[Extracorporeal reconstruction of arteries of a transplant of the liver for its subsequent implantation and surgical aspects of arterial anatomy the hepatoduodenal area].

Orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) remains the only and radical method of treating patients with terminal stages of chronic diffuse hepatic diseases (cirrhoses), of patients with various congenital metabolic lesions of the liver, autoimmune diseases characterized by lesions of bile ducts, as well as series of both primary and secondary tumorous hepatic lesions. Liver transplantation is one of the most complicated operative interventions. Difficulty of OLT is determined by multifactorial and well-coordinated work of various medical services at the pre-, intra- and postoperative stage of management. One of the important components of success in transplantation consists in providing adequate arterial blood flow of the transplanted organ, which is achieved by extracorporeal reconstruction of the transplant. Variants of arterial blood supply of the liver are observed in each third donor. These anatomical peculiarities increase probability of a surgical error, which is considerably higher if not taking into consideration the complicated anatomy of the donor organ and its misalignment with the anatomical peculiarities of the recipient. Surgeon's responsibility is especially great during taking out the liver from the donor, as well as during its preparation for implantation. Procurement of the liver and pancreas from the same donor for transplantation to two different recipients may be accompanied and followed by the so-called conflict of interests which the surgeon has to decide in favour of the both during procurement of the organ for its extracorporeal processing. The sequence of the presented surgical manipulations on hepatic and pancreatic vessels, as well as anatomical reference points make it possible to preserve the vessels of the maximum length for the both organs. A wide variety of the structure of hepatic vessels may be divided into three types, depending upon the number of the sources of arterial blood supply.

[Analytical biotechnology of recombinant peptides and proteins. II. Primary structure of the fusion protein containing human proinsulin and optimization of its proteolysis by trypsin]. / Analiticheskaia biotekhnologiia rekombinantnykh peptidov i belkov. II. Kontrol' pervichnoi struktury gibridnogo belka, soderzhashchego chelovecheskii proinsulin, i optimizatsiia ego proteoliza tripsinom.

The kinetics of trypsin proteolysis of the fusion protein (FP) containing human proinsulin was studied by a set of analytical micromethods. These were the microcolumn reversed-phase HPLC and the qualitative identification by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry and amino acid sequencing. The first stage of the proteolysis was shown to be the cleavage of FP into the leader fragment and proinsulin. The subsequent splitting off of C-peptide from proinsulin results in the formation of ArgB31-ArgB32-insulin. The effect of temperature on the formation of de-ThrB30-insulin, a by-product, was also studied. The structure of FP was confirmed by the peptide mapping technique, and the leader fragment was shown to contain no N-terminal Met residue.

[The relationship of damage to and death of ascitic tumor cells during starvation to the ATP and free calcium content in the cells]. / Zavisimost' povrezhdeniia i gibeli astsitnykh opukholevykh kletok pri golodanii ot soderzhaniia v kletkakh ATF i svobodnogo kal'tsiia.

Ascite tumor cells EL-4 were incubated in conditions of energy starvation (Hanks salt solution with rothenone and without glucose) at 37 degrees C for 3 hours. Under these conditions, some structural cell damages appeared within the first hours: enlarging and flattening of the cells, blebbing, vacuolization of the cytoplasm, nuclear chromatin condensation. Later on, a share of cells with obvious damage decreased, whereas that of the cells stained with trypan blue (dead cells) much increased (up to 90% after a 3 hour incubation). The cellular ATP decreased abruptly (up to 10% of the control) during the first 10 minutes of starvation. Free Ca2+ concentration increased within 1 hour of incubation more than two-fold. The conditions promoting Ca2+ influx (ionophore A23187 + Ca2+ in medium) accelerated the damage and cell death. However, the increase in free Ca2+ concentration did not trigger any damage in the energy-starved cells, since in the Ca2(+)-depleted medium (no increase in free Ca2(+)-concentration) the development of damages was not prevented. The damage initiation was irreversible: the addition of glucose to cell suspensions after 0.5-1 hour of their incubation in energy-starved condition did not prevent the development of damage, while ATP content in these cells was much increased.

[The effect of an injection of N-methylformamide into mice on the cell cycle and cell morphology of ascitic hepatoma 22A]. / Vliianie in''ektsii mysham N-metilformamida na kletochnyi tsikl i morfologiiu kletok astsitnoi gepatomy 22A.

