A systematic review of vaccine-induced thrombotic thrombocytopenia in individuals who received COVID-19 adenoviral-vector-based vaccines.

Reports of thrombotic response after receiving COVID-19 Adenoviral-Vector Based Vaccines raise concerns about vaccine-induced thrombotic thrombocytopenia (VITT); therefore, we conduct this systematic review to report susceptible demographics outcomes, commonalities, and prognosis of reporting cases. We identified published articles by searching PubMed, SCOPUS, and Web of Science from December 2020 till May 2021, with an updated search in September 2021. All case reports and case series reporting thrombotic response after receiving COVID-19 Adenoviral-Vector Based Vaccines were eligible for including. In addition, two authors independently extracted data and assessed the quality of the included studies. A total of 157 patients with thrombotic events after the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine and 16 patients with thrombotic events after Ad26.COV2. S vaccine was included in our study. 72% of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 cases were females, while in Ad26.COV2.S subgroup, all reported patients were females. The commonest presentations were deep vein thrombosis 20 (12.7%) and cerebral venous sinus thrombosis 18 (11.5%) in the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 subgroup while cerebral venous sinus thrombosis 14 (87.5%) and pulmonary embolism 2 (12.5%) in the Ad26.COV2. S subgroup. In this study, we described the certain demographics associated with VITT and the clinical presentations of those cases in the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 and Ad26.COV2. S vaccines. Young individuals, particularly females, may be more susceptible to VITT, and future studies should seek to confirm this association. In addition, the clinical presentation of VITT commonly includes cerebral thrombi, pulmonary embolism, and deep venous thrombosis, but other presentations are also possible, highlighting the importance of clinical vigilance in recent vaccine recipients.

Knowledge, attitudes, practices and perceived barriers towards research in undergraduate medical students of six Arab countries.

BACKGROUND: The involvement of the undergraduates in the research field requires a better view of their potential and the anticipated barriers facing them. This study aims to assess the undergraduates' knowledge, attitudes, practices and perceived barriers towards research in six Arab countries. METHODS: A cross sectional study included medical students from six Arab countries, where a self-administered five-section questionnaire was used to assess the students' demographics, knowledge, attitudes, practices and perceived barriers. The questionnaire was distributed in the online educational platforms of the participating medical schools in the six included countries. RESULTS: The total sample of recruited students was 2989, the majority of students (91.6%) showed poor level of knowledge regarding research. Generally high levels of positive attitudes towards research, research relevance and usefulness were found, with moderate levels of perception of research anxiety and difficulty. 33.7% (n = 1006) participated in an actual research project before with a mean of .5 publications per student. Cross-sectional studies were the most common type of studies conducted by students (38.6%), followed by case reports (23.9%). Lack of access to lab equipment for lab research (68.1%), the priority of education over research (66.8%), and lack of time because of educational tasks (66.1%) were generally the top perceived barriers towards research practice. CONCLUSION: In the current study, the participants showed a poor knowledge level with associated positive attitudes towards research. One third of the students participated in research projects that mostly were cross-sectional studies and case reports. Educational tasks and lack of support were the most prevalent barriers. The students' positive attitudes towards research need to be translated into better knowledge and appropriate practice, which can be done by development of better training systems and more structured mentoring.

Mobile Stroke Units in Acute Ischemic Stroke: A Comprehensive Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of 5 "T Letter" Domains.

