What Is the Appropriate Timing for Bar Removal After the Nuss Repair for Pectus Excavatum?

INTRODUCTION: The Nuss procedure for pectus excavatum requires that the sternal elevation be maintained by indwelling metal bars that are traditionally removed approximately 3 y after the repair. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study was conducted of all patients who underwent primary Nuss repair from 2007 to 2018 in two institutions and had a follow-up of at least 24 mo. Pectus bars had been left in place beyond 3 y in patients concerned over possible recurrence after bar removal. Structured interviews were held to assess pain, chest tightness, or other discomfort, and any adverse events related to pectus bars. Results were compared between patients in whom pectus bars were removed after 3 y (standard group) and those in whom bars were left in place longer (extended bar duration group). RESULTS: Two hundred and thirty-one patients (91% males, mean age 23.9 ± 8.3, mean Haller index 4.9 ± 2.3) were included. Bar duration was 30.6 ± 6.6 mo in the standard group (51 patients) versus 69.1 ± 26.3 mo in the extended group (180 patients). Some discomfort was reported by 81.6% in the standard group versus 62.9% in the extended group (P = 0.033), and discomfort occurring at least monthly or more often was only reported by 30% in the standard versus 30.3% in the extended group (P = 1.000). Quality of life improved in 92.6% of the standard group versus 94.7% of the extended group (P = 1.000). No significant adverse events were reported in either group. CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest that an extended bar duration after the Nuss repair may not cause any adverse event nor negatively affect quality of life.

Surgical Management of Primary Spontaneous Pneumothorax Without Lung Bullae.

INTRODUCTION: Primary spontaneous pneumothorax (PSP) is a relatively common disease. Different studies have been published but lung resection, when no emphysema-like changes (ELC) are detected, is unclear. The aim of our study is to retrospectively investigate the role of lung resection of the apex of the lung in patients with no ELC. METHODS: This is a retrospective multicenter study of 516 patients who underwent surgical treatment of PSP with no ELC between January 2007 and December 2017. Patients were divided into two groups: pleurodesis alone group, only mechanical pleurodesis performed (53 patients), and apical resection group, apical resection of the lung and mechanical pleurodesis performed (463 patients). The following were the primary end points considered: recurrence rate and perioperative complications; the following were the secondary end points considered: length of stay, chest tube removal, residual pleural space, prolonged air leak, and reoperation rate. RESULTS: No differences were found in the baseline and operative characteristics of the two groups. Both primary end points were statistically different: recurrence rate (15.1% versus 6.5%, P = 0.023) and perioperative complications (18.9% versus 7.3%, P = 0.004). Among secondary end points length of stay (6.94 versus 5.55, P = 0.033) and prolonged air leak (15.1% versus 4.3%, P = 0.001) were statistically different. On multivariate analysis, lung resection emerged as a protective factor for recurrence (hazard ratio 0.182, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: In our experience, apical lung resection in patients without ELC may reduce recurrence rate and perioperative complications when compared with pleurodesis alone.

Patient satisfaction after Nuss procedure with one or two bars in young adults: A propensity score-matched cohort study.

BACKGROUND: The Nuss procedure is the primary treatment for pectus excavatum (PE), but patient expectations are not always met. In our unit, our standard approach in the last few years has been the routine application of two bars instead of one. We aimed to retrospectively assess the impact of this approach on patient satisfaction, quality of life (QoL) and safety. METHODS: A retrospective study included 182 patients over 16 years old who underwent the Nuss procedure for PE between January 2007 and September 2021. Patients were categorized into one-bar or two-bar correction groups. Propensity score matching (PSM) was used, resulting in 30 patients in each group. Primary endpoints were QoL and cosmetic satisfaction, while secondary endpoints included complications and recurrence. RESULTS: After PSM, both groups showed similar general characteristics. Patients treated with two bars reported fewer psychological complaints post-surgery (93.3% vs. 73.3%, p = 0.031). There were no significant differences in QoL improvement (96.7% in both groups, p = 0.197), perioperative complications (p = 0.771) or recurrence (one patient in the one-bar group, p = 1.000). CONCLUSIONS: Our study reveals that patients undergoing the Nuss Procedure for PE with two bars exhibit comparable clinical outcomes and QoL to those with one bar. However, patients with two bars may have higher levels of psychological well-being and satisfaction, indicating potential benefits associated with this approach. These findings suggest potential advantages of the two-bar approach, but further research with larger sample sizes is warranted to confirm these observations.

