[Therapeutic plasma exchange. Experience in 102 patients]. / Intercambio plasmático terapéutico por plasmafiltración: experiencia de 11 años de un centro.

BACKGROUND: Therapeutic Plasma Exchange (TPE) is a procedure in which plasma and harmful macromolecules are separated from the rest of the blood components by centrifugation or filtration through membranes and are replaced with solutions with albumin and/or plasma. AIM: To communicate our experience using TPE by filtration. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Review of records of 655 TPE sessions performed in 102 patients aged 50 ± 18 years (64% women). The requirement of renal replacement therapy (RRT) and seven days and one year mortality were recorded. RESULTS: Forty five percent of patients had hypertension or diabetes. The main indications for TPE were pulmonary-renal syndrome (PRS) (62%) and antibody mediated graft rejection (29%), followed by neurological diseases (36%). Fifteen percent of patients required RRT for one year. Mortality at seven days and one year was 20 and 30%, respectively. Out of the total of deaths associated with kidney diseases, 88% corresponded to PRS and ANCA vasculitis. The main complications were thrombocytopenia in 41%, hypocalcemia in 18%, and hypotension in 16%. CONCLUSIONS: In our experience, TPE by filtration is a safe technique, with mild and preventable complications. Despite this, the reported mortality is high, which reflects the severity of the diseases that motivated the indication for TPE.

[Bilateral renal papillary necrosis of spontaneous resolution as a cause of microscopic hematuria. Report of one case]. / Necrosis papilar renal bilateral de resolución espontánea como causa de hematuria microscópica. Caso clínico.

Renal papillary necrosis is an infrequent cause of hematuria characterized by ischemic necrosis of the renal medulla, especially the papilla. Its most common cause is analgesic abuse. Despite being oligo-symptomatic, in many cases its presence is associated with serious functional sequelae. Imaging, especially computed tomography, is essential to make the diagnosis. We report a 63-year-old female studied for an asymptomatic microscopic hematuria whose tomographic study showed a bilateral renal papillary necrosis. No etiology was found, and she evolved with a spontaneous complete remission.

[Variables associated with a good response to steroids in chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy]. / Factores asociados a respuesta favorable de tratamiento corticoidal en pacientes con polirradiculoneuropatía desmielinizante inflamatoria crónica.

BACKGROUND: The treatment of chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (CIDP) is based on corticosteroids, immunoglobulin and plasmapheresis. In our Health System, corticosteroids are commonly used as first line therapy for economic reasons and accessibility. However, the factors associated with a good response are not well known. AIM: To assess the association of demographic, clinical and laboratory variables with a favorable response to corticosteroid therapy in patients with CIDP. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Observational, descriptive, longitudinal and retrospective study of 33 patients with a diagnosis of typical, definitive or probable CIDP, treated with corticosteroids for at least six months. RESULTS: Twenty-three patients had a good clinical response to corticosteroid treatment and 10 were non-responders. The variables significantly associated with a good response to steroids were a disease lasting less than 1 year prior to the start of treatment, the absence of axonal damage in electromyography a relapsing-recurrent course and a favorable response within two months of treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Most of these patients with CIDP had good response to corticosteroid therapy.

[Coronary artery disease in pre and postmenopausal women. The influence of type 2 diabetes mellitus]. / Enfermedad coronaria en mujeres pre y postmenopáusicas y su relación con la diabetes mellitus tipo 2.

BACKGROUND: Postmenopausal women have higher severity of coronary heart disease (CHD) than premenopausal women and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is an independent risk factor. AIM: To assess the severity of CHD in pre and postmenopausal patients undergoing coronary angiography and the impact of T2DM in both groups. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A coronary angiography was performed to 707 women due to suspected CHD during 2013 and 2014. Of these, 579 were older than 55 years and were considered as postmenopausal. Factors such as hypertension, obesity, smoking, creatinine and T2DM were registered. The severity of CHD in coronary angiography was evaluated according to the number of vessels with more than 50% stenosis. RESULTS: Compared to their postmenopausal counterparts, premenopausal women had less frequency of T2DM (31% and 42% p < 0.033), hypertension (52 and 78%, p < 0.001) and alteration of renal function (11 vs. 39%, p < 0.001). Absence of coronary lesions was found in 44 and 32% of premenopausal and postmenopausal women, respectively (p < 0.01). Premenopausal women with T2DM had a higher frequency of multi-vessel disease than those without the disease (25 and 4.5%, p < 0.001). The frequency of multi-vessel disease was higher in postmenopausal than premenopausal women (24 and 11%, p < 0.01). Hypertension, T2DM and renal involvement were associated with a higher frequency multiple vessel disease. CONCLUSIONS: The severity of CHD is higher in postmenopausal women and T2DM is associated with the disease.

