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BACKGROUND: Cesarean hysterectomy as a traditional therapeutic maneuver for placenta accreta spectrum (PAS) has been associated with serious morbidity, conservative management has been used in many institutions to treat women with PAS. This systematic review aims to compare maternal outcomes according to conservative management or cesarean hysterectomy in women with placenta accreta spectrum disorders. METHODS: A systematic literature search was performed in MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Web of Science, and four Chinese databases (Chinese Biomedical Literature Database, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Chinese Wanfang database and VIP database) to May 2024. Included studies were to be retrospective or prospective in design and compare and report relevant maternal outcomes according to conservative management (the placenta left partially or totally in situ) or cesarean hysterectomy in women with PAS. A risk ratio (RR) with 95% confidence interval (95% CI) was calculated for categorical outcomes and weighted mean difference (WMD) with 95% CI for continuous outcomes. The Newcastle-Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale was used to assess the observational studies. All analyses were performed using STATA version 18.0. RESULTS: Eight studies were included in the meta-analysis. Compared with cesarean hysterectomy, PAS women undergoing conservative management showed lower estimated blood loss [WMD - 1623.83; 95% CI: -2337.87, -909.79], required fewer units of packed red blood cells [WMD - 2.37; 95% CI: -3.70, -1.04] and units of fresh frozen plasma transfused [WMD - 0.40; 95% CI: -0.62, -0.19], needed a shorter mean operating time [WMD - 73.69; 95% CI: -90.52, -56.86], and presented decreased risks of bladder injury [RR 0.24; 95% CI: 0.11, 0.50], ICU admission [RR 0.24; 95% CI: 0.11, 0.52] and coagulopathy [RR 0.20; 95% CI: 0.06, 0.74], but increased risk for endometritis [RR 10.91; 95% CI: 1.36, 87.59] and readmission [RR 8.99; 95% CI: 4.00, 12.21]. The incidence of primary or delayed hysterectomy rate was 25% (95% CI: 19-32, I2 = 40.88%) and the use of uterine arterial embolization rate was 78% (95% CI: 65-87, I2 = 48.79%) in conservative management. CONCLUSION: Conservative management could be an effective alternative to cesarean hysterectomy when women with PAS desire to preserve the uterus and are informed about the limitations of conservative management. PROSPERO ID: CRD42023484578.
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Cesárea , Tratamento Conservador , Histerectomia , Placenta Acreta , Humanos , Placenta Acreta/cirurgia , Placenta Acreta/terapia , Feminino , Gravidez , Cesárea/efeitos adversos , Tratamento Conservador/métodos , Histerectomia/métodos , Perda Sanguínea Cirúrgica , Resultado do Tratamento , Transfusão de Sangue/estatística & dados numéricosRESUMO
AIM: To investigate the post-treatment effect of dorzagliatin in drug-naïve patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) regarding the achievement of stable glycaemic control and drug-free diabetes remission. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients who completed dorzagliatin treatment in the SEED trial and achieved stable glycaemic control were enrolled in this 52-week study without any antidiabetic medication. The primary endpoint was the diabetes remission probability at week 52 using the Kaplan-Meier method. The potential factors that contribute to stable glycaemic control and diabetes remission based on the characteristics of patients before and after treatment with dorzagliatin were analysed. A post hoc sensitivity analysis of diabetes remission probability using the American Diabetes Association (ADA) definition was conducted. RESULTS: The Kaplan-Meier remission probability was 65.2% (95% CI: 52.0%, 75.6%) at week 52. Based on the ADA definition, the remission probability was 52.0% (95% CI: 31.2%, 69.2%) at week 12. The significant improvements in the insulin secretion index ΔC30/ΔG30 (41.46 ± 77.68, P = .0238), disposition index (1.22 ± 1.65, P = .0030), and steady-state variables of HOMA2-ß (11.49 ± 14.58, P < .0001) and HOMA2-IR (-0.16 ± 0.36, P = .0130) during the SEED trial were important factors in achieving drug-free remission. A significant improvement in time in range (TIR), a measure of glucose homeostasis, in the SEED trial from 60% to more than 80% (estimated treatment difference, 23.8%; 95% CI: 7.3%, 40.2%; P = .0084) was observed. CONCLUSIONS: In drug-naïve patients with T2D, dorzagliatin treatment leads to stable glycaemic control and drug-free diabetes remission. Improvements in ß-cell function and TIR in these patients are important contributors to diabetes remission.