A cell differentiating agent N-methylformamide (MF) was studied for its antitumor activity against a murine ascitic hepatoma 22A. After a 48 hour NMF administration (i/p) the tumor cell number was monitored; the distribution of these cells in the cell cycle was registered by flow cytometry, ultrastructural changes were studied by electron microscope. The polar solvent MF inhibited tumor growth, reduced mitotic activity, and nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio, led to structural complication of endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria. The analysis of these events is suggestive that in consequence of MF effect on tumor cells, proportion of G0/G1 and M cells was decreased, while the proportion of S and G2 cells was increased.

[Early death of pancreatic A-cells after irradiation with supralethal doses]. / Ranniaia gibel' A-kletok podzheludochnoi zhelezy pri obluchenii v supraletal'nykh dozakh.

For investigation of postirradiation reactions, of pancreatic insular cells, male Wistar rats were subjected to 1.5, 3, 7, and 15 kR of Co60 gamma-radiation. It was found that after application of doses of 7 kR or higher, interphase death of all the insular A-cells occurred within 6 hours. The cell death was demonstrated to be characterized by chromatin pycnosis, dilatation of the endoplasmic reticulum and perinuclear space, mitochondrial swelling, and desintegration of A-granules. Macrophages took no part in resorption of the dead cells. A-cell necrosis was not accompanied by morphologically observable changes in acinar cells or insucar B-cells. Some possible explanations of the more pronounced radiosensitivity of A-cells are discussed.

[The effect of chronic butyphos poisoning on protein and nucleic acid synthesis in various rat organs and activity of blood cholinesterase]. / Vliianie khronicheskoi intoksikatsii butifosom na sintez belka i nukleinovykh kislot v razlichnykh organakh krys i aktivnost' kholinésterazy krovi.

Two doses of butyphos (1/10 and 1/50 LD50) were administered into rats within 6 months. Content of DNA was distinctly decreased in liver and kidney tissues within the first 2 weeks of the pesticide administration. Then DNA synthesis was increased 2-fold in liver tissue and remained high during all the 6 months of intoxication. Protein synthesis was increased in liver tissue within 3 months of the administration and remained elevated up to the end of experiment. High rate of protein synthesis, found in kidney and spleen tissues at the initial steps, was markedly decreased within 6 months. Content of DNA and RNA was decreased in the tissues studied within 1 month of the intoxication and restored within 3 months, while it remained at considerably lower level in liver and spleen tissues as compared with control values. Cholinesterase activity was lowered by 90% in blood within 11 weeks with the subsequent increase; but in the experimental group intoxicated with butyphos at 1/10 LD50 the enzymatic activity constituted only 60% of control values within 6 months. Histological study showed development of necrodystrophy in liver tissue and of fibroplastic glomerulonephritis in kidney. The deteriorating effect of butyphos on cellular genome functions appears to relate not only to its cytotoxicity but also to the cancerogenic and mutagenic properties of the pesticide.

[Organizational principles of prophylactic medical examination quaility control in the Armed Forces]. / Organizatsionnye osnovy upravleniia kachestvom dispanserizatsii v vooruzhennykh silakh.

The authors suggested new organizational and methodical approaches to a prophylactic medical examination (PME) and its quality control. There were distinguished and analyzed organizational and medical aspects of the profound medical examination (PrME) and dynamic observation (DO). The process of planning, interaction and analysis of PME results as well as the importance of the medical-and-statistical indices as indicators of PrME and DO quality were described. The analysis showed the substantial role of medical standards in the PME. Being in fact peculiar models of the PrME and DO for doctors, they serve as medical and methodical documents. The authors offered the standards of the PME of servicemen and reserve soldiers (retirees), the principles of their use, which allow taking into consideration individual peculiarities of each person examined.

[Methodical basis for creation of the military telemedicine system in the Russian Federation Armed Forces]. / Metodicheskie osnovy sozdaniia sistemy voennoi telemeditsiny v Vooruzhennykh Silakh Rossiiskoi Federatsii.

Today the telemedicine (TM) is the perspective and rapidly developing direction in the health service. It also concerns the military medicine. In the RF Armed Forces' interests the work on creation of military telemedicine system within the framework of experimental-and-designers' work "Telemed" is conducted. During the development of software to realize the functions of military telemedicine system and to provide the development of its functional potentials the work was done connected with problem description in order to realize all medical technologies for each direction of its application. To solve this problem there are enough specialists in the field of computer and informative technologies capable of bringing the diagnostic and consultation possibilities of district (naval) and Central Military Hospitals as well as republican and regional centers closer to the solution of medical problems of distant garrisons.