Failure of Adjustably Aligned Modular Radial Head Arthroplasty With Head-Neck Dissociation and Metallosis.

Radial head arthroplasty was introduced in 1941 and the literature supports satisfactory overall midterm patient outcomes and acceptable complication profiles with several models. There are several previously described mechanisms by which radial head complications typically occur. We present the case of a rarely described mechanism of radial head implant failure: elbow synovitis and pain from partial dissociation and metallosis in an adjustably aligned, modular, monopolar, mixed metal, press-fit radial head arthroplasty.

Predictive Power of Distal Radial Metaphyseal Tenderness for Diagnosing Occult Fracture.

PURPOSE: To correlate the physical examination finding of distal radial metaphyseal tenderness with plain radiographic and magnetic resonance imaging after acute wrist injury to diagnose occult distal radius fractures. We hypothesized that persistent distal radial metaphyseal tenderness 2 weeks after acute injuries is predictive of an occult fracture. METHODS: Twenty-nine adult patients presented, after acute trauma, with distal radial metaphyseal tenderness and initial plain radiographs and/or fluoroscopic images that did not show a distal radius fracture. Patients were reevaluated clinically and radiographically at approximately 2 weeks after initial presentation. Patients with persistent distal radial tenderness and negative radiographs underwent magnetic resonance imaging to definitively diagnose an occult distal radius fracture. We calculated the sensitivity and positive predictive value for persistent distal radial metaphyseal tenderness using a 95% confidence interval and standard formulas. Both radiographs and magnetic resonance imaging were used as our endpoint diagnosis for a distal radius fracture. RESULTS: We diagnosed 28 occult distal radius fractures, 8 by follow-up radiograph and 20 by magnetic resonance imaging. The positive predictive value for patients who completed the protocol was 96%. One patient who did not have an occult distal radius fracture had a fracture of the ulnar styloid. CONCLUSIONS: Tenderness of the distal radial metaphysis after wrist injury is strongly suggestive of a distal radius fracture despite both normal plain radiographs and fluoroscopic images. TYPE OF STUDY/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Diagnostic III.

Thumb ligament injuries.

Thumb ligament injuries are common, particularly those involving the metacarpophalangeal joint. Our understanding and treatment of these injuries continues to evolve. This article provides a comprehensive review of recent literature with updates pertaining to the anatomy, function, diagnosis, and treatment of thumb ligament injuries.

Malpractice in distal radius fracture management: an analysis of closed claims.

PURPOSE: Distal radius fractures comprise the majority of hand- and wrist-related malpractice claims. We hypothesized that a majority of lawsuits would be for malunions resulting from nonsurgical treatment. Additional goals of this study were to quantify costs associated with claims, determine independent risk factors for making an indemnity payment, and illustrate trends over time. METHODS: Seventy closed malpractice claims filed for alleged negligent treatment of distal radius fractures by orthopedic surgeons insured by the largest medical professional liability insurer in New York State (NYS) from 1981 to 2005 were reviewed. We separately reviewed defendants' personal closed malpractice claim histories from 1975 to 2011. Overall incidence of malpractice claims among distal radius fractures treated in NYS was calculated using the NYS Statewide Planning and Research Cooperative System database and the 2008 American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons census data. RESULTS: The overall incidence of malpractice claims for distal radius fracture management was low. Malunion was the most common complaint across claims regardless of treatment type. Claims for surgically treated fractures increased over time. A majority of claims documented poor doctor-patient relationships. Male plaintiffs in this group were significantly older than males treated for distal radius fractures in NYS. Most defendants had a history of multiple malpractice suits, all were male, and only a small percentage were fellowship-trained in hand surgery. Defendants lacking American Board of Orthopedic Surgery certification were significantly more likely to make indemnity payments. Thirty-eight of 70 cases resulted in an indemnity payment. CONCLUSIONS: Malunion and poor doctor-patient relationships are the major features of malpractice litigation involving distal radius fracture management. Older defendant age and lack of American Board of Orthopedic Surgery certification increase the likelihood of making an indemnity payment. TYPE OF STUDY/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Economic and decision analyses II.