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Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2 , Humanos , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/tratamento farmacológico , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/induzido quimicamente , Estudos Prospectivos , Hemoglobinas Glicadas , Hipoglicemiantes/uso terapêutico , GlicemiaRESUMO
AIMS: Several trials have assessed the antihyperglycemic effects of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2Is) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). We conducted a quantitative analysis to assess the effects of SGLT2Is on renal risk factors in patients with abnormal glucose metabolism. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were identified by searching the PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and Web of Science databases published before September 30, 2022. The intervention group received SGLT2Is as monotherapy or add-on treatment, and the control group received placebos, standard care, or active control. Risk of bias assessment was performed using the Cochrane risk of bias assessment tool. Meta-analysis was performed on studies with abnormal glucose metabolism populations and studies using the weighted mean differences (WMDs) as the measure of the effect size. Clinical trials providing changes in serum uric acid (SUA) were included. The mean change of SUA, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), body mass index (BMI), and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) were calculated. RESULTS: After a literature search and detailed evaluation, a total of 11 RCTs were included for quantitative analysis to analyze the differences between the SGLT2I group and the control group. The results showed that SGLT2I significantly reduced SUA (MD = -0.56, 95% CI = -0.66 ~ -0.46, I2 = 0%, P < 0.00001), HbA1c (MD = -0.20, 95% CI = -0.26 ~ -0.13, I2 = 0%, P < 0.00001), and BMI (MD = -1.19, 95% CI = -1.84 ~ -0.55, I2 = 0%, P = 0.0003). There was no significant difference in the reduction of eGFR observed in the SGLT2I group (MD = -1.60, 95% CI = -3.82 ~ 0.63, I2 = 13%, P = 0.16). CONCLUSIONS: These results showed that the SGLT2I group caused greater reductions in SUA, HbA1c, and BMI but had no effect on eGFR. These data suggested that SGLT2Is may have numerous potentially beneficial clinical effects in patients with abnormal glucose metabolism. However, these results need to be consolidated by further studies.
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Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2 , Inibidores do Transportador 2 de Sódio-Glicose , Humanos , Glucose , Hemoglobinas Glicadas , Inibidores do Transportador 2 de Sódio-Glicose/uso terapêutico , Ensaios Clínicos Controlados Aleatórios como Assunto , Hipoglicemiantes , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/metabolismo , Fatores de Risco , SódioRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) with 17α-hydroxylase deficiency is a rare disease; patients often require lifetime cortisol treatment. In this case report, we presented a patient with CAH and 17α-hydroxylase deficiency, who was previously misdiagnosed as having primary aldosteronism. Furthermore, the flash glucose monitoring system (FGMS) was used to ascertain a suitable cortisol therapeutic regimen for this patient. CASE PRESENTATION: A 29-year-old woman presented with sex dysgenesis, hypertension and hypokalaemia. She had been diagnosed with primary aldosteronism at a local hospital. The re-measured aldosterone level in our hospital was below the normal range after antihypertensive medication adjustment, suggesting that the primary aldosteronism was a misdiagnosis. The patient was finally diagnosed as having CAH with 17α-hydroxylase deficiency according to the endocrine profile, adrenocorticotropic hormone stimulation test, and genetic analysis. Then, the patient was recommended cortisol treatment, during which the endocrine profile, blood pressure, plasma potassium level, and blood glucose level were observed to ascertain a suitable dosage. The FGMS was used to monitor blood glucose level, which indicated that the patient's glucose metabolism was maintained normally under the final treatment dosage. CONCLUSION: The misdiagnosis might have been because of the effects of the antihypertension medications on aldosterone and renin levels. The final dosage of cortisol treatment achieved a normal endocrine profile, while maintaining the homeostasis of blood glucose level, plasma potassium level and blood pressure. FGMS may be an effective method to ascertain a suitable cortisol therapeutic regimen for patients with CAH and 17α-hydroxylase deficiency.
