TOXICITY OF CHLORPYRIPHOS CONTAINING FORMULATION AND HEAVY ELEMENTS (Cd, Pb) TO CHICKEN EMBRYOS.

The phytotoxic effect of cadmium sulphate, lead acetate and chlorpyriphos containing insecticide Pyrinex 48 EC were investigated on chicken embryos on late developmental stage (day 19 of incubation). The eggs were injected by 0.1 ml amount of lead acetate (0.1%), of cadmium sulphate (0.01%), of Pyrinex 48 EC (chlorpyriphos, 480 g/l; 1%) and as a control 0.1 ml of bird-physiologic saline solution (0.75%). The treatments were performed on day 0 of incubation, and the embryos were examined on day 19. Number of embryonic death, developmental abnormalities and body weight of embryos were recorded on day 19. The body weight of embryos reduced significantly, the rate of embryo mortality increased, but teratogenic effect was not realised by the single treatment of lead acetate and cadmium sulphate. By the single administration of PYRINEX 48 EC the average body weight of embryos resulted in a significant decrease and the rate of embryo mortality and developmental anomalies were increased and it was found to be embryo toxic and teratogenic in the embryos. The increased embryo toxic effect can occur by the additive effect of the heavy elements (cadmium sulphate and lead acetate) and the PYRINEX 48 EC.

TOXIC INTERACTION OF CHLORPYRIPHOS AND COPPER SULPHATE ON CHICKEN EMBRYO.

The single and simultaneous phytotoxic effect of copper sulphate and Pyrinex 48 EC insecticide were investigated on chicken embryos. The eggs were injected by 0.1 ml of copper sulphate solution (0.05%) and/or by 0.1 ml of Pyrinex 48 EC (chlorpyriphos, 480 g/l; 1%). The treatments were performed on day 0 of incubation, and the embryos were examined on day 3 and 19 of it. Germinal disc was prepared to study the early stage of development. Number of embryonic death, developmental abnormalities and body weight of embryos were recorded on day 19. Liver samples were taken for histology and the skeleton was stained by Dawson method. The embryo mortality was not influenced by single treatment of copper sulphate, however, Pyrinex 48 EC and the combination of the test items significantly increased it on day 3. Same tendency was observed in the case of developmental aberration. Single administration of both test items and their combination significantly increased the embryo mortality on day 19. Frequency of abnormalities was not influenced by copper sulphate but single and simultaneous application of insecticide increased it significantly. Pyrinex 48 EC alone and in combination with copper sulphate significantly reduced the body weight, however, the copper sulphate alone did not influence it. Developmental abnormalities were observed sporadically in all cases. There were no findings of drug-induced hepatopathy, however, the ratio of the mitotic cells were markedly reduced. Based on the results, addition and synergistic toxic interaction may be between the copper sulphate and Pyrinex 48 EC that can highly reduce the viability of the embryos.

Plasma zinc and copper in primary and secondary immunodeficiency disorders.

Plasma copper and zinc concentrations were measured in 58 patients with a laboratory-confirmed primary or secondary immunodeficiency. Patients with severe combined immunodeficiency, collagen vascular disease with depressed cell-mediated immunity, and acquired or congenital acrodermatitis enteropathica had mean plasma zinc concentrations substantially below the lower limit of normal. In contrast, patients with primary humoral and polymorphonuclear leukocyte defects had normal plasma zinc concentrations. Patients with primary polymorphonuclear leukocyte defects had a mean plasma copper concentration substantially above the upper limit of normal. Those subjects with primary humoral immunity defects also had significantly elevated plasma copper concentrations in comparison to controls. Plasma copper concentrations in patients with severe combined immunodeficiency or acrodermatitis enteropathica were normal. Cutis laxa patients had low plasma zinc and copper concentrations. These data demonstrate that zinc and copper homeostasis are altered in come immunodeficiency disorders and may be important factors in host defenses. Since it is known that cellular immunity is impaired by zinc deficiency, patients with primary and secondary immunodeficiency states with appropriately documented mild or severe zinc deficiency should receive zinc supplements.