Evaluation of a cervicography-based program to ensure quality of visual inspection of the cervix in HIV-infected women in Johannesburg, South Africa.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether a quality assurance (QA) program using digital cervicography improved the performance of a visual inspection with acetic acid (VIA) to detect cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2 or worse (CIN 2+) in HIV-infected women in Johannesburg, South Africa. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Visual inspection with acetic acid was performed among HIV-infected women, aged 18 to 65 years, in Johannesburg, South Africa. Nurses received 2 weeks of training on the VIA procedure. The VIA interpretation was performed in real time. The VIA results were then photographed using a retail available digital camera. A gynecologist and medical officer reviewed the VIA digital images within 2 weeks of the procedure. Colposcopic biopsy was performed on all women with positive VIA and 25% negative VIA results. Sensitivity and specificity of VIA for the detection of CIN 2+ were compared between the nurses and physicians at the beginning and at the end of the study. RESULTS: Positive VIA results were found in 541 (45%) of the 1,202 participating women. The sensitivity of VIA to predict CIN 2+ was improved from 65% to 75% (p = .001) with the addition of digital cervicography and specialist review. There was no statistical difference in the sensitivity of the VIA readings when comparing the first 600 participants to the final 593 participants between the nurses (p = .613) and physicians (p = .624). CONCLUSIONS: Quality assurance performed by specialists using digital cervicography improved the sensitivity of VIA. There was no difference in sensitivity in interpreting VIA between the beginning and the end of the study. Quality assurance should form a cornerstone of any VIA program to improve sensitivity in detecting CIN 2+ lesions.

Prevalence of Anal Human Papillomavirus (HPV) and Performance of Cepheid Xpert and Hybrid Capture 2 (hc2) HPV Assays in South African HIV-Infected Women.

OBJECTIVES: This study investigated anal high-risk HPV (HR-HPV) prevalence in HIV-infected women using the Cepheid Xpert HPV assay and compares its performance with that of Hybrid Capture-2 (hc2). METHODS: A total of 199 HIV-infected women were recruited from Helen Joseph Hospital, Johannesburg. Stored ThinPrep anal swabs that had previously been tested using hc2 were tested for HPV using Xpert. RESULTS: The HR-HPV prevalence by Xpert was 40.8% and similar to hc2 (41.8%) with overall agreement of 86.7%; Cohen's kappa 0.73 (95% CI 0.63-0.82). High grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL) was associated with increasing number of multiple HPV infection (P < .001). Xpert and hc2 were similarly sensitive (77.4% and 77.4%, respectively) and specific (66.1% and 64.8% respectively) for HSIL detection. HPV16 (OR: 14.0, 95% CI: 3.9-48.0, P < .0001), HPV39/68/56/66 (OR: 4.1, 95% CI: 1.4-12, P = .01) and HPV51/59 (OR: 2.8, 95% CI: 1.1-7.6, P = .04) were independently associated with anal HSIL. CONCLUSIONS: Xpert HPV typing is a promising anal screening test in HIV-infected women that performs similarly to hc2.

Prevalence of Anal HPV and Anal Dysplasia in HIV-Infected Women From Johannesburg, South Africa.

BACKGROUND: Anal cancer is a relatively common cancer among HIV-infected populations. There are limited data on the prevalence of anal high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) infection and anal dysplasia in HIV-infected women from resource-constrained settings. METHODS: A cross-sectional study of HIV-infected women aged 25-65 years recruited from an HIV clinic in Johannesburg, South Africa. Cervical and anal swabs were taken for conventional cytology and HR-HPV testing. Women with abnormal anal cytology and 20% of women with negative cytology were seen for high-resolution anoscopy with biopsy of visible lesions. RESULTS: Two hundred women were enrolled. Anal HR-HPV was found in 43%. The anal cytology results were negative in 51 (26%); 97 (49%) had low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (SIL), 32 (16%) had atypical squamous cells of unknown significance, and 19 (9.5%) had high-grade SIL or atypical squamous cells suggestive of high-grade SIL. On high-resolution anoscopy, 71 (36%) had atypia or low-grade SIL on anal histology and 17 (8.5%) had high-grade SIL. Overall, 31 (17.5%) had high-grade SIL present on anal cytology or histology. Abnormal cervical cytology was found in 70% and cervical HR-HPV in 41%. CONCLUSIONS: We found a significant burden of anal HR-HPV infection, abnormal anal cytology, and high-grade SIL in our cohort. This is the first study of the prevalence of anal dysplasia in HIV-infected women from sub-Saharan Africa. Additional studies are needed to define the epidemiology of these conditions, as well as the incidence of anal cancer, in this population.