Intravenous thrombolysis (IVT) may be administered to stroke patients requiring immediate treatment more quickly than emergency medical services if certain conditions are met. These conditions include the presence of mobile stroke units (MSUs) with on-site treatment teams and a computed tomography scanner. We compared clinical outcomes of MSU conventional therapy by emergency medical services through a systematic review and meta-analysis. We searched key electronic databases from inception till September 2021. The primary outcomes were mortality at 7 and 90 days. The secondary outcomes included the modified Rankin Scale score at 90 days, alarm to IVT or intra-arterial recanalization, and time from symptom onset or last known well to thrombolysis. We included 19 controlled trials and cohort studies to conduct our final analysis. Our comparison revealed that 90-day mortality significantly decreased in the MSU group compared with the conventional care group [risk ratio = 0.82; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.71-0.95], while there was no significant difference at 7 days (risk ratio = 0.89; 95% CI, 0.69-1.15). MSU achieved greater functional independence (modified Rankin Scale = 0-2) at 90 days (risk ratio = 1.08; 95% CI, 1.01-1.16). MSU was associated with shorter alarm to IVT or intra-arterial recanalization time (mean difference = -29.69; 95% CI, -34.46 to -24.92), treating patients in an earlier time window, as shown through symptom onset or last known well to thrombolysis (mean difference = -36.79; 95% CI, -47.48 to -26.10). MSU-treated patients had a lower rate of 90-day mortality and better 90-day functional outcomes by earlier initiation of IVT compared with conventional care.

The Global Prevalence of Middle Mesial Canal in Mandibular First and Second Molars Assessed by Cone Beam Computed Tomography: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

INTRODUCTION: This meta-analysis sought to identify the in vivo prevalence and influencing factors of middle mesial canal (MMC) in mandibular first and second molars based on cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans. METHODS: MEDLINE/PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, SciELO, Google Scholar databases/search engines were searched in period between 15th and 21st November 2022, to retrieve the in vivo CBCT-based studies that assessed the prevalence of MMC in mandibular first and/or second molars. The studies were strictly assessed using predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria for relevancy and eligibility through screening the title and abstract, and then assessed through reading the full texts using the same criteria. Subsequently, the fulfilled studies were assessed qualitatively using the Newcastle-Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale, and quantitatively using meta-analysis to calculate the pooled prevalence rates of MMC. The publication bias was assessed using funnel plot and Egger's test. RESULTS: Out of 1122 studies, 33 studies comprised of 13,349 and 7624 mandibular first and second molars, respectively, were eligible for inclusion. Twenty studies scored high quality, while 13 scored moderate quality. The global prevalence of MMC in the first molar was 4.4% (95% CI = 0.035-0.053, P < .001), significantly higher than that of the second molar which was 1.3% (95%, CI = 0.008-0.018, P < .001). Gender, molar side, and age were not influencing factors of MMC prevalence. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of MMC is not uncommon, being higher in the mandibular first molar compared to the mandibular second molar. The prevalence of MMC is not influenced by age, molar's side, and gender.

Does usage of monetary incentive impact the involvement in surveys? A systematic review and meta-analysis of 46 randomized controlled trials.

BACKGROUND: Surveys are an effective method for collecting a large quantity of data. However, incomplete responses to these surveys can affect the validity of the studies and introduce bias. Recent studies have suggested that monetary incentives may increase survey response rates. We intended to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to evaluate the effect of monetary incentives on survey participation. METHODS: A systematic search of electronic databases was conducted to collect studies assessing the impact of monetary incentives on survey participation. The primary outcome of interest was the response rates to incentives: money, lottery, and voucher. We used the Cochrane Collaboration tool to assess the risk of bias in randomized trials. We calculated the rate ratio (RR) with its 95% confidence interval (95% CI) using Review Manager Software (version 5.3). We used random-effects analysis and considered the data statistically significant with a P-value <0.05. RESULTS: Forty-six RCTs were included. A total of 109,648 participants from 14 countries were involved. The mean age of participants ranged from 15 to more than 60 years, with 27.5% being males, 16.7% being females, and the other 55.8% not reported. Our analysis showed a significant increase in response rate in the incentive group compared to the control group, irrespective of the incentive methods. Money was the most efficient way to increase the response rate (RR: 1.25; 95% CI: 1.16,1.35; P = < 0.00001) compared to voucher (RR: 1.19; 95% CI: 1.08,1.31; P = < 0.0005) and lottery (RR: 1.12; 95% CI: 1.03,1.22; P = < 0.009). CONCLUSION: Monetary incentives encourage the response rate in surveys. Money was more effective than vouchers or lotteries. Therefore, researchers may include money as an incentive to improve the response rate while conducting surveys.

Central positional vertigo as first initial multiple sclerosis symptom: A case report with systematic review.