The Evolution of the Treatment of Distal Radius Fractures How We Got to Now.

Distal radius fractures are one of the most common fractures in adults and historically have frequently led to significant disability. Originally described over 5,000 years ago, until recently these fractures were almost exclusively treated by closed methods. Since the introduction of osteosynthesis in 1907, followed by the founding of the AO in 1958, and more recently the development of the volar locked plate in the early 2000s, over the past century the surgical treatment of these fractures has evolved greatly. While technological advancements have changed management for specific fracture patterns, closed treatment still has an important role and is definitive for many patients. The following review provides a historical perspective for current treatment strategies as well as an overview of the important factors that must be considered when treating patients with these injuries.

What every resident should know about wrist fractures: case-based learning.

The treatment of patients with distal radius fractures can be challenging and requires a thorough understanding of the condition. Many treatment options are available. The choice of treatment is based on patient factors, such as age and activity level, along with the characteristics of the fracture. It is helpful to use a case-based format to review the anatomy, the radiographic evaluation, and the initial and definitive treatment options for patients with distal radius fractures.

The thumb carpometacarpal joint: anatomy, hormones, and biomechanics.

Although there are many surgical options to treat thumb carpometacarpal (CMC) arthritis, a precise etiology for this common disorder remains obscure. To better understand the physiology of the thumb CMC joint and treat pathology, it is helpful to examine the biomechanics, hormonal influences, and available surgical treatment options, along with the evolutionary roots of the thumb; its form and function, its functional demands; and the role of supporting ligaments based on their location, stability, and ultrastructure. It is important to appreciate the micromotion of a saddle joint and the role that sex, age, and reproductive hormones play in influencing laxity and joint disease. Minimally invasive surgery is now challenging prevailing treatment principles of ligament reconstruction and plays a role in thumb CMC joint procedures.

The Effect of Corticosteroid Injections on Postoperative Infections in Trigger Finger Release.

BACKGROUND: Corticosteroid injections have proven benefit in the treatment of symptomatic trigger finger; however, the immune system and tissue repair modulating properties of corticosteroids justify further consideration in surgical candidates. The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between corticosteroid injections and postoperative infection in trigger finger release. METHODS: A single-center retrospective review was conducted of patients seen from 2010 to 2019 to identify those who underwent trigger finger release with subsequent antibiotic prescription for chart-documented wound infection. A demographic matched cohort of 100 patients was identified for comparison. Preoperative corticosteroid injection history including timing, frequency, and dose was collected for all patients. Patient demographics, comorbidities, and presence of postoperative infection were collected from patient medical records. Superficial infection was defined as those requiring antibiotics for resolution without return to the operating room; deep infection was defined as infections that required irrigation and debridement. RESULTS: Of 3234 patients who underwent trigger finger release, 58 (1.8%) were identified with postoperative infections, 6 (0.2%) of which were deep infections. History of corticosteroid injection was significantly more common in patients with postoperative infection. Compared with an age-matched, gender-matched, and body mass index-matched cohort, patients with postoperative infection had significantly increased rate of diabetes mellitus at 34.5% to 19% (P = .04). CONCLUSIONS: While corticosteroid injection in the preoperative period is associated with a higher rate of postoperative infection, the time before surgery and the corticosteroid dose do not appear to have an effect.

Thumb Metacarpophalangeal Joint Ulnar Collateral Ligament Injuries: Management and Biomechanical Evaluation.

First described in 1955 as "gamekeeper's thumb," injuries to the ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) of the thumb metacarpophalangeal joint are common and can cause pain and instability, especially during key pinch and grasp. Although primarily diagnosed on physical examination, stress radiographs, ultrasonography, and magnetic resonance imaging can be used to diagnose UCL injuries and distinguish partial from complete tears. If complete rupture occurs, the adductor aponeurosis can become interposed between the retracted UCL stump and its insertion on the proximal phalanx, known as a "Stener lesion." When instability persists after a trial of nonsurgical management or in the setting of complete rupture, there are various methods of repair or reconstruction. Biomechanically, there are no treatments of repair or reconstruction using native tissues that provide equivalent strength to the preinjured ligament. Recently, suture tape augmentation has been used for the repair or reconstruction with excellent short-term results and earlier return to function, although there is a paucity of literature on longer term outcomes. The various methods of surgical treatment yield excellent outcomes with a low incidence of complications.