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Hiperplasia Suprarrenal Congênita/tratamento farmacológico , Automonitorização da Glicemia/métodos , Glicemia/análise , Hidrocortisona/uso terapêutico , Esteroide 17-alfa-Hidroxilase/metabolismo , Hiperplasia Suprarrenal Congênita/complicações , Hiperplasia Suprarrenal Congênita/metabolismo , Hiperplasia Suprarrenal Congênita/patologia , Hormônio Adrenocorticotrópico/metabolismo , Adulto , Anti-Inflamatórios/uso terapêutico , Feminino , Humanos , Prognóstico , Esteroide 17-alfa-Hidroxilase/genéticaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the prevalence of Neospora caninum infection in the intestine of pet dogs in areas of Anhui and Zhejiang. METHODS: A total of 315 fecal samples from pet dogs were collected in pet clinics from April to December 2013 in Baohe District in Hefei city, Xuanzhou District in Xuancheng city, Fengyang County in Chuzhou city, Longzihu District in Bengbu city, and Si County in Suzhou City in Anhui Province, as well as in Yuhang District in Hangzhou city of Zhejiang province. All samples underwent nested-PCR targeting Neospora-specific gene NCLI-004830. The results were further confirmed by PCR amplification of N. caninum ITS1 followed by sequence analysis. RESULTS: The rate of N. caninum infection in the 315 samples was 1.59% (5/315). The infection rate in Chuzhou and Bengbu was 3.37% and 6.45%, respectively, and no N. caninum infection was found in the remaining areas. There was no association between the infection rate and the sex or age of the dogs. CONCLUSION: N. caninum infection is prevalent in pet dogs in Chuzhou and Bengbu of Anhui.
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Coccidiose , Neospora , Animais , China , Doenças do Cão , Cães , Fezes , Intestinos , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , PrevalênciaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of Giardia lamblia and Cryptosporidium species infection in pet dogs, and identify the G. lamblia assemblages and Cryptosporidium species. METHODS: A total of 315 fresh fecal samples were collected from pet clinics in five counties of Anhui Province and in Hangzhou of Zhejiang Province. Hemi-nested-PCR targeting the GDH gene of G. lamblia and nested-PCR targeting the SSU rRNA gene of Cryptosporidium were performed in all the fecal samples. The PCR products were sequenced and analyzed using bioinformatics methods to identify the G. lamblia assemblages and Cryptosporidium species. RESULTS: The positive rates of G. lamblia and Cryptosporidium spp. infections in the 315 fecal samples were 3.2% (10/315) and 1.6% (5/315), respectively. Specifically, the two indicators were both significantly higher in dogs ≤12 months (17.8% and 11.1%, respectively) than in adult dogs (0.7% and 0.0%)(P<0.05). However, there was no significant difference in the two indicators between male and female dogs. In addition, two G. lamblia assemblages were identified, assemblages B (n=6) and D (n=4). Sequence analysis of PCR products of the SSU rRNA gene showed that the five Cryptosporidium isolates were C. canis (n =5). CONCLUSION: The prevalences of G. lamblia and Cryptosporidium infection in pet dogs in Anhui and Zhejiang Provinces were 3.2 % and 1.6 %, respectively. The assemblages of G. lamblia in this study are of types B and D.
