The development of a combined clinico-radiomics model for predicting post-operative recurrence in atypical meningiomas: a multicenter study.

PURPOSE: Atypical meningiomas could manifest early recurrence after surgery and even adjuvant radiotherapy. We aimed to construct a clinico-radiomics model to predict post-operative recurrence of atypical meningiomas based on clinicopathological and radiomics features. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study cohort was comprised of 224 patients from two neurosurgical centers. 164 patients from center I were divided to the training cohort for model development and the testing cohort for internal validation. 60 patients from center II were used for external validation. Clinicopathological characteristics, radiological semantic, and radiomics features were collected. A radiomic signature was comprised of four radiomics features. A clinico-radiomics model combining the radiomics signature and clinical characteristics was constructed to predict the recurrence of atypical meningiomas. RESULTS: 1920 radiomics features were extracted from the T1 Contrast and T2-FLAIR sequences of patients in center I. The radiomics signature was able to differentiate post-operative patients into low-risk and high-risk groups based on tumor recurrence (P < 0.001). A clinic-radiomics model was established by combining age, extent of resection, Ki-67 index, surgical history and the radiomics signature for recurrence prediction in atypical meningiomas. The model achieved a good prediction performance with the integrated AUC of 0.858 (0.802-0.915), 0.781 (0.649-0.912) and 0.840 (0.747-0.933) in the training, internal validation and external validation cohort, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The present study established a radiomics signature and a clinico-radiomics model with a favorable performance in predicting tumor recurrence for atypical meningiomas.

Dietary inclusion of Clostridium butyricum cultures alleviated impacts of high-carbohydrate diets in largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides).

A 60-d feeding trial was conducted to explore the potential regulatory effects of dietary Clostridium butyricum cultures (CBC) supplementation in high-carbohydrate diet (HCD) on carbohydrate utilisation, antioxidant capacity and intestinal microbiota of largemouth bass. Triplicate groups of largemouth bass (average weight 35·03 ± 0·04 g), with a destiny of twenty-eight individuals per tank, were fed low-carbohydrate diet and HCD supplemented with different concentration of CBC (0 %, 0·25 %, 0·50 % and 1·00 %). The results showed that dietary CBC inclusion alleviated the hepatic glycogen accumulation induced by HCD intake. Additionally, the expression of hepatic ampkα1 and insulin signaling pathway-related genes (ira, irb, irs, p13kr1 and akt1) increased linearly with dietary CBC inclusion, which might be associated with the activation of glycolysis-related genes (gk, pfkl and pk). Meanwhile, the expression of intestinal SCFA transport-related genes (ffar3 and mct1) was significantly increased with dietary CBC inclusion. In addition, the hepatic antioxidant capacity was improved with dietary CBC supplementation, as evidenced by linear decrease in malondialdehyde concentration and expression of keap1, and linear increase in antioxidant enzyme activities (total antioxidative capacity, total superoxide dismutase and catalase) and expression of antioxidant enzyme-related genes (nrf2, sod1, sod2 and cat). The analysis of bacterial 16S rRNA V3-4 region indicated that dietary CBC inclusion significantly reduced the enrichment of Firmicutes and potential pathogenic bacteria genus Mycoplasma but significantly elevated the relative abundance of Fusobacteria and Cetobacterium. In summary, dietary CBC inclusion improved carbohydrate utilization, antioxidant capacity and intestinal microbiota of largemouth bass fed HCD.

Dietary methanotroph bacteria meal alleviates soybean meal-induced enteritis by improving immune tolerance and intestinal flora profile of juvenile turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.).