[Type 2 diabetes mellitus as a challenge for chronic disease care models in Chile]. / Diabetes Mellitus tipo 2: desafíos para los modelos de cuidados crónicos en Chile.

The increase in chronic noncommunicable diseases is one of the main concerns worldwide. Therefore, it is pertinent to ask how care system organizations responded to the requirements currently being posed by chronic diseases, specifically type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). In the world, different models have been developed considering elements that transcend the biological stability of the disease. Chile has the great challenge of exploring new models that emphasize the promotion and prevention of health rather than the management of the disease. The impact of variables such as health literacy, self-efficacy and subjective well-being on T2DM should be explored. In addition, it is necessary to validate and implement guidelines and protocols of care that incorporate the aforementioned variables.

[Exclusive coronary revascularization with both mammary arteries. Analysis of 73 patients]. / Resultados a 5 años de la revascularización exclusiva con dos arterias mamarias en pacientes con enfermedad coronaria multivaso.

BACKGROUND: Exclusive coronary revascularization with both mammary arteries could result in lower rates of adverse events in the long term. AIM: To describe the five-year evolution of a cohort of patients operated on with this technique. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Follow up analyzing survival of 73 patients aged 59 ± 9 years (82% men) who underwent exclusive coronary surgery with two mammary arteries between December 1,2010 and April 12,2017. We studied their clinical characteristics, surgical results, operative morbidity and mortality and adverse events up to June 30, 2018. RESULTS: Six patients had two-vessel lesions and 67 three-vessel lesions. The operative risk calculated by additive and logistic EuroSCORE was 2.5 and 2.3%, respectively. A mean of 3.75 anastomoses /patient were performed, 116 with left mammary artery (73 to the anterior descending artery, 38 to a diagonal artery and 5 for other objectives) and 158 with right mammary artery (69 to a first marginal artery, 23 to a second marginal artery and 64 to posterior descending artery). There was one case of mediastinitis and one (1.5%) patient died. The mean follow-up was 64.6 ± 23.7 months. The 5-year survival was 90.4%. CONCLUSIONS: Coronary revascularization with two exclusive mammary arteries allowed a complete revascularization of the heart with a low rate of complications and adverse effects at five years.

[Exercise training in advanced chronic kidney disease]. / Entrenamiento físico en personas con enfermedad renal crónica avanzada: beneficios de su implementación en la práctica clínica.

Chronic kidney disease is associated with an increase in cardiovascular risk and mortality, and a decrease in the health-related quality of life. It is known that the physical capacity of patients with chronic kidney disease is lower than their healthy counterparts. It also decreases progressively after the start of hemodialysis, even leading to the loss of functional independence. There is a positive association between exercise and improvement of many targets in chronic kidney disease, especially in dialysis patients, such as cellular apoptosis, immune improvement and inflammation. In addition, several clinical studies and systematic reviews show an improvement in different clinical and laboratory variables and suggest a lower mortality, proving a reduction of health care economic costs. Exercise intervention in dialysis is safe. Although different guidelines promote exercise, it is necessary to work on its implementation on a large scale.

[Psychological interventions for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. A systematic review and meta-analysis]. / ¿Son efectivas las intervenciones psicológicas para mejorar el control de la Diabetes Mellitus tipo 2 en adultos?: una revisión sistemática y metaanálisis.

Background Affordable interventions to improve metabolic control of Type 2-Diabetes Mellitus are increasingly necessary. Aim To review systematically the existing literature on the effects of psychological interventions on Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus compensation. Material and Methods We performed a systematic literature review and meta-analysis on the effectiveness of psychological interventions implemented for Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus patients. Research included the following electronic databases: PubMed, Bireme, Web of Science, SciELO, Embase, EBSCOhost, SCOPUS, Psychology Database. Results Most studies showed a decrease in the level of glycated hemoglobin after interventions, which applied different initiatives complementary to standard medical treatment. Mainly, these interventions encompassed training for self-monitoring and control of diabetes based on cognitive behavioral psychology, counseling, self-assessment and physical-spiritual work based on transpersonal psychology. Conclusions Psychological tools could be an adjunct to the standard medical treatment for patients with Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus, reducing glycated hemoglobin levels and improving self-regulation, disease awareness and adherence from the self-efficacy perception perspective.