Multiple sclerosis is a disease that affects the central nervous system, resulting in various symptoms such as vision, physical activity, and stability. Central positional vertigo as initial multiple sclerosis symptoms are a rare case. It increases the attention of doctors to follow accurate measurements to diagnose multi sclerosis regarding the initial symptoms.

The effect of influenza vaccine in reducing the severity of clinical outcomes in patients with COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Recent evidence suggests that vaccination against influenza may reduce the clinical outcomes of COVID-19. This study looked at the link between influenza vaccination and the severity of COVID-19 infection. We searched five databases until August 2021. We included studies that reported the relationship between influenza vaccination and COVID-19 outcomes. We pooled the data as risk ratio (RR) or mean difference (MD), with 95% confidence intervals (CIs), the data pooled using fixed and random effects models according to the heterogeneity of results. Sixteen observational studies with 191,496 COVID-19 patients were included. In terms of mechanical ventilation, our analysis showed a significant favor for the influenza vaccinated group over the non-vaccinated group (RR = 0.72, 95% CI [0.54, 0.96], P = 0.03). However, the analysis indicated no statistically significant differences between vaccinated and non-vaccinated groups in the term of mortality rate (RR = 1.20, 95% CI [0.71, 2.04], P = 0.50), hospital admissions (RR = 1.04, 95% CI [0.84, 1.29], P = 0.75), intensive care admissions (RR = 0.84, 95% CI [0.44, 1.62], P = 0.60). There were no significant differences between those who had received the influenza vaccine and those who had not in COVID-19 clinical outcomes, except for mechanical ventilation which showed a significantly lower risk in the influenza vaccinated group compared to the non-vaccinated one. However, future research is encouraged as our data have limitations, and the influenza vaccine is regularly updated. Also, this does not exclude the importance of the influenza vaccine during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Efficacy of different dexamethasone routes and doses in reducing the postoperative sequelae of impacted mandibular third-molar extraction: A network meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this network meta-analysis was to assess the comparative effects of different dexamethasone (DXM) routes and doses on reducing postoperative sequelae (pain, swelling, trismus) after surgical extraction of impacted mandibular third molars. METHODS: Five databases were searched on September 22, 2021, for randomized controlled trials. Risk of bias (ROB) was assessed using the Cochrane ROB 2 tool. Study heterogeneity, publication bias, and quality of evidence were investigated. Network meta-analyses were conducted (P < .05), and the P-score was used to rank comparisons of DXM doses and routes. RESULTS: Thirty-four eligible studies were included. Eight studies had low ROB, 21 had some concerns, and 5 had high ROB. The certainty of evidence evaluated by the Confidence in Network Meta-Analysis tool indicated low to very low certainty in most comparisons. The results showed that most DXM route and dose combinations were superior to a placebo in reducing the postoperative sequelae 1 day after surgical extraction. The results also showed that a 4-mg DXM submucosal injection substantially reduces pain 3 days after extraction compared with a 4-mg twin-mix or 8-mg intramuscular injection. Overall, it appears that 4 mg DXM submucosal injection or admixed with local anesthetic is effective in reducing postoperative sequelae after surgical extraction. CONCLUSIONS: Within the limitations of this study, the administration of DXM appears to be effective in reducing the postoperative sequelae, especially in the submucosal route. However, no noteworthy differences were found between the investigated DXM route and dose comparisons. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: Submucosal DXM injection effectively reduce postoperative sequelae of third-molar extractions.