An 8-week growth trial was performed to investigate the protective effects of methanotroph bacteria meal (MBM) produced from methane against soybean meal-induced enteritis (SBMIE) in juvenile turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.). Five isonitrogenous and isolipidic diets were formulated: fishmeal-based diet (FM, the control group); FM with approximate 50% of fishmeal substituted by 399.4 g/kg soybean meal (SBM); SBM supplemented with 63.6, 127.2 and 190.8 g/kg MBM (named MBM1, MBM2 and MBM3), each diet was randomly assigned to triplicate fibreglass tanks. Results showed that fish fed with SBM exhibited enteritis, identified by reduced relative weight of intestine (RWI), as well as expanded lamina propria width and up-regulated gene expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (tnf-α, il-6 and il-8) in intestine. While the above symptoms were reversed when diet SBM supplemented with MBM at the levels of 63.6 and 127.2 g/kg, as well as characterized by up-regulated gene expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines (tgf-ß and il-10) and tight junction protein (claudin3, claudin4 and claudin7) in intestine. Intestinal transcriptome analysis showed that the differentially expressed genes between groups FM and SBM predominantly enriched in the JAK-STAT signaling pathway, and the enrichment of differentially expressed genes between groups SBM and SBM supplemented with 63.6 g/kg MBM was in the inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and JAK-STAT signaling pathway. To be specific, the expression of jak1, jak2b, stat1 and stat5a was significantly up-regulated when fish fed with SBM, suggested the activation of JAK-STAT signaling pathway, while the expression of these above genes was depressed by providing MBM to diet SBM, and the gene expression of toll-like receptors tlr2 and tlr5b showed a similar pattern. Moreover, intestinal flora analysis showed that community richness and abundance of beneficial bacteria (Cetobacterium and acillus_coagulans) were improved when fish fed with SBM supplemented with 63.6 g/kg MBM. Overall, methanotroph bacteria meal may alleviate SBMIE by regulating the expression of tight junction protein, toll-like receptors and JAK-STAT signaling pathway, as well as improving intestinal flora profile, which would be beneficial for enhancing the immune tolerance and utilization efficiency of turbot to dietary soybean meal.

Dietary lipid sources affect growth performance, lipid deposition, antioxidant capacity and inflammatory response of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides).

The present study explored the effects of different lipid sources on growth performance, lipid deposition, antioxidant capacity, inflammatory response and disease resistance of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides). Four isonitrogenous (crude protein 50.46 %) and isolipidic (crude lipid 11.12 %) diets were formulated to contain 7 % of different oil sources including fish oil (FO) (control), soybean oil (SO), linseed oil (LO) and coconut oil (CO). Largemouth bass with initial body weight of 36.0 ± 0.2 g were randomly distributed into 12 tanks, with 30 fish per tank and 3 tanks per treatment. The fish were fed with the experiment diets twice daily for 8 weeks. The results indicated that the weight gain of largemouth bass fed the FO diet was significantly higher than that of fish fed the LO and CO diets. The liver crude lipid content in FO group was significantly higher than other groups, while the highest liver triglyceride content was showed in SO group and the lowest was detected in LO group. At transcriptional level, expression of lipogenesis related genes (pparγ, srebp1, fas, acc, dgat1 and dgat2) in the SO and CO group were significantly higher than the FO group. However, the expression of lipolysis and fatty acids oxidation related genes (pparα, cpt1, and aco) in vegetable oils groups were significantly higher than the FO group. As to the antioxidant capacity, vegetable oils significantly reduced the malondialdehyde content of largemouth bass. Total antioxidant capacity in the SO and LO groups were significantly increased compared with the FO group. Catalase in the LO group was significantly increased compared with the FO group. Furthermore, the ER stress related genes, such as grp78, atf6α, atf6ß, chop and xbp1 were significantly enhanced in the vegetable oil groups compared with the FO group. The activity of serum lysozyme in vegetable oil groups were significantly higher than in FO group. Additionally, the relative expression of non-specific immune related genes, including tlr2, mapk11, mapk13, mapk14, rela, tgf-ß1, tnfα, 5lox, il-1ß and il10, were all significantly increased in SO and CO groups compared to the other groups. In conclusion, based on the indexes including growth performance, lipid deposition, antioxidant capacity and inflammatory response, SO and LO could be alternative oil sources for largemouth bass.

Inositol Inclusion Affects Growth, Body Composition, Antioxidant Performance, and Lipid Metabolism of Largemouth Bass (Micropterus salmoides).