[Prevalence of complications associated with central venous catheter instalation for hemodyalisis]. / Prevalencias de complicaciones asociadas a la instalación de catéter venoso central para hemodiálisis.

BACKGROUND: Placing central venous lines under ultrasonographic guidance reduces the complications of the procedure. AIM: To compare prevalences of complications of central venous line placements with or without ultrasonographic guidance. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Descriptive study that contemplated the comparison of two groups of patients subjected to a central venous line placement at a nephrology service for renal replacement therapy. In one group of 100 patients, the line was placed without ultrasonographic guidance between 2008 and 2012. Between 2015 and 2017 the line was placed in 138 patients using ultrasonographic guidance. The prevalences of complications with both types of procedures were recorded. RESULTS: The frequency of complications of procedures with and without ultrasonographic guidance was 0.7 and 18% respectively (prevalence ratio 0.04, 95% confidence interval 0-0.3). Ninety five percent of recorded complications were arterial puncture, followed by hematomas in 10% and pneumothorax in 5%. The higher prevalence of complications was observed in emergency line placement without ultrasonographic guidance. There was a direct association between the number of line placement attempts in a single procedure and the prevalence of complications. CONCLUSIONS: Ultrasonographic guidance is associated with a reduction in the prevalence of central venous line complications.

Spanish translation, retranslation, and content validation of the Quality of Life in Alzheimer's Disease scale in patients with Alzheimer's dementia. / Traducción al español, retraducción y validación de contenido de la escala Quality of Life in Alzheimer's Disease en pacientes con demencia Alzheimer.

Introduction: It is estimated that by the year 2050, persons over 60 will account for 22% of the world population. Consequently, the incidence and prevalence of Alzheimer's disease will increase correspondingly. One of the pillars of the treatment of this condition is to improve the quality of life. In this sense, questionnaires such as the Quality of Life in Alzheimer's Disease allow us to measure the quality of life in patients and caregivers. Objective: To translate into Chilean Spanish and carry out the content validation of the Quality of Life in Alzheimer's Disease scale in patients with Alzheimer's dementia at the Guillermo Grant Benavente Hospital in Concepción, Chile. Methods: Translation, back-translation and content validity were carried out by expert judgment, using Lawshe analysis, pre-test and semantic validation using the respondent debriefing strategy. Results: The translated and retranslated versions were compared with each other and with the original version. Lawshe indicates that a Content Validity Ratio equal 0.49 is adequate to consider the item valid when 15 experts participated in the content validation process, as in our study. The analysis yielded a content validity ratio greater than 0.49 in 11 of the 13 items on the scale. Of these, 8 obtained a value greater than 0.8 and 3 between 0.49 and 0.79. In semantic validation using the respondent debriefing strategy, the scale was applied to five people with Alzheimer's and their respective caregivers. With the data obtained, modifications were generated in those items that obtained a content validity ratio of less than 0.49. Conclusions: The version obtained in Spanish of the Quality of Life in Alzheimer's Disease scale is valid from the point of view of its content and equivalent to its original version.

Introducción: Se estima que para el año 2050 los mayores de 60 años corresponderán al 22% de la población mundial y con ello aumente la incidencia y prevalencia de enfermedad de Alzheimer. Uno de los pilares del tratamiento de esta condición es mejorar la calidad de vida, en este sentido surgen herramientas como la Quality of Life in Alzheimer's Disease Scale que permite medir calidad de vida en pacientes y sus cuidadores. Objetivo: Realizar la traducción al español chileno y validación de contenido de la Quality of Life in Alzheimer's Disease Scale en pacientes con demencia por Alzheimer del Hospital Guillermo Grant Benavente de Concepción, Chile. Métodos: Se llevó a cabo la traducción, retraducción y validez de contenido por juicio experto, utilizando el análisis Lawshe, pre-test y validación semántica usando la estrategia de respondent debriefing. Resultados: Las versiones traducidas y retraducidas fueron comparadas entre ellas y con la versión original. Lawshe indica que una razón de validez de contenido de 0,49 es adecuado para considerar aceptable el ítem cuando en el proceso de validación de contenido han participado 15 expertos como en este estudio. El análisis arrojó una razón de validez de contenido mayor a 0,49 en 11 de los 13 ítems de la escala. De estos, ocho obtuvieron un valor superior a 0,8 y tres entre 0,49 y 0,79. En la validación semántica mediante la estrategia de se aplicó la escala a cinco personas con enfermedad de Alzheimer y a sus respectivos cuidadores. Con los datos obtenidos, se generaron modificaciones en aquellos ítems que obtuvieron una razón de validez de contenido menor a 0,49. Conclusión: La versión obtenida en español de la resulta ser válida desde el punto de vista de su contenido y equivalente a su versión original.

