[On the histo- and morphogenesis of sclerosing pneumocytoma and its diagnostic criteria]. / K voprosu o gistomorfogeneze i kriteriiakh diagnostiki skleroziruiushchei pnevmotsitomy.

The paper presents the data available in the literature on the pathogenesis, clinical and morphological, histological and immunohistochemical features of pulmonary sclerosing pneumocytoma (SP). The paper gives the detailed histological and immunohistochemical characteristics of 6 SP cases. The need for the differential diagnosis of SP is determined by the features and complexity of their histo- and morphogenesis within a single tumor and a complex diagnostic study.

[Primary lung osteosarcoma simulating gastric carcinoma].

The rarest case of primary lung osteosarcoma is described. Despite the fact that an extended clinicoinstrumental study was conducted, the clinicians who interpreted the process to be a destructive gastric carcinoma did not diagnose the site of the tumor. Autopsy identified the unusual form of primary lung malignancy progression with an advanced invasion into the organs on both sides of the diaphragm, including the gastric wall.

[Melanomas of the anorectal area (problems of histogenesis, morphogenesis and histological diagnosis)]. / Melanomy anorektal'noi oblasti (voprosy gistogeneza, morfogeneza, gistologicheskoi diagnostiki).

Morphogenesis, histology, specific function of 17 anorectal melanomas were studied. The source of the tumour are melanocytes of the stratified squamous epithelium of the anal canal. An important part of morphogenesis consists of appositional growth and emergence of microinvasion foci associated with it beyond the borders of the primary focus. By the features of histogenesis, morphogenesis, and specific function, melanomas of this localization show no principal differences from skin melanomas. Diagnostic difficulties are associated with the possibility of occurrence of anaplastic nonpigmented forms. This would require to employ most informative methods for melanogenesis detection (Masson-Hamperl's method and electron microscopic examination) and to search for atypical marginal melanocyte proliferation beyond anatomical and microscopic borders of the primary tumour as manifestations of its appositional growth.

[Diagnosis of malignant blue nevus]. / K diagnostike malignizirovannykh golubykh nevusov.

A case of malignant melanoma of the femur is described. The tumor has arisen in the presence of proliferating blue nervus. Differential diagnosis appeared complicated due to a high degree of cell differentiation in apparent anaplasia of the tumor tissue. Malignant nature of the process was evident from a rapid proliferation of the long-standing pigmented new growth, its large size, necrosis and mitoses presentation.

[Serous papillary adenocarcinoma of the endometrium]. / Seroznaia papilliarnaia adenokartsinoma éndometriia.

Serous-papillary endometrial adenocarcinoma (SPEA) accounts for 10% of endometrial carcinoma. Histological similarity with ovarian carcinoma originating from the cylioepithelial cyst is explained by the same histogenesis from Muller epithelium analogs. The description is given of SPEA with essential content of psammotic bodies, embolism and development of intramural, cervical, parametral and lymphogenic metastases. A relatively benign clinical picture of SPEA psammotic variant does not correlate with aggressiveness of the tumor growth.

[Balloon-cell nevi and balloon-cell malignant melanoma]. / Ballonnokletochnye nevusy i ballonnokletochnye zlokachestvennye melanomy.

Results of morphological and ultrastructural study of balloon-cell nevi and malignant melanomas (10 cases) are presented. The transition between typical and balloon cells was characteristic regardless of the site, clinicomorphological variant and biology of the disease. Polymorphism is typical for balloon-cell structures in malignant melanomas. The disturbance of the melanin synthesis and its precursors, progressing cell vacuolization support degenerative character of the process.

[Malignant lymphomas of the gastrointestinal tract (problems of histogenesis, morphogenesis and histological diagnosis)]. / Zlokachestvennye limfomy zheludochno-kishechnogo trakta (voprosy gistogeneza, morfogeneza, gistologicheskoi diagnostiki).

Seventy malignant lymphomas of the gastro-intestinal tract (GIT) (54 lymphosarcomas, 16 lymphogranulomatoses) were studied. GIT lymphosarcomas and lymphogranulomatosis are characterized by the similarity of histogenesis, morphogenesis, and forms of progression. The lymphoid apparatus of GIT is the source of tumor growth, the tumor develops multicentrically and not simultaneously, the progression occurs as autochthonous growth, metastasizing. Isolated GIT lymphomas have a potential trend for generalization. In lymphosarcomas, the predominant histological types are prolymphocytic and lymphoblastic, in lymphogranulomatosis--mixed-cell and lymphocyte exhaustion. Differential diagnosis must distinguish between malignant lymphoma and pseudolymphoma, different variants of lymphomas and low-differentiated carcinoma, which requires examination of the operation material, knowledge of the typical cytological and histological features of lymphoma variants, and the use of the required complex of histological and histochemical methods.