The present study explored the effects of inositol on growth performance, body composition, antioxidant performance, and lipid metabolism of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides). Six isonitrogenous and isolipidic diets containing 0 mg/kg (G1, control), 125 mg/kg (G2), 250 mg/kg (G3), 375 mg/kg (G4), 500 mg/kg (G5), and 625 mg/kg (G6) inositol were prepared and fed to cultured fish (initial weight: 110 ± 1 g) for 8 weeks in recirculating the aquaculture systems. The results indicated that compared with G1 group, the weight gain rate (WGR), specific growth rate (SGR), and feed efficiency rate (FER) in the G3 group were significantly higher. The crude lipid content of the whole fish and the liver of cultured fish was significantly reduced with increasing dietary inositol inclusion. However, no significant effects on moisture, crude protein, and ash contents of fish were observed among the different groups. Dietary inositol supplementation significantly increased muscular crude protein. However, muscular total lipid contents were decreased when the inclusion level was higher than 250 mg/kg (G3-G6 groups). As dietary inositol supplemental level increased, serum triglyceride (TG), and cholesterol (TC) contents showed an increasing trend and reached the maximum value in the G3 group. Additionally, serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) in G2, G3, G4, and G5 groups was significantly upregulated by increasing inositol. While, there was no significant change in serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) among the treatments. Inositol inclusion also significantly reduced the serum alkaline phosphatase (AKP), glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (ALT), and glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (AST) activities as well as serum malondialdehyde (MDA) content but significantly increased serum catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities, and total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC). Compared with the control group, the activities of hepatic total lipase (TL) and lipoprotein lipase (LPL) were significantly elevated in the G3, G4, and G5 groups. Above all, dietary inositol supplementation could improve growth performance and antioxidant capacity, and reduce the liver fat content of largemouth bass, and the optimal supplementation level of inositol in feed is estimated to be 250.31-267.27 mg/kg.

The preferential utilization of hepatic glycogen as energy substrates in largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) under short-term starvation.

To elucidate the underlying mechanism of the energy metabolism in largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides), cultured fish (initial body weight: 77.57 ± 0.75 g) in the present study were starved for 0 h, 12 h, 24 h, 48 h, 96 h and 192 h, respectively. The proximate composition analysis showed that short-term starvation induced a significant up-regulation in crude protein proportion in hepatic of cultured fish (P < 0.05). However, short-term starvation significantly decreased the hepatosomatic index and the viscerosomatic index of cultured fish (P < 0.05). The exact hepatic glycogen content in the group starved for 92 h presented remarkable decrease (P < 0.05). Meanwhile, compared with the weight change of lipid and protein (mg) in hepatic (y = 0.0007x2 - 0.2827x + 49.402; y = 0.0013x2 - 0.5666x + 165.31), the decreasing trend of weight in glycogen (mg) was more pronounced (y = 0.0032x2 - 1.817x + 326.52), which suggested the preferential utilization of hepatic glycogen as energy substrates under short-term starvation. Gene expression analysis revealed that the starvation down-regulated the expression of insulin-like growth factor 1 and genes of TOR pathway, such as target of rapamycin (tor) and ribosomal protein S6 (s6) (P < 0.05). In addition, the starvation significantly enhanced expression of lipolysis-related genes, including hormone-sensitive lipase (hsl) and carnitine palmitoyl transferase I (cpt1), but down-regulated lipogenesis as indicated by the inhibited expression of fatty acids synthase (fas), acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1 (acc1) and acetyl-CoA carboxylase 2 (acc2) (P < 0.05). Starvation of 24 h up-regulated the expression of glycolysis genes, glucokinase (gk), phosphofructokinase liver type (pfkl) and pyruvate kinase (pk), and then their expression returned to the normal level. Meanwhile, the expression of gluconeogenesis genes, such as glucose-6-phosphatase catalytic subunit (g6pc), fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase-1 (fbp1) and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxy kinase (pepck), was significantly inhibited with the short-term starvation (P < 0.05). In conclusion, short-term starvation induced an overall decline in growth performance, but it could deplete the hepatic glycogen accumulation and mobilize glycogen for energy effectively.

Maslinic acid supplementation prevents di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate-induced apoptosis via PRDX6 in peritubular myoid cells of Chinese forest musk deer.

Chinese forest musk deer (FMD), an endangered species, have exhibited low reproductive rates even in captivity due to stress conditions. Investigation revealed the presence of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), an environmental endocrine disruptor, in the serum and skin of captive FMDs. Feeding FMDs with maslinic acid (MA) has been observed to alleviate the stress response and improve reproductive rates, although the precise molecular mechanisms remain unclear. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying the alleviation of DEHP-induced oxidative stress and cell apoptosis in primary peritubular myoid cells (PMCs) through MA intake. Primary PMCs were isolated and exposed to DEHP in vitro. The results demonstrated that DEHP significantly suppressed antioxidant levels and promoted cell apoptosis in primary PMCs. Moreover, interfering with the expression of PRDX6 was found to induce excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and cell apoptosis in primary PMCs. Supplementation with MA significantly upregulated the expression of PRDX6, thereby attenuating DEHP-induced oxidative stress and cell apoptosis in primary PMCs. These findings provide a theoretical foundation for mitigating stress levels and enhancing reproductive capacity of in captive FMDs.