[Perception of "Chile Crece Contigo" stakeholders on its implementation in the Commune of Concepción, Chile]. / Percepción de stakeholders de "Chile Crece Contigo", acerca de su implementación en la comuna de Concepción, Chile.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the perception of stakeholders on the implementation policy of the childhood protection subsystem "Chile Crece Contigo" in the Commune of Concepción, Chile. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Qualitative study. Semi-structured interviews and a focus group were used as information gathering techniques. A theoretical sampling was carried out based on the representation of decision and power levels with regard to the implementation of Chile Crece Contigo in the Commune of Concepción. The data were analyzed with the ATLAS.ti 6.2 software. RESULTS: The most notable achievements highlighted by interviewees were the high valuation of Chile Crece Contigo, along with the possibility of placing relevant subjects such as first childhood care into the agenda. On the contrary, taking advantage of benefits delivered by the program and the dissemination of the policy were deemed as not achieved. The main facilitator of the implementation was the commitment of the beneficiaries to Chile Crece Contigo, while the most important barrier identified was the contract modality of professionals. Finally, aspects to be improved included infrastructure of facilities, the Chile Crece Contigo network articulation and the funds to secure sustainability of the program over time. CONCLUSION: The implementation of Chile Crece Contigo in the Commune of Concepción has achieved high recognition in the community, however, it is still necessary to work on the achievement of aspects related to the articulation of the different stakeholders that make up the Chile Crece Contigo network, the diffusion of politics at all levels, and the best use of the benefits delivered to the population.

OBJETIVO: Explorar la percepción de los stakeholders vinculados al subsistema de protección de la infancia "Chile Crece Contigo" en lo que respecta a su implementación en la comuna de Concepción, Chile. MÉTODOS: Estudio cualitativo. Se utilizaron entrevistas semiestructuradas y un focus group como técnicas de recolección de información. Se realizó un muestreo teórico en base a la representación de los niveles de decisión y poder respecto a la implementa-ción de Chile Crece Contigo en la comuna de Concepción. Los datos fueron analizados con el software ATLAS.ti 6.2. RESULTADOS: Destacaron como logros la alta valoración de Chile Crece Contigo, junto con, la capacidad de instalar temas tan relevantes como el cuidado de la primera infancia. El aspecto no logrado más importante fue el aprovechamiento de los beneficios entregados y la difusión de la política. El mayor facilitador de la implementación fue el compromiso con el Chile Crece Contigo, mientras la mayor barrera, la situación contractual de los profesionales. Finalmente, como aspectos a mejorar se apuntaron la infraestructura, la articulación de la red Chile Crece Contigo y los recursos asociados a la política. CONCLUSIÓN: La implementación de Chile Crece Contigo en la comuna de Concepción ha alcanzado una alta valoración y reconocimiento en la comunidad, sin embargo, aún se requiere trabajar en el logro de aspectos relacionados con la articulación de los distintos stakeholders que componen la red Chile Crece Contigo, la difusión de la política en todos los niveles y el mejor aprovechamiento de los beneficios entregados a la población.

Percepción respecto a la educación sexual de adolescentes de dos establecimientos educacionales de Talcahuano, Chile / Perception regarding the sexual education of adolescents of two educational establishments of Talcahuano, Chile

Introducción: La educación sexual es uno de los pilares básicos del desarrollo humano por cuanto potencia la autonomía de las personas y el desarrollo de una sexualidad plena. Objetivo: Este estudio buscó describir la percepción respecto a la educación sexual de adolescentes de dos establecimientos educacionales de Talcahuano, Chile. Método: Se realizó un estudio de corte transversal de carácter descriptivo con 309 estudiantes de dos colegios ubicados en la Comuna de Talcahuano, región del Bío-Bío, Chile. Se aplicó de forma presencial un cuestionario de autorreporte. Los datos fueron analizados mediante el software IBM Statistics SPSS v.22. Resultados: El 61,8% reportó recibir educación sexual en su establecimiento y casi la totalidad consideró necesario aprender sobre ello. Un 52,7% refirió que sus establecimientos generaban instancias para hablar de sexualidad. En relación con las temáticas que deberían ser incluidas en la educación sexual, «Valores, respeto, ética», «Anticonceptivos y prevención de infecciones de transmisión sexual» y «Amor y afectividad» fueron las más preferidas. Conclusión: Pese a la existencia de instancias de educación sexual en los establecimientos educacionales y a la transversal opinión de que es necesario aprender sobre este tema, existe una baja percepción respecto a su suficiencia.