Determining the Optimal Dosage of Corticosteroid Injection in Trigger Finger.

BACKGROUND: Corticosteroid injection is the mainstay of nonoperative treatment for trigger finger (stenosing tenosynovitis), but despite substantial experience with this treatment, there is minimal available evidence as to the optimal corticosteroid dosing. The purpose of this study is to compare the efficacy of 3 different injection dosages of triamcinolone acetonide for the treatment of trigger finger. METHODS: Patients diagnosed with a trigger finger were prospectively enrolled and treated with an initial triamcinolone acetonide (Kenalog) injection of 5 mg, 10 mg, or 20 mg. Patients were followed longitudinally over a 6-month period. Patients were assessed for duration of clinical response, clinical failure, Visual Analog Scale (VAS) pain scores, and Quick Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand (QuickDASH) scores. RESULTS: A total of 146 patients (163 trigger fingers) were enrolled over a 26-month period. At 6-month follow-up, injections were still effective (without recurrence, secondary injection, or surgery) in 52% of the 5-mg group, 62% of the 10-mg group, and 79% of the 20-mg group. Visual Analog Scale at final follow-up improved by 2.2 in the 5-mg group, 2.7 in the 10-mg group, and 4.5 in the 20-mg group. The QuickDASH scores at final follow-up improved by 11.8 in the 5-mg group, 21.5 in the 10-mg group, and 28.9 in the 20-mg group. CONCLUSIONS: Minimal evidence exists to guide the optimal dosing of steroid injection in trigger digits. When compared with 5-mg and 10-mg doses, a 20-mg dose was found to have a significantly higher rate of clinical effectiveness at 6-month follow-up. The VAS and QuickDASH scores were not significantly different between the 3 groups.

A Prospective Analysis of Patient Characteristics Affecting the Outcome of Dorsal Splinting for Soft Tissue Mallet Injuries.

BACKGROUND: Much has been written about the diagnosis and treatment of soft tissue mallet injuries. However, there has been little regarding the characteristics of this injury affecting patients' prognosis. The purpose of this prospective study was to identify factors influencing the outcome of treatment of soft tissue mallet injuries. METHODS: Patients diagnosed with soft tissue mallet injuries were enrolled prospectively in a protocol of dorsal splinting for 6 to 12 weeks, followed by weaning over 2 weeks and then evaluated at 6, 9, and ≥12 months. RESULTS: Thirty-seven patients (38 digits) completed the study. Treatment success was defined as a final extensor lag of <15° and failure as a final extensor lag of ≥15°. Those failing splint treatment were older compared with those successfully treated. Patient compliance was significantly associated with a successful outcome. Factors that did not significantly affect success included time to treatment, initial injury severity, splinting duration, sex, and ligamentous laxity. Disabilities of Arm, Shoulder, and Hand scores >0 were not associated with treatment failure. Radiographic and clinical extension lag were statistically comparable. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows strong association between the success of splint treatment, younger patient age, and compliance with the treatment protocol. Despite this finding, most patients did not report any functional limitations, irrespective of the treatment success. In contrast to prior results, time to treatment and initial extensor lag did not significantly affect treatment success.

Penlight versus Smartphone: Diagnostic Efficacy of Transillumination.