Analgesic Buxus alkaloids with Enhanced Selectivity for the Low-Voltage-Gated Calcium Channel Cav 3.2 over Cav 3.1 through a New Binding Mode.

Low-voltage-gated calcium channels (LVGCCs; Cav 3.1-3.3) represent promising drug targets for epilepsy, pain, and essential tremor. At present, modulators with heightened selectivity for a subtype of LVGCCs are still highly desired. In this study we explored three classes of Buxus alkaloids and identified 9(10/19)abeo-artanes Buxusemine H and Buxusemine L (BXSL) as an unprecedented type of Cav 3.2 inhibitors. Particularly, BXSL exhibited Cav 3.2 inhibition comparable to Z944, a non-subtype-selective LVGCCs inhibitor under clinical trial. While lacking specificity for Cav 3.3, BXSL showed a 30-fold selectivity of Cav 3.2 over Cav 3.1. As compared to several well-known inhibitors, the experimental and computational studies suggested BXSL exhibits a distinct binding mode to Cav 3.2, notably through the essential interaction with serine-1543 in domain III. Furthermore, BXSL showed minimal impact on various recombinant and native nociceptive ion channels, while significantly reducing the excitability of isolated mouse dorsal root ganglion neurons. Animal studies in wild-type and Cav 3.2 knock-out mice revealed that BXSL (5 mg/kg), by inhibiting Cav 3.2, exhibits an analgesic effect equivalent to Z944 (10 mg/kg) or mibefradil (10 mg/kg). Moreover, we proposed a structural rationale for the high selectivity of 9(10/19)abeo-artane-type alkaloids towards Cav 3.2 over Cav 3.1. This study introduces a novel analgesic agent and valuable molecular insight for structure-based innovative Cav 3.2 drug development.

Oxytocin Improves Intracerebral Hemorrhage Outcomes by Suppressing Neuronal Pyroptosis and Mitochondrial Fission.

BACKGROUND: Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) causes severe sensorimotor dysfunction and cognitive decline which are aggravated by secondary brain injury, yet there are no effective management to alleviate these outcomes. Pyroptosis is strongly related to neuroinflammation, which plays a crucial role in the pathophysiological processes of secondary brain injury after ICH. OXT (oxytocin), as a pleiotropic neuropeptide, has multiple functions including anti-inflammation and antioxidation. This study aims to investigate the role of OXT in improving ICH outcomes and the underlying mechanisms. METHODS: C57BL/6 mice were used to establish the ICH model by autologous blood injection. OXT was administered intranasally (0.2 µg/g) after ICH. Combing behavioral tests, Western blot, immunofluorescence staining, electron microscopy, and pharmacological approaches, we evaluated the effect of intranasal OXT application on neurological outcomes after ICH and explored the underlying mechanism. RESULTS: Endogenous OXT level was decreased, whereas OXTR (oxytocin receptor) expression was increased after ICH. OXT treatment improved the short-term and long-term neurological functions and alleviated neuronal pyroptosis and neuroinflammation. In addition, OXT reduced excessive mitochondrial fission and mitochondrial-derived oxidative stress 3 days after ICH. OXT decreased the expression of pyroptotic and proinflammatory factors including NLRP3 (NOD-like receptor protein 3), ASC (apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD), GSDMD (gasdermin D), caspase-1, IL (interleukin)-1ß, and IL-18 and increased the expression of p-PKA (phospho-protein kinase A) and p-DRP1 (S637; DRP1 [dynamin-related protein 1] phosphorylation at Ser637). OXT-induced neuroprotective effects were blocked by either OXTR inhibitor or PKA inhibitor. CONCLUSIONS: Intranasal application of OXT can ameliorate neurological deficits and alleviate neural pyroptosis, inflammation, and excessive mitochondrial fission via OXTR/p-PKA/DRP1 signaling pathway after ICH. Thus, OXT administration may be a potential therapeutic strategy to improve the prognosis of ICH.