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Cryptosporidium/isolamento & purificação , Cães/parasitologia , Giardia lamblia/isolamento & purificação , Animais , China , Criptosporidiose/diagnóstico , Doenças do Cão/diagnóstico , Doenças do Cão/parasitologia , Fezes/parasitologia , Feminino , Giardíase/diagnóstico , Giardíase/veterinária , MasculinoRESUMO
Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the glycometabolism, fat mass, and lean mass in primary aldosteronism (PA) during disease progression. Patients and Methods: Patients diagnosed with PA and healthy controls (HCs) were enrolled. A flash glucose monitoring system (FGMS) and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) were used to measure glucose variability and glucose target rate along with fat mass and lean mass. Comparative analysis of FGMS- or DEXA-derived parameters along with correlation analyses between these parameters and PA progression were performed. Results: Increased glucose variability and poor glucose target rate, along with an increased proportion of truncal fat mass, and decreased proportion of appendicular lean mass, were identified in PA group compared to those in HCs. Plasma aldosterone concentration was positively correlated with glucose variability and poor glucose target rate. Plasma renin concentration was positively correlated with the proportion of truncal fat mass and lean mass, and negatively correlated with the proportion of appendicular fat mass. Aldosterone-to-renin ratio was negatively correlated with the proportion of truncal fat mass and lean mass, and positively correlated with the proportion of appendicular fat mass. Conclusion: Patients with PA presented significant differences in glycometabolism, fat mass, and lean mass compared with HCs, and these alterations correlated with PA progression.
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Uric acid (UA) is the end product of purine metabolism in the human, and the imbalance between production and excretion results in the disturbance of serum uric acid (SUA). There is evidence suggesting that pituitary-target gland hormones can affect UA metabolism through regulating the activity of xanthine oxidase and UA transporters. Related endocrine diseases including thyroid dysfunction, polycystic ovary syndrome, acromegaly and Cushing's syndrome are often accompanied by elevated UA levels. In addition to the direct influence of abnormal hormones, obesity and insulin resistant play a pivotal role. Diabetes insipidus and the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion also present with abnormal SUA levels due to the action of antidiuretic hormone. However, certain evidence within the population is disputed. This review summarized the effects of pituitary-target gland hormones on UA metabolism, and preliminarily described the related mechanisms, offering a theoretical foundation for assessing SUA in endocrine disorders as well as guiding its management.
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Pituitary adenomas have recently become more common and their incidence is increasing yearly. Functional pituitary tumors commonly secrete prolactin, growth hormones, and adrenocorticotropic hormones, which cause diseases such as prolactinoma, acromegaly, and Cushing's disease, but rarely secrete luteinizing, follicle-stimulating, thyroid-stimulating, and melanocyte-stimulating hormones. In addition to the typical clinical manifestations of functional pituitary tumors caused by excessive hormone levels, some pituitary tumors are also accompanied by abnormal glucose metabolism. The effects of these seven hormones on glucose metabolism are important for the treatment of diabetes secondary to pituitary tumors. This review focuses on the effects of hormones on glucose metabolism, providing important clues for the diagnosis and treatment of related diseases.
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Effectively regulating and promoting the charge separation and transfer of photoanodes is a key and challenging aspect of photoelectrochemical (PEC) water oxidation. Herein, a Ti-doped hematite photoanode with a CoFe-LDH cocatalyst loaded on the surface was prepared through a series of processes, including hydrothermal treatment, annealing and electrodeposition. The prepared CoFe-LDH/Ti:α-Fe2O3 photoanode exhibited an outstanding photocurrent density of 3.06 mA/cm2 at 1.23 VRHE, which is five times higher than that of α-Fe2O3 alone. CoFe-LDH modification and Ti doping on hematite can boost the surface charge transfer efficiency, which is mainly attributed to the interface interaction between CoFe-LDH and Ti:α-Fe2O3. Furthermore, we investigated the role of Ti doping in enhancing the PEC performance of CoFe-LDH/Ti:α-Fe2O3. A series of characterizations and theoretical calculations revealed that, in addition to improving the electronic conductivity of the bulk material, Ti doping also further enhances the interface coupling of CoFe-LDH/α-Fe2O3 and finely regulates the interfacial electronic structure. These changes promote the rapid extraction of holes from hematite and facilitate charge separation and transfer. The informative findings presented in this work provide valuable insights for the design and construction of hematite photoanodes, offering guidance for achieving excellent performance in photoelectrochemical (PEC) water oxidation.