Background: The purpose of this study was to compare the diagnostic accuracy of a smartphone flashlight to a conventional penlight with regards to transillumination of simulated soft tissue masses of the hand and wrist. Methods: Eight participants performed transillumination assessments in a fresh frozen cadaver upper extremity model. Spheres measuring 9.5 mm were used to simulate fluid-filled or solid soft tissue masses. Two spheres were placed on the volar aspect and two on the dorsal aspect of the wrist. These were then evaluated with either a smartphone flashlight or penlight. Participants noted whether each sphere did or did not transilluminate. Each participant performed two evaluations at an interval of 3 weeks. Results: The overall sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of the smartphone were 100%, 44% and 72%, respectively. The overall sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of the penlight were 100%, 75% and 88%, respectively. The difference in accuracy between the smartphone group and penlight group was statistically significant (p = 0.029). The kappa value, indicating intra-observer agreement, for the smartphone group and penlight group was 0.76 and 0.76, respectively. Conclusion: In conclusion, transillumination with a penlight is a viable adjunct to the examination of soft tissue masses of the hand and wrist. The use of a smartphone flashlight, while convenient, is less accurate than a penlight and can lead the examiners to misinterpret the composition of soft tissue masses. Level of Evidence: Level IV (Diagnostic).

Demographics of Common Compressive Neuropathies in the Upper Extremity.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to compare the demographic differences of the most common peripheral nerve compressions in the upper extremity-carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS), ulnar nerve compression (UNC) at the elbow, combined CTS and UNC, radial tunnel syndrome (RTS), and posterior interosseous nerve syndrome (PINS)-as a means to better understand the etiologies of each. METHODS: A retrospective chart review was performed of all patients over the age of 18 years seen at our institution in the 2018 calendar year. International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision codes were used to identify patients with diagnoses of upper extremity peripheral nerve compressions. Demographic details and relevant comorbidities were recorded for each patient and compared with controls, who were seen the same calendar year with no neuropathies. χ2 analyses, independent-samples t tests, and multivariate logistic regressions were performed (P < .05). RESULTS: A total of 7448 patients were identified. Those with CTS were mainly women, former smokers, and diabetic (all P < .001) and with a greater average body mass index (BMI) (P = .006) than controls. Patients with UNC were more often men and younger when compared with controls (both P < .001). A history of smoking, diabetes, and average BMI were similar between patients with UNC and controls (all P > .05). Those patients with combined CTS/UNC were mainly men, former smokers, and diabetic (all P < .001) when compared with controls. Patients with RTS/PINS were also mostly men (P = .007), diabetic (P = .042), and were more often current smokers (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: The demographics of patients with various compressive neuropathies were not homogeneous, suggesting different etiologies.

Potential dangers of tension band wiring of olecranon fractures: an anatomic study.

PURPOSE: Displaced olecranon fractures are often amenable to treatment with open reduction and tension-band wiring. The purpose of this study is to examine the relationships of the tips of K-wires used in a tension-band construct to volar neurovascular structures in the proximal forearm and the proximal radioulnar joint. METHODS: We performed simulated percutaneous pinnings of the proximal ulna under fluoroscopic guidance on 15 cadavers with intact proximal ulnas. The K-wires were drilled obliquely through the tip of the olecranon process and directed to engage the anterior ulnar cortex, distal to the coronoid. Using calipers, we measured the distance from the tip of each pin to the anterior interosseous nerve (AIN), ulnar artery, proximal radioulnar joint (PRUJ), and volar cortex of the ulna, as well as the distance from the volar cortex of the ulna to the AIN and ulnar artery. The angle created by the K-wires and the longitudinal axis of the ulna was measured on both anteroposterior and lateral radiographs. RESULTS: The distance from pin tip to the AIN and ulnar artery measured a mean of 16 mm with a standard deviation of 6 mm and 14 mm with a standard deviation of 5 mm, respectively, with 1 pin abutting the artery. The shortest distance from both the AIN (11 ± 5 mm) and the ulnar artery (8 ± 6 mm) was measured with the shallowest angle of insertion, ranging from 10° to 14.9° on lateral radiographs. The mean distance between the pin tip and the PRUJ measured 7 mm with a standard deviation of 4 mm, with 3 pins penetrating the PRUJ. CONCLUSIONS: The impaction of K-wires under the triceps is often approximately 1 cm, which is similar to the distance of the K-wire tips to the AIN and ulnar artery. Our findings suggest that larger insertion angles might help avoid neurovascular injury when the insertion point of the K-wires is at or just proximal to the tip of the olecranon. In this study, the safe zone for pin insertion on the anteroposterior view is 0° to 10°, and on the lateral view it is 20° to 30°. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: This anatomic study was done to diminish the chance of complications resulting from K-wire placement during tension-band wiring for olecranon fractures.