[Multiple halo nevi: their differential diagnosis from malignant melanoma]. / Mnozhestvennye galo-nevusy: differentsial'naia diagnostika so zlokachestvennoi melanomoi.

An observation of multiple halo nevi is presented with clinico-morphological analysis. A spontaneous regression of halo nevi is shown to be performed with morphological manifestations of the antitumour immune response. This implies their differential diagnosis with typical nevocellular nevus and malignant melanoma. The diagnostic criteria are discussed.

[Giant combined pigmented dysplastic nevus]. / Gigantskii sochetannyi pigmentnyi displasticheskii nevus.

A giant congenital pigmented nevus combining an epidermal and a blue nevus is described in a boy. Since the lesions were extensive, multiple, and showed predominantly cell proliferation in the absence of pronounced anaplasia, the condition was diagnosed as a dysplastic nevus syndrome. Because the nevus was dysplastic, congenital, and of giant size, the child ran a high risk of developing malignant melanoma.

[Primary esophageal melanoma ]. / Pervichnaia melanoma pishchevoda.

Two cases of esophageal primary melanoma in females aged 63 and 68 years with nodular and lentiginous forms of growth are reported. The diagnosis was made intraoperatively and at autopsy, respectively. Morphogenetically, there were primary multiple non-simultaneous zones of tumor growth with the apposition growth as a form of tumor progression. Early stages of morphogenesis were characterized by atypical borderline melanocytic activity, melanoma in situ with a starting invasive growth being basic criteria for diagnosis of primary esophageal melanoma in examination of endoscopic and surgical material.

[Clinico-morphologic characteristics of primary hemochromatosis]. / Kliniko-morfologicheskaia kharakteristika pervichnogo gemokhromatoza.

12 autopsy cases of primary hemochromatosis were studied: 11 males (aged between 29 and 69 years, mean age 51 years) and 1 57-year-old female. Clinical course in 6 patients ran with predominant liver damage to the small nodule or was of biliary cirrhosis type, in 3 cases main manifestation was diabetes mellitus and in 3 cases cardiomyopathy. Generalized pattern of hemosiderine deposits with involvement of the liver, pancreas, heart, adrenals, pituitary, epiphysis, thyroid and other organs was established by the Pearl's test. Apart from pigment degeneration, atrophy and fibrosis, compensatory and regenerative changes were found. These changes should be taken into account when the disease is analyzed clinically and morphologically.

[The state of the epidermis and the morphometric evaluation of epithelial cells in nevi and skin melanomas]. / Sostoianie épidermisa i morfometricheskaia otsenka epitelial'nykh kletok v nevusakh i melanomakh kozhi.

9 nevi and 11 melanomas, identified in accordance with present-day classifications, were examined. The histological and morphometric peculiarities of epithelium in the growth zone of these lesions and adjacent areas were studied. A significant correlation was established between histological and biochemical indexes, on the one hand, and the biological characteristics of melanocyte proliferation, on the other. Hyperplastic processes in melanoma and adjacent zone were matched by a marked increase in the cell size (2.5-5 times that in nevus). Deep submerged epithelial vegetations in melanoma form the basis for tumor cell proliferation and subsequent invasion; hence, they may be regarded as possible pathway of tumor progression. This morphogenetic peculiarity should be taken into account in identification of melanoma and determination of tendencies of its growth.

[The morphofunctional characteristics of the duodenum in an osteopenic syndrome in children and adolescents]. / Morfofunktsional'nye osobennosti dvenadtsatiperstnoi kishki pri osteopenicheskom sindrome u detei i podrostkov.

AIM: The study of duodenal morphology in children and adolescents with skeletal deformity. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Clinical, hormonal examinations, x-ray investigation of the skeleton with spinal NMR-tomography, gastroduodenoscopy with target biopsy were performed in 41 patients aged 7 to 18 on after treatment for broken spine. RESULTS: Atrophic duodenitis found in most of the patients presented without dyspepsia, with symptoms of duodenitis in 8 patients, osteoporosis in 36% of patients. NMR-tomography rejected compression-broken spine in 22 patients. CONCLUSION: Disturbed absorption of calcium and atrophic alterations in the duodenal mucosa are thought responsible for disturbance of calcium metabolism and formation of bone tissue.

[Nonepithelial tumors of the stomach]. / Neépitelial'nye opukholi zheludka.

The authors recommend a clinico-histological classification of nonepithelial tumors of the stomach which allows the clinical course of the tumor to be foreseen and, chiefly, gives orientation concerning the value of operation and the additional treatment with special reference to remote results.