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AIMS: Patients undergoing insulin-based therapy for type 1 diabetes often experience poor glycemic control characterized by significant fluctuations. This study was undertaken to analyze the effect of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2Is), as an adjunct to insulin, on time in range (TIR) and glycemic variability in patients with type 1 diabetes, using continuous glucose monitoring (CGM). In addition, we examined which type of SGLT2I yielded a superior effect compared to others. METHODS: We conducted a comprehensive search of PubMed, EMBASE, the Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and clinical trial registry websites, retrieving all eligible randomized clinical trials (RCTs) published up until February 2023. We analyzed the mean TIR, mean amplitude of glucose excursions (MAGE), mean daily glucose (MDG), diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), standard deviation (SD), total insulin dose, and severe hypoglycemia to evaluate the efficacy and safety of SGLT2Is. A random-effects model was also employed. RESULTS: This study encompassed 15 RCTs. The meta-analysis revealed that the use of SGLT2Is as an adjuvant therapy to insulin led to a significant increase in TIR (MD = 10.78, 95%CI = 9.33-12.23, I2 = 42 %, P < 0.00001) and a decrease in SD (MD = -0.38, 95%CI = -0.50 to -0.26, I2 = 0 %, P < 0.00001), MAGE (MD = -0.92, 95%CI = -1.17 to -0.67, I2 = 19 %, P < 0.00001), MDG(MD = -1.01, 95%CI = -1.32 to -0.70, I2 = 48 %, P < 0.00001), and total insulin dose (MD = -5.81, 95%CI = -7.81 to -3.82, I2 = 32 %, P < 0.00001). No significant increase was observed in the rate of severe hypoglycemia (RR = 1.04, 95 % CI = 0.76-1.43, P = 0.80). However, SGLT2I therapy was associated with increased DKA occurrence (RR = 2.79, 95 % CI = 1.42-5.48; P = 0.003, I2 = 16 %). In addition, the subgroup analyses based on the type of SGLT2Is revealed that dapagliflozin might exhibit greater efficacy compared to other SGLT2Is across most outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: SGLT2Is exhibited a positive effect on improving blood glucose level fluctuations. Subgroup analysis showed that dapagliflozin appeared to have more advantages. However, giving due consideration to preventing adverse effects, particularly DKA, is paramount. REGISTRATION: Prospero CRD42023408276.
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Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1 , Cetoacidose Diabética , Hipoglicemia , Inibidores do Transportador 2 de Sódio-Glicose , Humanos , Insulina/efeitos adversos , Hipoglicemiantes/efeitos adversos , Inibidores do Transportador 2 de Sódio-Glicose/efeitos adversos , Insulina Regular Humana/uso terapêutico , Cetoacidose Diabética/induzido quimicamente , Cetoacidose Diabética/epidemiologia , Cetoacidose Diabética/prevenção & controle , Hipoglicemia/induzido quimicamente , Hipoglicemia/epidemiologia , Hipoglicemia/prevenção & controle , Glucose , Sódio , Ensaios Clínicos Controlados Aleatórios como AssuntoRESUMO
Chitosan oligosaccharides (COSs) have been reported to possess a broad range of activities such as antitumor, antioxidant and neuroprotective activities. In this study, the protective effects and mechanisms of peracetylated chitosan oligosaccharides (PACOs) against Aß-induced cognitive deficits were investigated in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. PACOs treatment significantly improved the learning and memory function of Alzheimer's disease (AD) rats and attenuated the neuron cell damage caused by Aß. PACOs also markedly reduced the levels of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and Malondialdehyde (MDA) and decreased the phosphorylation of Tau protein to inhibit oxidative injury and inflammatory responses in AD rats. Further studies indicated that PACOs may promote the repair of Aß induced nerve damage and inhibit neuronal apoptosis mainly through regulating PI3K/Akt/GSK3ß signaling pathway. Consistently, the transcriptome analysis verified that the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were mainly involved in neuron development and the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway. Taken together, peracetylated chitosan oligosaccharides (PACOs) have the potential to be developed into novel anti-AD agents targeting the cellular PI3K/Akt/GSK3ß signaling pathway. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s42995-023-00172-3.