Antiplatelets Versus Anticoagulation in Cervical Artery Dissection: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of 2064 Patients.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: In young people aged < 50 years, cervical artery dissection (CeAD) is among the most common causes of stroke. Currently, there is no consensus regarding the safest and most effective antithrombotic treatment for CeAD. We aimed to synthesize concrete evidence from studies that compared the efficacy and safety of antiplatelet (AP) versus anticoagulant (AC) therapies for CeAD. METHODS: We searched major electronic databases/search engines from inception till September 2021. Cohort studies and randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing anticoagulants with antiplatelets for CeAD were included. A meta-analysis was conducted using articles that were obtained and found to be relevant. Mean difference (MD) with 95% confidence interval (CI) was used for continuous data and odds ratio (OR) with 95% CI for dichotomous data. RESULTS: Our analysis included 15 studies involving 2064 patients, 909 (44%) of whom received antiplatelets and 1155 (56%) received anticoagulants. Our analysis showed a non-significant difference in terms of the 3-month mortality (OR 0.47, 95% CI 0.03-7.58), > 3-month mortality (OR 1.63, 95% CI 0.40-6.56), recurrent stroke (OR 0.97, 95% CI 0.46-2.02), recurrent transient ischaemic attack (TIA) (OR 0.93, 95% CI 0.44-1.98), symptomatic intracranial haemorrhage (sICH) (OR 0.38, 95% CI 0.12-1.19), and complete recanalization (OR 0.70, 95% CI 0.46-1.06). Regarding primary ischaemic stroke, the results favoured AC over AP among RCTs (OR 6.97, 95% CI 1.25-38.83). CONCLUSION: Our study did not show a considerable difference between the two groups, as all outcomes showed non-significant differences between them, except for primary ischaemic stroke (RCTs) and complete recanalization (observational studies), which showed a significant favour of AC over AP. Even though primary ischaemic stroke is an important outcome, several crucial points that could affect these results should be paid attention to. These include the incomplete adjustment for the confounding effect of AP-AC doses, frequencies, administration compliance, and others. We recommend more well-designed studies to assess if unnecessary anticoagulation can be avoided in CeAD.

Semaglutide for the treatment of type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A systematic review and network meta-analysis of safety and efficacy outcomes.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: To assess the safety and efficacy of semaglutide compared with placebo and other anti-hyperglycaemic agents in type 2 diabetes (T2DM). METHODS: We searched PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Cochrane library for relevant randomized controlled trials (RCTs). A network meta-analysis was conducted to compare different doses, durations, and interventions in T2DM. We presented results as mean difference (MD) or relative risk (RR) and 95% confidence interval (CI). RESULTS: Twenty-six included RCTs studied different doses of subcutaneous (SC) and oral semaglutide, tirzepatide, liraglutide, sitagliptin, canagliflozin, and empagliflozin compared with placebo. Tirzepatide showed the highest efficacy, however, it was comparable to semaglutide. SC semaglutide 1 mg once-weekly showed higher reduction in HbA1c (MD = -1.72, 95% CI [-2.32; -1.12]), and fasting blood glucose (MD = -1.93, 95% CI [-2.81; -1.04]) versus placebo at 30 weeks and other timepoints. Adverse events (ADs) were comparable to placebo with oral and SC semaglutide, oral sitagliptin, SC liraglutide, and oral empagliflozin at most timepoints. However, SC semaglutide 0.8 mg and tirzepatide 10 mg groups had the highest gastrointestinal adverse events. CONCLUSION: Tirzepatide, oral and SC semaglutide has a favourable efficacy in treating T2DM. The adverse events were comparable to placebo; however, gastrointestinal adverse events were highly recorded in tirzepatide, oral and SC semaglutide groups.

Safety and Efficacy of Mavrilimumab For Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

BACKGROUND: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune inflammatory disease characterized by progressive swelling and stiffness in the joints. Mavrilimumab is a human monoclonal antibody that may block the autoimmune mechanism of the antibodies causing RA. OBJECTIVE: We aim to assess the safety and efficacy of Mavrilimumab in treating rheumatoid arthritis. METHODS: We conducted an online search using PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Cochrane CENTRAL till June 2019, and updated the search in May 2020, using relevant keywords. We screened studies for eligibility. Data were extracted from eligible studies and pooled as Risk ratio (RR) with a 95% confidence interval (CI), using Review Manager software (ver.3.5). RESULTS: Five studies (with 1145 patients) were eligible to our criteria. Pooled result from three trials showed a significant reduction in Disease Activity Score 28 based on C-reactive protein (DAS28-CRP) remission < 2.6 after 12 weeks (RR = 3.31, 95% CI [1.53, 7.18], P = 0.002), American College of Rheumatology (ACR) 20, after 12 weeks (RR = 2.38, 95% CI [1.80, 3.16], P < 0.00001), ACR 50, after 12 weeks (RR = 2.93, 95% CI [1.67, 5.15], P = 0.0002), ACR 70, after 12 weeks (RR = 4.90, 95% CI [1.60, 15.00], P = 0.005). Mavrilimumab not associated with a significant adverse event (RR = 1.22, 95% CI [0.89, 1.68], P = 0.22). CONCLUSION: We found that subcutaneous Mavrilimumab was effective and well-tolerating in treating RA patients, with no significant adverse events.

