological examination show significantly improved and stable lung function. CONCLUSION: This clinical case demonstrates the technical difficulties and possible complications of extended bilateral lung resections in patients with severe vanishing lung syndrome. Single-stage treatment of bilateral giant bullous emphysema is recommended to minimize postoperative complications and reduce risk of bullae rupture. Positive long-term outcome outweighs possible complications of surgical treatment.

Video-assisted thoracoplasty in pulmonary tuberculosis: a retrospective study.

BACKGROUND: The long history of the struggle against tuberculosis (TB) inspired us to develop a new minimally invasive technique of thoracoplasty with videothoracoscope control (VATP). The aim of this study was to determine its efficacy. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective single-center study of a cohort of patients operated on between 1999 and 2017. Two hundred eight patients who were indicated for thoracoplasty with verified TB with cavities in the upper lobe/S6 were enrolled in this study. Treatment outcomes were assessed based on Laserson criteria and active TB absence verified with CT. RESULTS: Intraoperative and postoperative complications were observed in 15 (7.2%) and 4 (2.0%) cases, respectively. There were no 30-day mortalities. VATP with curative intent succeeded in 88% of cases according to Laserson criteria and active TB absence verified with computed tomography (CT). Clinical improvement (sputum negativity, closure of caverna, and lack of reactivation for 3 years) was achieved in 81% of cases. CONCLUSIONS: Comparing the successful results of this technique in the cohort of multidrug-resistant (MDR) TB patients with the outcomes of treatment of MDR TB worldwide (77% vs. 55%, respectively), the VATP technique is shown to be efficacious and thus recommended. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRY NUMBER: ISRCTN67743278.

Surgical treatment of giant bullae on the background of cystic lesion and vascular malformation. Case report.

Bullae formation on a cystic background is still not described thoroughly. This clinical case aims to improve this situation and describes the combination of multiple cysts with vascular malformation, giant bullae (2/3 of the left hemithorax and 1/2 of the right hemithorax) with suppuration in a 50-year-old smoker. Before surgery, treatment for chronic obstructive lung disease (COPD) was administered without a positive outcome. Bullectomy was subsequently conducted and histopathological data revealed vascular malformation causing microinfarctions in pulmonary parenchyma, cystic degeneration and tuberculosis. Although it became possible to establish a final diagnosis due to histology, the need for surgical treatment was clear from clinical and x-ray evidence. Such instances as the one presented in this case report should assist with improving our knowledge about bullae in combination with cysts in the lungs because they provide additional context in a clinical setting.

Treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis: past and present.

OBJECTIVES: Surgical interventional has been key in the treatment of tuberculosis (TB) for a long time. Its importance diminished after the emergence of chemotherapy. However, the spread of rapid multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) TB has led us to return to surgery to treat TB. Today, every second patient in Russia with destructive TB has either MDR or XDR TB, which is the reason for the low efficacy of conservative treatment. In 2015, treatment with drugs resulted in clinical recovery in only 29.8% of new cases of destructive TB acid-fast bacilli (AFB)+. METHODS: The author's data from 1999 to 2016 have been analysed. The author performed 5599 surgeries on patients with pulmonary TB aged from 1 to 87 years (mean age 34.6 years). The most common reasons for surgical treatment were fibrotic cavitary and cavitary pulmonary TB, tuberculoma with destruction, tuberculous pleural empyema, caseous pneumonia and intrathoracic lymph nodes. The strategy of early collapse therapy and the use of surgery to treat TB was proposed in the Penza region of Russia; the results were analysed to estimate the long-term outcomes of treatment. RESULTS: In 5599 surgeries, the full clinical effect was achieved in 93% of operated patients with MDR TB, in 92.1% of those with XDR TB and in 98% of patients without MDR or XDR resistance. According to the data from the Penza region, 3 years after surgery, 93.9% (149 of 159 cases) of the operated patients exhibited clinical recovery. CONCLUSIONS: Taking into account the data from the World Health Organization on the insufficient level of therapeutic success in the treatment of MDR and XDR pulmonary TB, surgical treatment is necessary in regions with a high frequency of drug-resistant cases.