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BACKGROUND: Commonly used glucocorticoids replacement regimens in patients with hypopituitarism have difficulty mimicking physiological cortisol rhythms and are usually accompanied by risks of over-treatment, with adverse effects on glucose metabolism. Disorders associated with glucose metabolism are established risk factors of cardiovascular events, one of the life-threatening ramifications. AIM: To investigate the glycometabolism profile in patients with hypopituitarism receiving prednisone (Pred) replacement, and to clarify the impacts of different Pred doses on glycometabolism and consequent adverse cardiovascular outcomes. METHODS: Twenty patients with hypopituitarism receiving Pred replacement [patient group (PG)] and 20 normal controls (NCs) were recruited. A flash glucose monitoring system was used to record continuous glucose levels during the day, which provided information on glucose-target-rate, glucose variability (GV), period glucose level, and hypoglycemia occurrence at certain periods. Islet ß-cell function was also assessed. Based on the administered Pred dose per day, the PG was then regrouped into Pred > 5 mg/d and Pred ≤ 5 mg/d subgroups. Comparative analysis was carried out between the PG and NCs. RESULTS: Significantly altered glucose metabolism profiles were identified in the PG. This includes significant reductions in glucose-target-rate and nocturnal glucose level, along with elevations in GV, hypoglycemia occurrence and postprandial glucose level, when compared with those in NCs. Subgroup analysis indicated more significant glucose metabolism impairment in the Pred > 5 mg/d group, including significantly decreased glucose-target-rate and nocturnal glucose level, along with increased GV, hypoglycemia occurrence, and postprandial glucose level. With regard to islet ß-cell function, PG showed significant difference in homeostasis model assessment (HOMA)-ß compared with that of NCs; a notable difference in HOMA-ß was identified in Pred > 5 mg/d group when compared with those of NCs; as for Pred ≤ 5 mg/d group, significant differences were found in HOMA-ß, and fasting glucose/insulin ratio when compared with NCs. CONCLUSION: Our results demonstrated that Pred replacement disrupted glycometabolic homeostasis in patients with hypopituitarism. A Pred dose of > 5 mg/d seemed to cause more adverse effects on glycometabolism than a dose of ≤ 5 mg/d. Comprehensive and accurate evaluation is necessary to consider a suitable Pred replacement regimen, wherein, flash glucose monitoring system is a kind of promising and reliable assessment device. The present data allows us to thoroughly examine our modern treatment standards, especially in difficult cases such as hormonal replacement mimicking delicate natural cycles, in conditions such as diabetes mellitus that are rapidly growing in worldwide prevalence.
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The hypothalamus is indispensable in energy regulation and glucose homeostasis. Previous studies have shown that pro-opiomelanocortin neurons receive both central neuronal signals, such as α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone, ß-endorphin, and adrenocorticotropic hormone, as well as sense peripheral signals such as leptin, insulin, adiponectin, glucagon-like peptide-1, and glucagon-like peptide-2, affecting glucose metabolism through their corresponding receptors and related signaling pathways. Abnormalities in these processes can lead to obesity, type 2 diabetes, and other metabolic diseases. However, the mechanisms by which these signal molecules fulfill their role remain unclear. Consequently, in this review, we explored the mechanisms of these hormones and signals on obesity and diabetes to suggest potential therapeutic targets for obesity-related metabolic diseases. Multi-drug combination therapy for obesity and diabetes is becoming a trend and requires further research to help patients to better control their blood glucose and improve their prognosis.