Identification of biomarkers and therapeutic targets related to Sepsis-associated encephalopathy in rats by quantitative proteomics.

BACKGROUND: Sepsis-associated encephalopathy (SAE) is a common and severe complication of sepsis. While several studies have reported the proteomic alteration in plasma, urine, heart, etc. of sepsis, few research focused on the brain tissue. This study aims at discovering the differentially abundant proteins in the brains of septic rats to identify biomarkers of SAE. METHODS: The Prague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into sepsis (n = 6) or sham (n = 6) groups, and then the whole brain tissue was dissected at 24 h after surgery for further protein identification by Quantitative iTRAQ LC-MS/MS Proteomics. Ingenuity pathway analysis, Gene ontology knowledgebase, and STRING database are used to explore the biological significance of proteins with altered concentration. RESULTS: Among the total of 3163 proteins identified in the brain tissue, 57 were increased while 38 were decreased in the sepsis group compared to the sham group. Bioinformatic analyses suggest that the differentially abundant proteins are highly related to cellular microtubule metabolism, energy production, nucleic acid metabolism, neurological disease, etc. Additionally, acute phase response signaling was possibly activated and PI3K/AKT signaling was suppressed during sepsis. An interaction network established by IPA revealed that Akt1, Gc-globulin, and ApoA1 were the core proteins. The increase of Gc-globulin and the decrease of Akt1 and ApoA1 were confirmed by Western blot. CONCLUSION: Based on the multifunction of these proteins in several brain diseases, we first propose that Gc-globulin, ApoA1, PI3K/AKT pathway, and acute phase response proteins (hemopexin and cluster of alpha-2-macroglobulin) could be potential candidates for the diagnosis and treatment of SAE. These results may provide new insights into the pathologic mechanism of SAE, yet further research is required to explore the functional implications and clinical applications of the differentially abundant proteins in the brains of sepsis group.

Microglia and macrophages in the neuro-glia-vascular unit: From identity to functions.

Although both are myeloid cells located surrounding cerebral vasculature, vessel-associated microglia (VAM) and perivascular macrophages (PVMs) can be distinguished by their distinct morphologies, signatures and microscopic location. As key component of neuro-glia-vascular unit (NGVU), they play prominent roles in neurovasculature development and pathological process of various central nervous system (CNS) diseases, including phagocytosis, angiogenesis, vessel damage/protection and blood flow regulation, therefore serving as potential targets for therapeutics of a broad array of CNS diseases. Herein, we will provide a comprehensive overview of heterogeneity of VAM/PVMs, highlight limitations of current understanding in this field, and discuss possible directions of future investigations.

TGF-ß1 ameliorates BBB injury and improves long-term outcomes in mice after ICH.

Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a devastating subtype of stroke characterized by high mortality and morbidity rates with no effective treatment. TGF-ß/ALK-5 signaling is reported to participated in the regulation of blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity in the inflammation pain model, the effects of transforming growth factor (TGF)-ß1 and the potential mechanisms on BBB after ICH have not been fully elucidated. Herein, we have demonstrated that peripheral administration of TGF-ß1 reduces brain edema and ameliorated BBB injury after ICH. Consistent with previous results, TGF-ß1 is shown to promote activation of anti-inflammatory microglia and reduce the inflammatory response after ICH. Furthermore, TGF-ß1 administration improves long-term outcomes after ICH. Our data suggest that TGF-ß1 may be a promising therapeutic agent for ICH.

Oxytocin alleviates cognitive and memory impairments by decreasing hippocampal microglial activation and synaptic defects via OXTR/ERK/STAT3 pathway in a mouse model of sepsis-associated encephalopathy.