Introduction: Sex education is one of the basic pillars of human development because it enhances people's autonomy and the development of full sexuality. Objective: This study sought to describe the perception regarding sex education of adolescents from two educational establishments in Talcahuano, Chile. Method: A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted with 309 students from two schools located in the Talcahuano Commune, Bío-Bío region, Chile. A self-report questionnaire was applied in person. Data were analyzed using IBM Statistics SPSS v.22 software. Results: 61.8% reported receiving sex education in their establishment and almost all considered it necessary to learn about it. 52.7% reported that their establishments generated instances to talk about sexuality. In relation to the topics that should be included in sex education, "Values, respect, ethics", "Contraceptives and prevention of sexually transmitted infections" and "Love and affectivity" were the most preferred. Conclusion: Despite the existence of instances of sex education in educational establishments, and the transversal opinion that it is necessary to learn about this subject, there is a low perception regarding its adequacy.

VIOLENCIA OBSTÉTRICA EN CONTEXTO DE PANDEMIA POR COVID-19: UNA REVISIÓN DE LA LITERATURA / OBSTETRIC VIOLENCE IN THE CONTEXT OF THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC: A LITERATURE REVIEW

INTRODUCCIÓN. Violencia obstétrica es entendida como aquella que ejerce el personal de salud sobre el cuerpo de las mujeres, expresada en un trato deshumanizado, un abuso de la medicalización y la patologización de los procesos naturales. OBJETIVO. Describir la violencia obstétrica en contexto de pandemia reportada en la literatura. MATERIAL Y MÉTODO. Se llevó a cabo una revisión sistematizada entre agosto y noviembre del año 2022. Los términos MeSH utilizados fueron "Obstetric violence", "Pandemic", "Birth" and "Human rights", junto con los términos DECS "Violencia obstétrica", "Pandemia", "Parto" y "Derechos humanos". En la totalidad de las bases de datos revisadas se aplicaron como límites de búsqueda "Last 3 Years" y "Free Full Text. RESULTADOS. Se constató un aumento de la violencia obstétrica dadas las adaptaciones en los protocolos de atención. Además, se evidenciaron formas de ejercerla tales como: restricción del acompañamiento, separación de la madre y recién nacido, aceleración del trabajo de parto, limitación de medidas farmacológicas, discriminación por raza/color y disminución en la frecuencia de controles y talleres prenatales. CONCLUSIÓN. La evidencia revisada sugiere que la violencia obstétrica durante la pandemia aumentó, siendo esta misma un factor influyente.

BACKGROUND. Obstetric violence is understood as violence exercised by health personnel on the body of women, expressed as dehumanized treatment, an abuse of medicalization and/or the pathologization of natural processes. OBJECTIVE. To describe obstetric violence in the context of a pandemic as reported in the literature. METHODS. A systematized review was conducted between August and November 2022. MeSH descriptors "Obstetric violence", "Pandemic" and "Human rights", along with DECS descriptors "Violencia obstétrica", "Pandemia", "Parto" and "Derechos humanos", were used. In all databases the search was limited to "Last 3 years" and "Free Full Text". RESULTS: An increase in obstetric violence was associated with adaptations in care protocols. The ways of exercising obstetric violence included: restriction of accompaniment, separation of mother and newborn, acceleration of labor, limitation of pharmacological measures, discrimination by race/color, and decrease in the frequency of prenatal controls and workshops. CONCLUSION: The reviewed evidence shows that obstetric violence during the pandemic increased, suggesting that the context was an influential factor.