A Multicenter Retrospective Case-Control Study on Simple vs Extended Sleeve Lobectomies.

BACKGROUND: Sleeve resection is currently the gold standard procedure for centrally located non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Extended sleeve lobectomy (ESL) consists of an atypical bronchoplasty with resection of >1 lobe and carries several technical difficulties compared with simple sleeve lobectomy (SSL). Our study compared the outcomes of ESL and SSL for NSCLC. METHODS: This multicenter, retrospective, cohort study included 1314 patients who underwent ESL (155 patients) or SSL (1159 patients) between 2000 and 2018. The primary end points were 30-day and 90-day mortality, overall survival (OS), disease-free survival (DFS), and complications. RESULTS: No differences were found between the 2 groups in general characteristics and surgical and survival outcomes. In particular, there were no differences in early and late complication frequency, 30- and 90-day mortality, R status, recurrence, OS (54.26 ± 33.72 months vs 56.42 ± 32.85 months, P = .444), and DFS (46.05 ± 36.14 months vs 47.20 ± 35.78 months, P = .710). Mean tumor size was larger in the ESL group (4.72 ± 2.30 cm vs 3.81 ± 1.78 cm, P < .001). Stage IIIA was the most prevalent stage in ESL group (34.8%), whereas stage IIB was the most prevalent in SSL group (34.3%; P < .001). The multivariate analyses found nodal status was the only independent predictive factor for OS. CONCLUSIONS: ESL gives comparable short- and long-term outcomes to SSL. Appropriate preoperative staging and exclusion of metastases to mediastinal lymph nodes, as well as complete (R0) resection, are essential for good long-term outcomes.

Giant thymoma with complete superior vena cava obstruction.

Thymomas are rare epithelial tumors of the mediastinum with relatively good prognosis compared to other thoracic malignancies. Surgery is considered the best treatment and the most important determinant of long-term survival even in advanced stages. Nevertheless, complete resection may be challenging and require a multimodality approach. We present a case of a stage IVa thymoma surgically treated. The superior vena cava was completely occluded and, after resection, reconstruction was deemed unnecessary due to sufficient venous return through the azygos-inferior vena cava system. In our opinion, despite the morbidity of surgery in advanced thymomas, it should always be considered in expert hands.

Upfront surgery for N2 NSCLC: a large retrospective multicenter cohort study.

BACKGROUND: The optimal sequence and combination of surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy in patients with N2 non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) remain undefined. The aim of our study was to compare two treatment options for N2 NSCLC-induction therapy with subsequent surgery versus upfront surgery with adjuvant treatment. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed 405 patients with N2 disease in two centers, between January 2010 and December 2016. They were divided into two groups: the Induction Group, composed of patients who received neoadjuvant chemotherapy, and the Upfront surgery Group, composed of patients who underwent surgery as first-line therapy. Propensity score-matched (PSM) analysis was performed, and 52 patients were included in each group. Primary endpoints were: recurrence, overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS). RESULTS: After the PSM, no differences were observed in general characteristics, perioperative results, rates and severity of complications, and histopathology results. Seventeen patients (32.7%) of the induction group and 21 (40.4%) of the upfront surgery group had mediastinal lymph nodal involvement with skipping (p = 0.415). Recurrence rate was not different between the two groups (57.7% vs 50.0%, p = 0.478). No differences were observed in terms of OS (40.98 ± 35.78 vs 37.0 ± 40.69 months, p = 0.246) and DFS (29.67 ± 36.01 vs 27.96 ± 40.08 months, p = 0.697). The multivariable analysis identified the pT stage and skipping lymph node metastasis as independent predictive factors for OS. CONCLUSIONS: Upfront surgery followed by adjuvant therapy does not appear inferior in terms of recurrence, OS and DFS, compared to induction chemotherapy with subsequent surgery.