Coding Practices in Hand Surgery and Their Relationship to Surgeon Compensation Structure.

Purpose: To evaluate the coding practices of hand surgeons in the American Society for Surgery of the Hand with respect to practice compensation structure using common, representative hand surgery cases. Methods: We developed a survey of demographic factors and 4 commonly encountered hypothetical hand surgery cases. This survey was emailed to the members of the American Society for Surgery of the Hand. Respondents were asked to code these cases using prepopulated applicable Current Procedural Terminology codes or any other codes of their choosing. The membership responses were then compared with those of 3 independent orthopedic coders. Results: Of the 4,477 invitations sent, a total of 421 (9.4%) respondents completed the survey. There was notable heterogeneity in the Current Procedural Terminology code choices for the trapeziectomy and distal radius fracture cases. Physicians with a collections-based model coded for significantly higher work-related value units on average compared with the fixed salary- and relative value unit-based physicians for the trapeziectomy case (14.41 vs 13.65 and 13.67, respectively; P < .05). The 3 independent coders all chose a single Current Procedural Terminology code for the carpal tunnel release, distal radius fracture, and scaphoid nonunion cases. The percentages of physician responses that selected only these codes were 84.6% (carpal tunnel release), 61.0% (distal radius fracture), and 73.6% (scaphoid nonunion). Physicians were less likely to code in line with the independent coders for the distal radius fracture case compared with other cases, particularly those physicians with a collections-based model. Conclusions: The compensation model may be associated with coding practices for more complicated hand cases. The additional work-related value units potentially billed can quickly accumulate for frequently performed procedures. This wide variation supports a need for more frequent and accessible communication and education on coding practices in hand surgery. Clinical relevance: Improved communication and education regarding appropriate coding practices as well as easily accessible reference material may assist in minimizing coding discrepancies for surgical hand procedures.

Preparatory Time-Related Hand Surgery Operating Room Inefficiency: A Systems Analysis.

Background: No study exists on preparatory time-from patient's entrance into the operating room to skin incision-and its role in hand surgery operating room inefficiency. The purpose of this study was to investigate the length and variability of preparatory time and assess the relationship between several variables and preparatory time. Methods: Consecutive upper extremity cases performed for a period of 1 month by hand surgeons were reviewed at 3 surgical sites. Preparatory time was compared across locations. Cases at one location were further analyzed to assess the relationship between preparatory time and several variables. Both traditional statistical methods and Shewhart control charts, a quality control tool, were used for data analysis. Results: A total of 288 cases were performed. The mean preparatory times at the 3 sites were 25.1, 25.7, and 20.7 minutes, respectivley. Aggregated preparatory time averaged 24.4 (range 7-61) minutes, was 75% the length of the surgical time, and accounted for 34% of total operating room time. Control charts confirmed substantial variability at all locations, signifying a poorly defined process. At a single site, where 189 cases were performed by 14 different surgeons, there was no difference in preparatory time by case type, American Society of Anesthesiologists status, or case start time. Preparatory time varied by surgeon and anesthesia type. Conclusions: Preparatory time was found to be a source of inefficiency, independent of the surgical site. Control charts reinforced large variations, signifying a poorly designed process. Surgeon seemingly plays an important, albeit likely indirect, role. Efforts to improve operating room workflow should include preparatory time.

Surgical Management of Scaphotrapeziotrapezoid Arthritis.