Fármacos antiepilépticos usados en el embarazo y sus consecuencias sobre los resultados fetales: una revisión de la literatura / Antiepileptic drugs used in pregnancy and their consequences on fetal outcomes: a review of the literature

Los riesgos teratogénicos ocasionados por la exposición intrauterina a fármacos antiepilépticos (FAE) son conocidos, por lo que su prescripción se mantiene bajo estricto control. Describir los efectos adversos fetales de la exposición a FAE durante la gestación, reportados en la literatura durante el período 2016-2022. Revisión sistematizada de estudios que reportaron los efectos adversos fetales inducidos por la exposición a FAE en mujeres embarazadas en tratamiento por diagnósticos neurológicos, principalmente de epilepsia. La búsqueda se realizó en PubMed, Cochrane, Web of Science, SCOPUS, Biblioteca Virtual en Salud, Lilacs y SciELO. Se identificaron 37 artículos distribuidos en 13 países de Asia, Europa, América del Norte y Oceanía. Se observaron resultados perinatales adversos, tanto físicos como cognitivos, en la mayoría de los estudios. Los fármacos identificados como los más utilizados en los últimos años fueron valproato, topiramato, carbamazepina, lamotrigina y levetiracetam. Los FAE tienen potencial teratogénico en distintos grados de riesgo, provocando anomalías congénitas o efectos adversos en múltiples sistemas del cuerpo humano, siendo los sistemas nervioso, circulatorio y osteomuscular los más afectados.

The teratogenic risks caused by intrauterine exposure to antiepileptic drugs (AED) are known, so their prescription is kept under strict control. To describe the fetal adverse effects AED exposure during gestation, reported in the literature during the period 2016-2022. Systematized review of studies that reported fetal adverse effects induced for the exposure to AED in pregnant women in treatment for neurological diagnoses, mainly epilepsy. The search was carried out in PubMed, Cochrane, Web of Science, SCOPUS, Virtual Health Library, Lilacs and SciELO. 37 articles distributed in thirteen countries in Asia, Europe, North America and Oceania were identified. Adverse perinatal outcomes, both physical and cognitive, were observed in most studies. The most common drugs identified were valproate, topiramate, carbamazepine, lamotrigine and levetiracetam. AED have teratogenic potential in different degrees of risk, causing congenital anomalies or adverse effects in multiple systems of the human body, being the nervous, circulatory and musculoskeletal systems the most affected.

Traducción al español, retraducción y validación de contenido de la escala Quality of Life in Alzheimer's Disease en pacientes con demencia Alzheimer / Spanish translation, retranslation, and content validation of the Quality of Life in Alzheimer's Disease scale in patients with Alzheimer's dementia

INTRODUCCIÓN: Se estima que para el año 2050 los mayores de 60 años corresponderán al 22% de la población mundial y con ello aumente la incidencia y prevalencia de enfermedad de Alzheimer. Uno de los pilares del tratamiento de esta condición es mejorar la calidad de vida, en este sentido surgen herramientas como la Quality of Life in Alzheimer's Disease Scale que permite medir calidad de vida en pacientes y sus cuidadores. OBJETIVO: Realizar la traducción al español chileno y validación de contenido de la Quality of Life in Alzheimer's Disease Scale en pacientes con demencia por Alzheimer del Hospital Guillermo Grant Benavente de Concepción, Chile. MÉTODOS: Se llevó a cabo la traducción, retraducción y validez de contenido por juicio experto, utilizando el análisis Lawshe, pre-test y validación semántica usando la estrategia de respondent debriefing. RESULTADOS: Las versiones traducidas y retraducidas fueron comparadas entre ellas y con la versión original. Lawshe indica que una razón de validez de contenido de 0,49 es adecuado para considerar aceptable el ítem cuando en el proceso de validación de contenido han participado 15 expertos como en este estudio. El análisis arrojó una razón de validez de contenido mayor a 0,49 en 11 de los 13 ítems de la escala. De estos, ocho obtuvieron un valor superior a 0,8 y tres entre 0,49 y 0,79. En la validación semántica mediante la estrategia de se aplicó la escala a cinco personas con enfermedad de Alzheimer y a sus respectivos cuidadores. Con los datos obtenidos, se generaron modificaciones en aquellos ítems que obtuvieron una razón de validez de contenido menor a 0,49. CONCLUSIÓN: La versión obtenida en español de la resulta ser válida desde el punto de vista de su contenido y equivalente a su versión original.