BACKGROUND: Sepsis-associated encephalopathy (SAE) is a diffuse brain dysfunction, characterized by cognitive and memory impairments closely linked to hippocampal dysfunction. Though it is well-known that SAE is a diffuse brain dysfunction with microglial activation, the pathological mechanisms of SAE are not well established and effective clinical interventions are lacking. Oxytocin (OXT) is reported to have anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective roles. However, the effects of OXT on SAE and the underlying mechanisms are not clear. METHODS: SAE was induced in adult C57BL/6J male mice by cecal ligation and perforation (CLP) surgery. Exogenous OXT was intranasally applied after surgery. Clinical score, survivor rate, cognitive and memory behaviors, and hippocampal neuronal and non-neuronal functions were evaluated. Cultured microglia challenged with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were used to investigate the effects of OXT on microglial functions, including inflammatory cytokines release and phagocytosis. The possible intracellular signal pathways involved in the OXT-induced neuroprotection were explored with RNA sequencing. RESULTS: Hippocampal OXT level decreases, while the expression of OXT receptor (OXTR) increases around 24 h after CLP surgery. Intranasal OXT application at a proper dose increases mouse survival rate, alleviates cognitive and memory dysfunction, and restores hippocampal synaptic function and neuronal activity via OXTR in the SAE model. Intraperitoneal or local administration of the OXTR antagonist L-368,899 in hippocampal CA1 region inhibited the protective effects of OXT. Moreover, during the early stages of sepsis, hippocampal microglia are activated, while OXT application reduces microglial phagocytosis and the release of inflammatory cytokines, thereby exerting a neuroprotective effect. OXT may improve the SAE outcomes via the OXTR-ERK-STAT3 signaling pathway. CONCLUSION: Our study uncovers the dysfunction of the OXT signal in SAE and shows that intranasal OXT application at a proper dose can alleviate SAE outcomes by reducing microglial overactivation, suggests that OXT may be a promising therapeutic approach in managing SAE patients.

Loss of H3K27me3 expression enriches in recurrent grade 1&2 meningiomas and maintains as a biomarker stratifying progression risk.

PURPOSE: To determine if loss of H3K27me3 could predict higher risk of re-recurrence in recurrent meningiomas. METHODS: A retrospective, single-center cohort study was performed for patients who underwent resection of recurrent grade 1 (N = 132) &2 (N = 32) meningiomas from 2009 to 2013. Association of H3K27me3 staining and clinical parameters was analyzed. Additionally, H3K27me3 staining was performed from 45 patients whose tumors recurred and were resected during the follow-up, to evaluate H3K27me3 change during tumor progression. Survival analysis was performed as well. RESULTS: Loss of H3K27me3 expression was observed in 83 patients, comprising 63 grade 1 (47.7%) and 20 grade 2 patients (62.5%). Both grade 1 (p < 0.001) and grade 2 recurrent meningiomas (p < 0.001) had a higher frequency of H3K27me3 loss, compared to de novo meningiomas. 8 of 27 tumors with retained H3K27me3 lost H3K27me3 during re-recurrence (29.6%), while no gain of H3K27me3 was observed in progressive disease from 18 tumors with H3K27me3 loss. Loss of H3K27me3 expression was associated with an earlier re-recurrence in recurrent meningiomas grade 1 and 2 (p < 0.001), and was an independent prognostic factor for PFS in recurrent grade 1 meningiomas (p = 0.005). CONCLUSION: Compared to primary meningiomas, recurrent meningiomas more predominantly had loss of H3K27me3 expression, and further loss can occur during the progression of recurrent tumors. Our results further demonstrated that loss of H3K27me3 predicted shorter PFS in recurrent grade 1 and grade 2 meningiomas. Our work thus supports clinical testing of H3K27me3 in recurrent meningiomas WHO grade 1 and 2.

Distinct clinical outcome of microcystic meningioma as a WHO grade 1 meningioma subtype.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the clinicopathological characteristics, radiology, and long-term outcomes of microcystic meningiomas (MM) and compare it with other subtypes of meningiomas managed at a single neurosurgical center. METHODS: A total of 87 consecutive patients who underwent surgical resection and were diagnosed as MM between 2005 and 2016 were enrolled for analysis. Clinicopathological, radiology, and prognostic information was collected and analyzed. Progression free survival (PFS) was compared with 659 patients with other subtypes of WHO grade 1 meningiomas and 167 patients with atypical meningiomas treated during the same period. RESULTS: Fifty six females and 31 males with MM were analyzed. Peri-tumor brain edema was frequent on T2 WI (85%).12 patients (13.8%) experienced tumor progression during the mean follow-up of 101.66 ± 40.92 months. The median PFS was unavailable, and the 5, 10, and 15 year progression-free rates were 96.9%, 84.0%, and 73.9%, respectively. Univariate COX analysis demonstrated skull base location and higher Ki-67 index as significant negative prognostic factors for PFS (P < 0.05); multivariate analysis identified tumor location and Ki-67 index as independent factors (P < 0.01), as well. Of note, the PFS of MM was worse than other WHO grade 1 subtypes (P < 0.001), but better than atypical meningiomas (P < 0.001), and the PFS differences were retained even when the analysis was limited to the patients receiving GTR (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The PFS of MM was worse than other WHO grade 1 subtypes and better than atypical meningiomas. Skull base location and higher Ki-67 index were independent negative prognostic factors in MM.