How the COVID-19 Pandemic Impacted on Integrated Care Pathways for Lung Cancer: The Parallel Experience of a COVID-Spared and a COVID-Dedicated Center.

INTRODUCTION: The COVID-19 pandemic has proved to be a historic challenge for healthcare systems, particularly with regard to cancer patients. So far, very limited data have been presented on the impact on integrated care pathways (ICPs). METHODS: We reviewed the ICPs of lung cancer patients who accessed the Veneto Institute of Oncology (IOV)/University Hospital of Padua (Center 1) and the University Hospital of Verona (Center 2) before and after the COVID-19 pandemic, through sixteen indicators chosen by the members of a multidisciplinary team (MDT). RESULTS: Two window periods (March and April 2019 and 2020) were chosen for comparison. Endoscopic diagnostic procedures and major resections for early stage NSCLC patients increased at Center 1, where a priority pathway with dedicated personnel was established for cancer patients. A slight decrease was observed at Center 2 which became part of the COVID unit. Personnel shortage and different processing methods of tumor samples determined a slightly longer time for diagnostic pathway completion at both Centers. Personnel protection strategies led to a MDT reshape on a web basis and to a significant selection of cases to be discussed in both Centers. The optimization of patient access to healthcare units reduced first outpatient oncological visits, patient enrollment in clinical trials, and end-of-life cancer systemic treatments; finally, a higher proportion of hypofractionation was delivered as a radiotherapy approach for early stage and locally advanced NSCLC. CONCLUSIONS: Based on the experience of the two Centers, we identified the key steps in ICP that were impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic so as to proactively put in place a robust service provision of thoracic oncology.

The posterior approach in the treatment of popliteal artery aneurysm: feasibility and analysis of outcome.

BACKGROUND: This review evaluates the results of our 18-year experience with surgical treatment of popliteal artery aneurysms (PAAs), examining the effects of the variables of clinical presentations, surgical technique, graft material, and runoff on operative results in the management of popliteal aneurysms. METHODS: We reviewed 49 PAAs consecutively repaired in 35 patients. We preferentially use, if possible, the posterior approach for repair of popliteal aneurysms. We repaired aneurysms passing above the Hunter canal using a medial approach to allow for adequate exposure of the proximal neck of the aneurysm. We separately analyzed the results of patients who underwent the posterior approach (group A) and those that underwent the medial approach (group B). Primary, primary assisted, and secondary patency were established using life-tables analysis. RESULTS: In our experience, the posterior approach was used in 38 repairs (77.6%), followed by graft interposition (group A). PAAs were asymptomatic in 29 (59.2%) of 49 cases. Among 20 symptomatic PAAs, nine (18.4%) caused intermittent claudication, one (2.0%) caused rest pain and trophic wound, and the remaining 10 limbs (20.4%) presented with acute ischemia and limb threat. A total of 11 popliteal aneurysms (22.4%) required repair with a medial approach (group B) because the extension of the aneurysm was proximal to the adductor hiatus. The primary patency rates at 6 and 8 years were 94.3 and 83.8%, respectively, for group A and 100% (p = .43) and 19.1% (p = .001) for group B, the respective assisted primary patency rates were 97.3 and 86.3%, in group A and 100% (p = .43) and 19.1% (p = .001) for group B. The secondary patency rates at 6 months and 8 years were 97.3 and 97.3%, respectively, in group A and 90.9% (p = .34) and 77.9% (p = .05) in group B. Amputation occurred in two (4.1%) of 49 limbs and 30-day postoperative mortality was 2.0% (1/49 patients). There was no statistical difference in amputation rate in symptomatic and asymptomatic limbs, and in group A and B. CONCLUSION: We believe that the posterior approach is the gold standard surgical therapy to treat PPAs not extending above the Hunter canal. In our experience, the posterior approach was possible in 77.6% of cases. It has excellent patency and prevents further aneurysm expansion by completely interrupting the collateral circulation to the aneurysm sac. In contrast, the posterior approach had a slightly higher tibial nerve injury (p = .43), especially during the learning curve. The preoperative symptoms and the use of venous material for reconstruction affect significantly long-term patency.

