Correction to: Retrospective Assessment of Behavioral Inhibition in Infants and Toddlers: Development of a Parent Report Questionnaire.

The original version of this article were unfortunately published with an error in "Methods" section. This has been corrected by publishing this correction article.

Retrospective assessment of behavioral inhibition in infants and toddlers: development of a parent report questionnaire.

A behaviorally inhibited temperament in early childhood has been identified as a potential risk factor for anxiety disorders in children and adolescents. The purpose of our investigation was the development and evaluation of the factor structure, reliability and validity of the first retrospective parent report measure to assess behavioral inhibition in infants and toddlers. Principal Component Analysis of the Retrospective Infant Behavioral Inhibition Scale (RIBI) supported a three factor solution of the core features of BI in two unselected samples. Internal consistency and inter-rater agreement of both parent judgments were >.90 and >.70. Scores of the RIBI were positively correlated with the parent report temperament questionnaire IBQ and a laboratory-based test at age 14 months with the child.

Screening of the equine intestinal microflora for potential probiotic organisms.

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Probiotics have not been demonstrated to provide any beneficial health effects in horses, possibly because of improper selection of probiotic organisms. This study was designed to identify lactic acid bacteria of equine origin with predetermined beneficial properties which might make them useful as therapeutic probiotics. HYPOTHESIS: A small percentage of lactic acid bacteria that are native to the intestinal tract of horses possess properties that may be useful in the treatment and/or prevention of gastrointestinal disease in horses. METHODS: Faecal samples were collected from healthy mature horses and foals. Lactic acid bacteria were isolated and tested for the ability to grow in acid and bile environments, aerotolerance and in vitro inhibition of enteropathogens. One isolate that possessed these properties was administered orally to healthy mature horses and foals and gastrointestinal survival was assessed. RESULTS: Of the 47 tested organisms, 18 were deemed to be adequately acid- and bile-tolerant. All were aerotolerant. Four organisms markedly inhibited Salmonella spp. One isolate, Lactobacillus pentosus WE7, was subjectively superior and chosen for further study. It was also inhibitory against E. coli, moderately inhibitory against S. zooepidemicus and C. difficile and mildly inhibitory against C. perfringens. After oral administration, this isolate was recovered from the faeces of 8/9 (89%) foals and 7/8 (87.5%) mature horses. CONCLUSIONS: Lactobacillus pentosus WE7 possesses in vitro and in vivo properties that may be useful for the prevention and treatment of enteric disease in horses. POTENTIAL RELEVANCE: The beneficial in vitro and in vivo properties that L. pentosus WE7 possesses indicate that randomised, blinded, placebo-controlled efficacy studies are warranted.

CBCL-pediatric bipolar disorder phenotype: severe ADHD or bipolar disorder?

BACKGROUND: In children with pediatric bipolar disorder (PBD), a consistent pattern of elevations in hyperactivity, depression/anxiety, and aggression has been identified on the child behavior checklist (CBCL-PBD profile). The aim of the present study was to estimate the prevalence of the CBCL-PBD profile in a child psychiatric sample, and to determine ICD-10 diagnoses in CBCL-PBD patients. METHODS: We studied a sample of 939 consecutively referred children and adolescents, aged 4-18 years. ICD-10 discharge diagnoses were established in consensus conferences. The CBCL 4-18 was completed by parents as part of the diagnostic routine. RESULTS: A total of 62 subjects (6.6%; 95% CI=5.2-8.4) met criteria for the CBCL-PBD phenotype. More than 75% of CBCL-PBD subjects were clinically diagnosed with disruptive behavior disorders (ADHD, ODD, and CD). Two patients (0.2% of the total sample) received a formal diagnosis of bipolar disorder, but did not show the CBCL-PBD phenotype. CONCLUSIONS: A considerable number of children in Germany are referred to psychiatric care with a mixed phenotype of aggression, anxiety, depression and attention problems. Our study demonstrated a comparable prevalence and similar clinical characteristics as reported from other countries using different diagnostic approaches. However, the CBCL-PBD phenotype does not correspond with clinical consensus diagnoses of bipolar disorder, but with severe disruptive behavior disorders.