Predicting meningioma grades and pathologic marker expression via deep learning.

OBJECTIVES: To establish a deep learning (DL) model for predicting tumor grades and expression of pathologic markers of meningioma. METHODS: A total of 1192 meningioma patients from two centers who underwent surgical resection between September 2018 and December 2021 were retrospectively included. The pathological data and post-contrast T1-weight images for each patient were collected. The patients from institute I were subdivided into training, validation, and testing sets, while the patients from institute II served as the external testing cohort. The fine-tuned ResNet50 model based on transfer learning was adopted to classify WHO grade in the whole cohort and predict Ki-67 index, H3K27me3, and progesterone receptor (PR) status of grade 1 meningiomas. The predictive performance was evaluated by the accuracy and loss curve, confusion matrix, receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC), and area under curve (AUC). RESULTS: The DL prediction model for each label achieved high predictive performance in two cohorts. For WHO grade prediction, the area under the curve (AUC) was 0.966 (95%CI 0.957-0.975) in the internal testing set and 0.669 (95%CI 0.643-0.695) in the external validation cohort. The AUC in predicting Ki-67 index, H3K27me3, and PR status were 0.905 (95%CI 0.895-0.915), 0.773 (95%CI 0.760-0.786), and 0.771 (95%CI 0.750-0.792) in the internal testing set and 0.591 (95%CI 0.562-0.620), 0.658 (95%CI 0.648-0.668), and 0.703 (95%CI 0.674-0.732) in the external validation cohort, respectively. CONCLUSION: DL models can preoperatively predict meningioma grades and pathologic marker expression with favorable predictive performance. CLINICAL RELEVANCE STATEMENT: Our DL model could predict meningioma grades and expression of pathologic markers and identify high-risk patients with WHO grade 1 meningioma, which would suggest a more aggressive operative intervention preoperatively and a more frequent follow-up schedule postoperatively. KEY POINTS: WHO grades and some pathologic markers of meningioma were associated with therapeutic strategies and clinical outcomes. A deep learning-based approach was employed to develop a model for predicting meningioma grades and the expression of pathologic markers. Preoperative prediction of meningioma grades and the expression of pathologic markers was beneficial for clinical decision-making.

Structure of a eukaryotic cyclic-nucleotide-gated channel.

Cyclic-nucleotide-gated channels are essential for vision and olfaction. They belong to the voltage-gated ion channel superfamily but their activities are controlled by intracellular cyclic nucleotides instead of transmembrane voltage. Here we report a 3.5-Å-resolution single-particle electron cryo-microscopy structure of a cyclic-nucleotide-gated channel from Caenorhabditis elegans in the cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP)-bound open state. The channel has an unusual voltage-sensor-like domain, accounting for its deficient voltage dependence. A carboxy-terminal linker connecting S6 and the cyclic-nucleotide-binding domain interacts directly with both the voltage-sensor-like domain and the pore domain, forming a gating ring that couples conformational changes triggered by cyclic nucleotide binding to the gate. The selectivity filter is lined by the carboxylate side chains of a functionally important glutamate and three rings of backbone carbonyls. This structure provides a new framework for understanding mechanisms of ion permeation, gating and channelopathy of cyclic-nucleotide-gated channels and cyclic nucleotide modulation of related channels.

Discovery, characterization, and adipocyte differentiation regulation in perirenal adipose tissue of large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea).