Efficacy of probiotic supplementation in patients with diabetic nephropathy: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is one of the diabetes mellitus complications, which develops in approximately one-third of diabetic patients. Probiotics are microorganisms such as Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium which have some benefits with gastrointestinal disorders and diabetic patients. AIM: We aim to assess the efficacy of probiotic supplementation in patients with diabetic nephropathy (DN). METHODS: We searched PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Cochrane on 20 august 2019 and updated the search on 26 April 2020 using relevant keywords. Studies were screened for eligibility. We extracted the data from the relevant articles and then these data were pooled as mean difference (MD) with a 95% confidence interval (CI), using Review Manager software (ver. 3.5). RESULTS: Pooled data from four trials compared probiotics with a placebo showed a significant reduction in insulin (MD = -1.99, 95% CI [-3.99, 0.01]) and Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance (MD = -3.87, 95% CI [-7.51, -0.22]), High-sensitivity C-reactive protein (MD = -1.55, 95% CI [-2.19, -0.92]), malondialdehyde (MD = -0.77, 95% CI [-0.96, -0.58]), sodium (MD = -0.93, 95% CI [-1.87, -0.01]), but the total antioxidant capacity was significantly increased (MD = 62.29, 95% CI [18.34, 106.24]), while no significant effect on other lipid profiles, oxidative stress biomarkers or kidney function parameters like creatinine and glomerular filtration rate. Two trials showed that probiotic soy is better than conventional soy in terms of kidney function and lipid profiles. CONCLUSION: Probiotics supplementation decreases serum insulin and insulin resistance, but it has no beneficial effect regarding kidney function, body-weight, and lipid profiles, with a moderate positive effect regarding some oxidative stress biomarkers. Also, probiotic soy protein may improve kidney function and lipid profiles. Further studies are needed to confirm our findings and to assess the long-term effect.

Outcome comparison between wavefront-guided and wavefront-optimized photorefractive keratectomy: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) eye surgery is widely used for patients at risk for corneal ectasia to maintain an aspheric corneal shape. Wavefront-guided (WFG) ablation profile was designed to reduce pre-existing higher-order aberrations (HOA). We aimed to compare the corneal aberrations and visual outcomes between WFG and Wavefront Optimized (WFO) PRK in patients with myopia. Eight randomized clinical trials were included. We searched PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and CENTRAL at March 2020, and updated the search in September 2020 using relevant keywords, The data were extracted and pooled as Mean Difference (MD) with a 95% Confidence Interval (CI), using Review Manager software (version 5.4). Pooled results showed no significance between Uncorrected Distance Visual Acuity (UDVA) and Corrected Distance Visual Acuity (CDVA) between both groups underwent WFG and WFO PPR after three months follow up (MD = -0.03; 95% CI: [-0.06, 0.00]; P = 0.07), (MD = -0.02; 95% CI: [-0.04, 0.01]; P = 0.22) respectively. Although, no significant difference between mean manifest cylinder after three and 12 months follow up, but the total MD for mean manifest cylinder difference was significantly lower with the WFG treatment method (MD = -0.12, (95% CI: [0.23:-0.01], P = 0.03). This shows a slight advantage of the WFG over the WFO method. The visual performance showed similarity and excellent refractive outcomes in both WFO and WFG PRK. No significant statistical differences between the two approaches. On further comparison, there was a slight advantage of the WFG over the WFO method.