INTRODUCTION: It is estimated that by the year 2050, persons over 60 will account for 22% of the world population. Consequently, the incidence and prevalence of Alzheimer's disease will increase correspondingly. One of the pillars of the treatment of this condition is to improve the quality of life. In this sense, questionnaires such as the Quality of Life in Alzheimer's Disease allow us to measure the quality of life in patients and caregivers. OBJECTIVE: To translate into Chilean Spanish and carry out the content validation of the Quality of Life in Alzheimer's Disease scale in patients with Alzheimer's dementia at the Guillermo Grant Benavente Hospital in Concepción, Chile. METHODS: Translation, back-translation and content validity were carried out by expert judgment, using Lawshe analysis, pre-test and semantic validation using the respondent debriefing strategy. RESULTS: The translated and retranslated versions were compared with each other and with the original version. Lawshe indicates that a Content Validity Ratio equal 0.49 is adequate to consider the item valid when 15 experts participated in the content validation process, as in our study. The analysis yielded a content validity ratio greater than 0.49 in 11 of the 13 items on the scale. Of these, 8 obtained a value greater than 0.8 and 3 between 0.49 and 0.79. In semantic validation using the respondent debriefing strategy, the scale was applied to five people with Alzheimer's and their respective caregivers. With the data obtained, modifications were generated in those items that obtained a content validity ratio of less than 0.49. CONCLUSIONS: The version obtained in Spanish of the Quality of Life in Alzheimer's Disease scale is valid from the point of view of its content and equivalent to its original version.

[Implementation of a policy for early childhood care in the Chilean context: a view from health to "Chile Crece Contigo"]. / Implementación de la política pública para el cuidado de la primera infancia en el contexto chileno: una mirada desde salud al "Chile Crece Contigo".

In the field of childhood care, Chile has a long history of interventions which have pointed to reduce infant mortality, most of them with a strong biomedical approach. These interventions have attempted to respond to the demands of the period when they were established, reflecting the evolution of social and health history of the Chilean State and achieving good results during the past century. In this context the Chile Crece Contigo (Chile grows with you) public policy was created to bet on a biopsychosocial approach to early childhood through a serie of actions aimed at protecting and accompanying children throughout their development, with special emphasis on support to the most vulnerable families. This essay presents the background of the public policy for early childhood protection in the Chilean context, from a health perspective, and also presents briefly some important aspects of the implementation process of one of its most significant policies.

En el campo del cuidado de la infancia Chile posee una larga historia de intervenciones que han apuntado hacia la disminución de la mortalidad infantil, la mayoría de ellas, con un fuerte enfoque biomédico. Estas han intentado dar respuesta a las demandas de la época en que han sido formuladas, reflejando la evolución de la historia socio-sanitaria del estado chileno y logrando un cometido exitoso durante el transcurso del pasado siglo. En este contexto emerge la política pública "Chile Crece Contigo", la cual ha apostado al abordaje biopsicosocial de la primera infancia mediante una serie de acciones tendientes a la protección y acompañamiento del desarrollo de los niños/as, con un especial énfasis en el apoyo a las familias más vulnerables. Este ensayo plantea antecedentes de la política pública para la protección de la primera infancia en el contexto chileno mirada desde el sector salud y presenta brevemente algunos aspectos relevantes del proceso de implementación de una de sus políticas más significativas.

Intercambio plasmático terapéutico por plasmafiltración: experiencia de 11 años de un centro / Therapeutic plasma exchange: experience in 102 patients

BACKGROUND: Therapeutic Plasma Exchange (TPE) is a procedure in which plasma and harmful macromolecules are separated from the rest of the blood components by centrifugation or filtration through membranes and are replaced with solutions with albumin and/or plasma. AIM: To communicate our experience using TPE by filtration. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Review of records of 655 TPE sessions performed in 102 patients aged 50 ± 18 years (64% women). The requirement of renal replacement therapy (RRT) and seven days and one year mortality were recorded. RESULTS: Forty five percent of patients had hypertension or diabetes. The main indications for TPE were pulmonary-renal syndrome (PRS) (62%) and antibody mediated graft rejection (29%), followed by neurological diseases (36%). Fifteen percent of patients required RRT for one year. Mortality at seven days and one year was 20 and 30%, respectively. Out of the total of deaths associated with kidney diseases, 88% corresponded to PRS and ANCA vasculitis. The main complications were thrombocytopenia in 41%, hypocalcemia in 18%, and hypotension in 16%. CONCLUSIONS: In our experience, TPE by filtration is a safe technique, with mild and preventable complications. Despite this, the reported mortality is high, which reflects the severity of the diseases that motivated the indication for TPE.