What counts more: the patient, the surgical technique, or the hospital? A multivariable analysis of factors affecting perioperative complications of pulmonary lobectomy by video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery from a large nationwide registry.

OBJECTIVES: Inherent technical aspects of pulmonary lobectomy by video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) may limit surgeons' ability to deal with factors predisposing to complications. We analysed complication rates after VATS lobectomy in a prospectively maintained nationwide registry. METHODS: The registry was queried for all consecutive VATS lobectomy procedures from 49 Italian Thoracic Units. Baseline condition, tumour features, surgical techniques, devices, postoperative care, complications, conversions and the reasons thereof were detailed. Univariable and multivariable regressions were used to assess factors potentially linked to complications. RESULTS: Four thousand one hundred and ninety-one VATS lobectomies in 4156 patients (2480 men, 1676 women) were analysed. The median age-adjusted Charlson index of the patients was 4 (interquartile range 3-6). Grade 1 and 2 and Grade 3-5 complications were observed in 20.1% and in 5.8%, respectively. Ninety-day mortality was 0.55%. The overall conversion rate was 9.2% and significantly higher in low-volume centres (<100 cases, P < 0.001), but there was no significant difference between intermediate- and high-volume centres under this aspect. Low-volume centres were significantly more likely to convert due to issues with difficult local anatomy, but not significantly so for bleeding. Conversion, lower case-volume, comorbidity burden, male gender, adhesions, blood loss, operative time, sealants and epidural analgesia were significantly associated with increased postoperative morbidity. CONCLUSIONS: VATS lobectomy is a safe procedure even in medically compromised patients. An improved classification system for conversions is proposed and prevention strategies are suggested to reduce conversion rates and possibly complications in less-experienced centres.

VATS thymectomy for early stage thymoma and myasthenia gravis: combined right-sided uniportal and left-sided three-portal approach.

The traditional approach to thymectomy requires median sternotomy based on the assumption that it is the best means to achieve adequate resection margins, complete removal of the thymus and clearance of the anterior mediastinal fat. However, in recent years, VATS thymectomy has been gaining acceptance as a means to achieve adequate oncologic results and symptomatic improvement of myasthenic symptoms with less impact on the patient. We have adopted a flexible approach based on the location of the tumor and on whether the patient has myasthenia gravis (MG) or not when planning minimally invasive VATS thymectomy. A preferential approach from the left side is chosen for clinical stage I-II thymomas located on the left side or on the midline in patients without MG, and a bilateral approach (uniportal VATS on the right side and three-portal VATS on the left side) for MG patients with or without thymoma in order to achieve complete clearance of the anterior mediastinal fat on both sides. Such techniques are herewith clearly illustrated in hope that surgeons wishing to endeavor in such an effort will be facilitated.

A prognostic model including pre- and postsurgical variables to enhance risk stratification of primary mediastinal nonseminomatous germ cell tumors: the 27-year experience of a referral center.