Scaphotrapeziotrapezoid (STT) arthritis occurs commonly with basal joint arthritis, but can also occur in isolation or in conjunction with other patterns of wrist arthritis, such as scapholunate advanced collapse. Surgical options depend on the specific clinical scenario encountered. Isolated STT arthritis was classically managed with arthrodesis, but is now often addressed with distal scaphoid resection (open or arthroscopic), trapeziectomy (partial or complete) and partial trapezoid resection, or implant arthroplasty. Development of postoperative dorsal intercalary segment instability is a notable concern with any of these techniques. STT arthritis in conjunction with basal joint arthritis can be managed effectively with trapeziectomy and either partial trapezoid excision or distal scaphoid excision. STT arthritis with scapholunate advanced collapse is uncommon, but can be managed with proximal row carpectomy or scaphoidectomy and four-corner fusion. If basal joint arthritis is also present, trapeziectomy can additionally be performed, but grip strength is likely to be substantially diminished.

Anomalous Courses of the Palmar Cutaneous Branch of the Median Nerve in Relation to the Flexor Carpi Radialis Tendon for ORIF of Distal Radius Fractures.

Background: The purpose of this study was to prospectively document the incidence of variations in the course of palmar cutaneous branch of the median nerve (PCBMN) that may increase the risk of injury to the nerve during the flexor carpi radialis (FCR) approach. We hypothesize that the incidence of anomalous branching of the PCBMN around the FCR sheath will be approximately 5%. Methods: All cases that met inclusion criteria between November 2013 and March 2018 were included. The operating surgeon made the final decision for operative intervention using the FCR approach. Each surgeon performed the standard FCR approach to the distal radius. The branching location from the median nerve, the relationship to the FCR sheath, and the course of the PCBMN were recorded. Results: In total, 101 distal radius fractures were included. The average branching point of PCBMN was 5.2 cm from the distal wrist crease (range = 3.3-9.0). There were 26 anomalous branching patterns of PCBMN. Nineteen (18.8%) crossed volar, dorsal, or ran within the FCR sheath. Six PCBMN were found within the FCR sheath, 1 penetrated the FCR sheath, 6 crossed volar to the FCR sheath, and 6 were dorsal to the FCR tendon sheath. When comparing the branching patterns of the PCBMN from the median nerve, 4 branched from the volar aspect, 2 branched from the dorsal aspect, and 1 branched from the ulnar aspect of the median nerve. Conclusions: Variation in the course of the PCBMN relative to the FCR sheath is more than previously thought and can be expected in approximately 18.8% of patients.

Thumb Disability Examination (TDX) as a New Reliable Tool for Basal Joint Arthritis.

Background The general assessment of basal joint arthritis (BJA) is limited using the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand (DASH) questionnaire. This has been shown to be insensitive to pain and disability levels, leading to the development and validation of the thumb disability examination (TDX) as a specific tool for BJA in 2014. Objective The goal of this study was to evaluate the reliability, sensitivity, and specificity of the TDX score for BJA. Methods A multicenter BJA database was established in 2007 to collect prospective data. We evaluated the correlation between the TDX score, visual analog pain scale with activity (A-VAS), Eaton-Littler score, and grip strength using a Pearson test. Additionally, we evaluated the pre- and postintervention scores to assess their predictive values. Results A total of 109 thumbs of 74 patients with TDX scores were evaluated. Females were more commonly affected (75.2%), and the mean age was 65.39 years (standard deviation: 10.04). The majority of participants were white (90.8%). A high correlation between TDX and A-VAS score (Pearson's correlation = 0.520; p < 0.001) and between grip strength (Pearson's correlation = -0.336; p < 0.005) and Eaton-Littler score (Pearson's correlation = 0.353' p < 0.01) was identified. Additionally, when comparing pre- and post-intervention for all treatment groups and for operative intervention, significant differences in TDX scores were observed (both p ≤ 0.01). No significant differences could be identified for DASH score or A-VAS when assessing these same groups. Conclusion The TDX score correlates to high Pearson's correlation values and p -values, especially in grip strength, Eaton-Littler score, A-VAS score, and pre-/postintervention for all treatment groups combined and when specifically assessing the surgical intervention group. As a result, it can be concluded that the TDX score is a specific tool for the assessment of BJA. Level of Evidence This is a Level II, prospective comparative study.