Adipose tissue is an essential tissue for lipid deposition in fish and is associated with excess lipid accumulation in aquaculture. However, the knowledge of the distribution and characterization of adipose tissue in fish still needs further investigation. This study for the first time discovered perirenal adipose tissue (PAT) in large yellow croaker by MRI and CT technologies. Then, the morphological and cytological characteristics of PAT were observed, showing a typical characteristic of white adipose tissue. Meanwhile, the mRNA expression of marker genes of white adipose tissue was highly expressed in PAT compared with the liver and muscle in large yellow croaker. Moreover, based on the discovery of PAT, preadipocytes from PAT were isolated, and the differentiation system of preadipocytes was established. The lipid droplet and TG content of cell were gradually increased during adipocyte differentiation. In addition, mRNA expressions of lipoprotein lipase, adipose triglyceride lipase, and transcription factors related to adipogenesis (cebpα, srebp1, pparα, and pparγ) were quantified to explain the regulation mechanism during the differentiation process. In summary, the present study first discovered perirenal adipose tissue in fish, then explored the characterization of PAT, and revealed the regulation of adipocyte differentiation. These results could advance the understanding of adipose tissue in fish and provide a novel idea for the study of the mechanism of lipid accumulation.

Irisin ameliorates neuroinflammation and neuronal apoptosis through integrin αVß5/AMPK signaling pathway after intracerebral hemorrhage in mice.

BACKGROUND: Neuroinflammation is a crucial factor in the development of secondary brain injury after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Irisin is a newly identified myokine that confers strong neuroprotective effects in experimental ischemic stroke. However, whether this myokine can exert neuroprotection effects after ICH remains unknown. This study aimed to investigate the impact of irisin treatment on neuroinflammation and neuronal apoptosis and the underlying mechanism involving integrin αVß5/AMPK pathway after ICH. METHODS: Two hundred and eighty-five adult (8-week-old) male C57BL/6 mice were randomly assigned to sham and ICH surgery groups. ICH was induced via intrastriatal injection of autologous blood. Irisin was administered intranasally at 30 min after ICH. To elucidate the underlying mechanism, cilengitide (a selective integrin αVß5 inhibitor) and dorsomorphin (a selective phosphorylated AMPK inhibitor) were administered before irisin treatment. The short- and long-term neurobehavior tests, brain edema, quantitative-PCR, western blotting, Fluoro-Jade C, TUNEL, and immunofluorescence staining were performed to assess the neurofunctional outcome at the level of molecular, cell, histology, and function. RESULTS: Endogenous irisin and its receptor, integrin αVß5, were increased, peaked at 24 h after ICH. irisin post-treatment improved both short- and long-term neurological functions, reduced brain edema after ICH. Interestingly, integrin αVß5 was mainly located in the microglia after ICH, and irisin post-treatment inhibited microglia/macrophage pro-inflammatory polarization and promoted anti-inflammatory polarization. Moreover, irisin treatment inhibited neutrophil infiltration and suppressed neuronal apoptotic cell death in perihematomal areas after ICH. Mechanistically, irisin post-treatment significantly increased the expression of integrin αVß5, p-AMPK and Bcl-2, and decreased the expression of IL-1ß, TNF-α, MPO, and Bax following ICH. The neuroprotective effects of irisin were abolished by both integrin αVß5 inhibitor cilengitide and AMPK inhibitor dorsomorphin. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrated that irisin post-treatment ameliorated neurological deficits, reduced brain edema, and ameliorated neuroinflammation and neuronal apoptosis, at least in part, through the integrin αVß5/AMPK signaling pathway after ICH. Thus, irisin post-treatment may provide a promising therapeutic approach for the early management of ICH.

Changes of Choroidal Thickness in Children after Short-erm Application of 1% Atropine Gel.

INTRODUCTION: To assess changes of choroidal thickness (ChT) after administration of 1% atropine for 1 week in myopia, emmetropia, and hyperopia children. METHODS: A total of 235 children aged 4-8 years, which included 46 myopia, 34 emmetropia, and 155 hyperopia patients were recruited and divided into three groups according to the spherical equivalent with the use of 1% atropine twice a day for 1 week. The ChT was measured at baseline and 1 week. RESULTS: In the myopia and emmetropia groups, following administration of 1% atropine gel, the ChT thickened significantly under the fovea (i.e., from 278.29 ± 53.01 µm to 308.24 ± 57.3 µm, P < 0.05; from 336.10 ± 78.60 µm to 353.46 ± 70.22 µm, P < 0.05, respectively) and at all intervals from the fovea, while in the hyperopia group, there was no significant difference in the ChT except the nasal side (P < 0.05) . CONCLUSION: Topical administration of 1% atropine gel for 1 week significantly increased the subfoveal and parafoveal ChT in children with myopia and emmetropia. Atropine did not increase the ChT in hyperopia children, except at the nasal side.