BACKGROUND: Primary mediastinal germ cell tumors (PMGCTs) poorly benefit from chemotherapy and half of patients die because of disease progression. Enhancing the risk stratification might result in tailoring a more personalized treatment strategy from the time of diagnosis. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between the years 1985 and 2012, 86 patients with PMGCT were treated at our center. Cox proportional hazards regression analysis was conducted in the population of nonseminomas to examine the prognostic effect of candidate factors on progression-free and OS. OS curves were compared using the Kaplan-Meier method and the log-rank test. RESULTS: Mean age was 29.8 years (range, 15-63 years). Twenty-five patients (29.1%) had lung and 8 (9.3%) liver, bone, or brain metastases. Twelve patients (13.9%) received upfront high-dose chemotherapy and 45 patients (52.3%) underwent surgery after chemotherapy. Cox analyses included 61 evaluable primary mediastinal nonseminomatous germ cell tumors (PMNSGCTs). The final model of factors indicating a poor prognosis included the combination of surgery and histological response (overall P = .011) and lung metastases (hazard ratio, 3.03; 95% confidence interval, 1.12-8.15; P = .028). The model showed a bootstrap-corrected Harrel c-statistic for OS of 0.66. A risk stratification model based on the combination of these factors and accounting for a 50% 5-year survival cutoff identified 2 groups (poor prognosis, n = 33 vs. good prognosis, n = 28) with distinct OS curves (P < .001). Preoperative serum tumor marker level was not associated with the final histology (P = .853, χ(2) test). Results were limited by small numbers. CONCLUSION: Patients with PMNSGCT included 2 subpopulations with distinct prognosis, and therapeutic improvements are needed for patients with poor-risk features.

Tailored stent for bronchial stump fistula closure and omentoplasty for infection control: a combined approach with low morbidity.

Bronchopleural fistula (BPF) after pneumonectomy remains a dangerous complication with high mortality and morbidity. Primary closure of the fistula with muscle flaps and a thoracic window is generally used to treat BPF. New techniques for secondary stump closure including glues, stents and coils have been introduced recently. We report the use of a J-shaped tracheal stent device placed during bronchoscopy combined with omentoplasty to control the symptoms related to BPF and pleural space infection, respectively.

Thulium laser versus staplers for anatomic pulmonary resections with incomplete fissures: negative results of a randomized trial.

AIMS: This randomized trial evaluated the feasibility and safety of thulium 2010-nm laser to perform anatomic lung resections in patients with incomplete fissures, as compared to mechanical staplers with or without sealants. STUDY DESIGN: Seventy-two patients scheduled for segmentectomy or lobectomy were enrolled. After intraoperative confirmation of the extent of resection and incomplete fissures (Craig type 2, 3 or 4), they were randomized and allocated to one of the following arms: laser resection by thulium (group A) or standard resection with mechanical staplers with or without sealants (group B). The primary endpoints of the study included analysis of intraoperative and postoperative course, and costs. RESULTS: Thirty-eight patients were assigned to group A (32 lobectomies, 6 segmentectomies) and 34 to group B (31 lobectomies, 3 segmentectomies). No 30-day mortality was observed. Median operative times were 145.0 minutes (group A) and 142.5 minutes (group B, P = 0.83). The median time to drainage removal was 5 days (group A) and 4 days (group B), while the median length of hospital stay was the same (7 days). Prolonged air leaks >7 days were observed in 12 patients of group A (32%) and 10 patients of group B (29%, P = 0.46). Unpredictable late pneumothorax occurred in 3 patients of group A (2 readmissions, need for 1 repeat thoracotomy). Cost analysis demonstrated an intraoperative advantage for group A (mean 807 ± 212 euro) versus group B (mean 1,047+/-276 euro, P <0.0001), but the differences in total costs could be due to chance (P = 0.83). CONCLUSIONS: The use of laser to complete fissures can lead to late pneumothorax, even in the absence of postoperative air leaks. Moreover, the use of laser to complete fissures did not prove to reduce overall costs. Trial Registration Identification Number: 41/10 (IRB00001457 - FWA00001798 - IORG0001063).

Does external pleural suction reduce prolonged air leak after lung resection? Results from the AirINTrial after 500 randomized cases.

