Biological impact of sequential exposures to allergens and ultrafine particle-rich combustion aerosol on human bronchial epithelial BEAS-2B cells at the air liquid interface.

The prevalence of allergic diseases is constantly increasing since few decades. Anthropogenic ultrafine particles (UFPs) and allergenic aerosols is highly involved in this increase; however, the underlying cellular mechanisms are not yet understood. Studies observing these effects focused mainly on singular in vivo or in vitro exposures of single particle sources, while there is only limited evidence on their subsequent or combined effects. Our study aimed at evaluating the effect of subsequent exposures to allergy-related anthropogenic and biogenic aerosols on cellular mechanism exposed at air-liquid interface (ALI) conditions. Bronchial epithelial BEAS-2B cells were exposed to UFP-rich combustion aerosols for 2 h with or without allergen pre-exposure to birch pollen extract (BPE) or house dust mite extract (HDME). The physicochemical properties of the generated particles were characterized by state-of-the-art analytical instrumentation. We evaluated the cellular response in terms of cytotoxicity, oxidative stress, genotoxicity, and in-depth gene expression profiling. We observed that single exposures with UFP, BPE, and HDME cause genotoxicity. Exposure to UFP induced pro-inflammatory canonical pathways, shifting to a more xenobiotic-related response with longer preincubation time. With additional allergen exposure, the modulation of pro-inflammatory and xenobiotic signaling was more pronounced and appeared faster. Moreover, aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) signaling activation showed to be an important feature of UFP toxicity, which was especially pronounced upon pre-exposure. In summary, we were able to demonstrate the importance of subsequent exposure studies to understand realistic exposure situations and to identify possible adjuvant allergic effects and the underlying molecular mechanisms.

The impact of blood on liver metabolite profiling - a combined metabolomic and proteomic approach.

Metabolomics has entered the well-established omic sciences as it is an indispensable information resource to achieve a global picture of biological systems. The aim of the present study was to estimate the influence of blood removal from mice liver as part of sample preparation for metabolomic and proteomic studies. For this purpose, perfused mice liver tissue (i.e. with blood removed) and unperfused mice liver tissue (i.e. containing blood) were compared by two-dimensional gas chromatography time of flight mass spectrometry (GC × GC-TOFMS) for the metabolomic part, and by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) for the proteomic part. Our data showed significant differences between the unperfused and perfused liver tissue samples. Furthermore, we also observed an overlap of blood and tissue metabolite profiles in our data, suggesting that the perfusion of liver tissue prior to analysis is beneficial for an accurate metabolic profile of this organ.

Highly resolved online organic-chemical speciation of evolved gases from thermal analysis devices by cryogenically modulated fast gas chromatography coupled to single photon ionization mass spectrometry.

Multi-dimensional analysis (MDA) in analytical chemistry is often applied to improve the selectivity of an analytical device and, therefore, to achieve a better overview of a sample composition. Recently, the hyphenation of thermogravimetry with single photo ionization mass spectrometry (TG-SPIMS) using an electron beam pumped excimer lamp (EBEL) for VUV radiation was applied. The concept of MDA has been realized by upgrading the TG-SPIMS system with a quasi comprehensive chromatographic separation step before the soft ionization (TG-GCxSPIMS). The system was characterized by the thermal analysis of diesel fuel, which has often been investigated by the GCxGC-community and is therefore a well-known sample material in MDA. Data from this measurement are used to explain the three-dimensional data structure and the advantages of the online TG-GCxSPIMS as compared to TG-SPIMS. Subsequently, the thermal decomposition behavior of a polymer, acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS), is investigated. TG-GCxSPIMS provides a two-dimensional analysis of the evolved gaseous products. TG relevant data are obtained as well as an improved resolution power to separate isobaric molecular structures without losing any fraction of the samples, as is often the case in heart cutting approaches. Additionally, this solution is not associated with any extension of the measurement time. The assignment of the substance pattern to distinct species is improved as compared to solely using mass spectrometry without a preceding separation step. Furthermore, hitherto undetected compounds have been found in the evolved gases from the thermal degradation of ABS. Finally, a first estimation of the limit of detection has been carried out. This results in a significant decrease of the LOD in case of TG-GCxSPIMS (500 ppt for toluene) as compared to 30 ppb, which could be reached with TG-SPIMS.

Vacuum ultraviolet absorption spectroscopy in combination with comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography for the monitoring of volatile organic compounds in breath gas: A feasibility study.

Vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) absorption spectroscopy was recently introduced as a new detection system for one, as well as comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC×GC) and successfully applied to the analysis of various analytes in several matrices. In this study, its suitability for the analysis of breath metabolites was investigated and the impact of a finite volume of the absorption cell and makeup gas pressure was evaluated for volatile analytes in terms of sensitivity and chromatographic resolution. A commercial available VUV absorption spectrometer was coupled to GC×GC and applied to the analysis of highly polar volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Breath gas samples were acquired by needle trap micro extraction (NTME) during a glucose challenge and analysed by the applied technique. Regarding qualitative and quantitative information, the VGA-100 is compatible with common GC×GC detection systems like FID and even TOFMS. Average peak widths of 300ms and LODs in the lower ng range were achieved using GC×GC-VUV. Especially small oxygenated breath metabolites show intense and characteristic absorption patterns in the VUV region. Challenge responsive VOCs could be identified and monitored during a glucose challenge. The new VUV detection technology might especially be of benefit for applications in clinical research.

Breath gas monitoring during a glucose challenge by a combined PTR-QMS/GC×GC-TOFMS approach for the verification of potential volatile biomarkers.

Breath gas profiles, which reflect metabolic disorders like diabetes, are the subject of scientific focus. Nevertheless, profiling is still a challenging task that requires complex and standardized methods. This study was carried out to verify breath gas patterns that were obtained in previous proton-transfer reaction-quadrupole mass spectrometry (PTR-QMS) studies and that can be linked to glucose metabolism. An experimental setup using simultaneous PTR-QMS and complementary highly time-resolved needle trap micro extraction (NTME) combined with comprehensive 2D gas chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC×GC-TOFMS) was established for the analysis of highly polar volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The method was applied to the breath gas analysis of three volunteers during a glucose challenge, whereby subjects ingested a glucose solution orally. Challenge responsive PTR-QMS target VOCs could be linked to small n-carbonic (C2-C4) alcohols and short chain fatty acids (SCFA). Specific isomers could be identified by simultaneously applied NTME-GC×GC-TOFMS and further verified by their characteristic time profiles and concentrations. The identified VOCs potentially originate from bacteria that are found in the oral cavity and gastrointestinal tract. In this study breath gas monitoring enabled the identification of potential VOC metabolites that can be linked to glucose metabolism.

Visual Costs of the Inhomogeneity of Luminance and Contrast by Viewing LCD-TFT Screens Off-Axis.

In this study the anisotropic characteristics of TFT-LCD (Thin-Film-Transistor-Liquid Crystal Display) screens were examined. Anisotropy occurs as the distribution of luminance and contrast changes over the screen surface due to different viewing angles. On the basis of detailed photometric measurements the detection performance in a visual reaction task was measured in different viewing conditions. Viewing angle (0 degrees, frontal view; 30 degrees, off-axis; 50 degrees, off-axis) as well as ambient lighting (a dark or illuminated room) were varied. Reaction times and accuracy of detection performance were recorded. Results showed TFT's anisotropy to be a crucial factor deteriorating performance. With an increasing viewing angle performance decreased. It is concluded that TFT's anisotropy is a limiting factor for overall suitability and usefulness of this new display technology.