BACKGROUND: External pleural suction is used after lung resection to promote lung expansion and minimize air leak duration. Published randomized trials failed to prove this advantage but they are limited in number and underpowered in many cases. The aim of the AirINTrial study was to test the hypothesis that external pleural suction may reduce the rate of prolonged air leak in a large, randomized cohort. METHODS: All candidates for lung resection (with the exception of pneumonectomy) were considered eligible for this single-center study. At the end of operation, patients were stratified by the type of resection (anatomic versus nonanatomic) and randomly allocated into the external suction arm (-15 cmH2O, group A) or into the no external suction arm (control arm, group B) in a 1:1 ratio. Chest drains were maintained for 3 days and then they were either removed or connected to an Heimlich valve, when an air leak was present. The main endpoint was to compare groups in terms of prolonged air leak (defined as the rate of patients having a chest drain still in place by postoperative day 7). RESULTS: Starting on February 2011, 500 patients were randomized over a 21-month period, 250 in group A and 250 in group B. Twenty-one patients in group B (8.4%) required pleural suction owing to large pneumothorax or diffuse subcutaneous emphysema. On postoperative day 7, the chest drain was still in place in 25 patients in group A and in 34 patients in group B (10% and 14%, respectively; p = 0.2). Subgroup analysis showed that external pleural suction reduced the prolonged air leak rate in the subgroup of patients who underwent anatomic resection (n = 296, 9.6% in group A and 16.8% in group B; p = 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Results from the AirINTrial showed that the routine use of external suction reduces the rate of prolonged air leak after anatomic lung resection. More accurate strategies of pleural suction based on the amount of air flow and the degree of lung expansion should be probably established to improve its effectiveness.

Surgical treatment of bronchiectasis: early and long-term results.

Management of bronchiectasis remains controversial and information on long-term results of surgical treatment is poor. Clinical records of 45 patients, who underwent surgery for bronchiectasis in an 8-year period, were retrospectively reviewed. Bronchiectasis focus was isolated in 24 cases, associated with a limited homolateral or controlateral focus in 9 and 11, respectively; two patients had bilateral evident foci. Bronchiectasis was responsible for lobe destruction in 23 cases. All patients had symptoms: haemoptysis (n=7), recurrent pneumonia (n=7), persistent bronchorrea with recurrent infection (n=15), hemoptysis and recurrent infection (n=16). A total of 23 lobectomies, 11 lobectomies+segmentectomies, 2 bi-lobectomies, 9 segmentectomies and 1 pneumonectomy were carried out. There were no perioperative deaths; complications occurred in 5 patients (postoperative pneumonia in 2, prolonged air-leak, residual air-space and bronchial infection 1 each). Symptoms disappeared in 32 patients, 10 patients experienced a significant improvement. Exercise tolerance remained stable or improved in 33 and 2 cases, respectively, a slight impairment was observed in 9. Out of 32 evaluable patients 11 had an unchanged FEV(1), 15 had a limited FEV(1) lowering (<15%), and 9 had a more important functional loss. Surgical treatment of bronchiectasis obtains satisfactory long-term results, with acceptable morbidity rates.

Resection for tumors with carinal involvement: technical aspects, results, and prognostic factors.

BACKGROUND: Resection of tumors with carinal involvement remains a challenge because of specific problems of operative technique and airway management. We reviewed our experience with carinal resection and studied factors influencing postoperative course and long-term survival. METHODS: Between 1983 and 2002, 65 patients underwent a carinal resection for non-small-cell lung cancers involving the carina (54 squamous cell carcinomas and 11 adenocarcinomas). RESULTS: Fifty-eight right sleeve pneumonectomies and 2 left sleeve pneumonectomies were performed. In addition, five tracheocarinal resections with double bronchial reimplantation (no lung resection) were also performed. The intraoperative airway management consisted of high-frequency jet ventilation in 83% of patients and intermittent conventional ventilation through the operative field in the remaining 17% of patients. Operative mortality was 7.7%. Resection was complete in 61 patients. The overall 5-year and 10-year survival rates were 26.5% and 10.6%, respectively. Patients with N0 or N1 disease had a 5-year survival of 38% compared with 5.3% for those with N2 disease (p < 0.01). At multivariate analysis only nodal status (N0, N1 versus N2; p = 0.0046) had a significant impact on long-term survival. CONCLUSIONS: Carinal resection provides acceptable results in terms of operative mortality and long-term survival rates. Patients should be carefully selected and probably enrolled in a multimodality treatment program in case of anticipated mediastinal lymph node involvement.