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RATIONALE: Coexistence of congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency, Graves' disease and 47, XXX is rare. We report a case of a 25-year-old woman presented with masculine appearance, hirsutism and enlarged clitoris. Lab tests showed elevated serum 17 hydroxyprogesterone, testosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone. Gene test revealed heterozygous gene mutation in CYP21A2:NM_000500:exon4:c.518 Tâ >â A, NM_000500:exon8:c.C1024T. Karyotype analysis showed 47, XXX. After prednisone replacement and antithyroid therapy, she got a normal menstruation and normal level of testosterone. These findings demonstrate that patients with abnormal chromosome are likely to combine 21-hydroxylase deficiency (21-OHD), thus karyotyping test should not be neglected for those who have been already diagnosed as 21-OHD. Additionally, chromosomal abnormality such as 47, XXX and Turner syndrome had susceptibility to develop autoimmune thyroid disease because a gene on X chromosome may be responsible for the occurrence of autoimmune thyroid disease. Moreover, both 21-OHD and Graves' disease (GD) can lead to high level of testosterone, thus we should keep in mind to test chromosome and thyroid function in 21-OHD patients to avoid misdiagnose or missed diagnosis. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of simple virilizing (SV) 21-OHD patient combined with 47, XXX and Graves disease. PATIENT CONCERNS: A 24-years-old female of Han ethnicity was admitted to the endocrinology department complaining of absence of menses for half a year. The patient didn't noticed her enlarged clitoris until she was 17 years old. Her menarche was 16 years old and the final height was 163 centimeter. She was diagnosed with GD 2 months before admission to our hospital due to palpitation, heat intolerance, muscle weakness. DIAGNOSES: The patient was diagnosed with SV 21-OHD, Graves disease and 47, XXX. INTERVENTIONS: At first, the patient was given 10 mg methimazole twice a day as well as 5 mg predisone in the morning and 2.5 mg in the evening. After a year of regular medication and reexamination, she got a regular menstruation and thyroid function and now is taking 2.5 mg prednisone twice a day. OUTCOMES: The patient got a regular menstruation and thyroid function. Laboratory results showed: testosterone declined to 0.1nmol/L (0.1-1.67nmol/L) and 17 hydroxyprogesterone get back to normal level: 1.01ng/ml (0.30-2.34ng/mL). However, her enlarged clitoris has not narrowed. LESSONS: Patients with abnormal chromosome are likely to combine 21-OHD, thus karyotyping test should not be neglected for those who have been already diagnosed as 21-OHD. Additionally, chromosomal abnormality such as 47, XXX and Turner syndrome had susceptibility to develop autoimmune thyroid disease because a gene on X chromosome may be responsible for the occurrence of autoimmune thyroid disease. Moreover, both 21-OHD and GD can lead to high level of testosterone, thus we should keep in mind to test chromosome and thyroid function in 21-OHD patients to avoid misdiagnose or missed diagnosis. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of SV 21-OHD patient combined with 47, XXX and Graves disease.
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Hiperplasia Suprarrenal Congênita , Doença de Graves , Síndrome de Turner , Humanos , Feminino , Adulto Jovem , Adulto , Adolescente , Hiperplasia Suprarrenal Congênita/diagnóstico , Hiperplasia Suprarrenal Congênita/genética , Síndrome de Turner/complicações , Prednisona/uso terapêutico , 17-alfa-Hidroxiprogesterona , Doença de Graves/complicações , Doença de Graves/diagnóstico , Doença de Graves/genética , Testosterona/uso terapêutico , Aberrações Cromossômicas , Esteroide 21-Hidroxilase/genéticaRESUMO
PURPOSE: Liraglutide, a type of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist, has significant anti-hyperglycaemic activity without increasing the incidence of hypoglycaemia. In addition, it can improve ß-cell function and insulin resistance. The flash glucose monitoring system (FGMS) is a novel method to document consecutive and detailed interstitial glucose levels, further reflecting blood glucose levels. This study aimed to investigate the therapeutic effect of liraglutide on blood glucose management (glucose variability, hyperglycaemia, and the incidence of hypoglycaemia), ß-cell function, and insulin resistance in patients with diabetes. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Thirty-three patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus were recruited in this study. On the basis of metformin monotherapy, these patients received liraglutide add-on treatment for 3 months. The FGMS was used to document glucose levels before and after add-on treatment. Parameters of glucose variability, blood glucose levels at specific time periods, and the incidence of hypoglycaemia were assessed according to FGMS data and compared before and after liraglutide add-on treatment. Further, ß-cell function and insulin resistance were assessed and compared before and after liraglutide add-on treatment. RESULTS: According to FGMS monitoring data, liraglutide add-on treatment significantly improved general, within-day, and day-to-day glucose variability and the glucose-target-rate. Further, the specifically analysed blood glucose levels at different time periods showed that blood glucose levels significantly decreased at nocturnal, fasting, and postprandial periods after add-on treatment. The incidence of hypoglycaemia was comparable during the whole day, daytime, and night-time according to the prespecified cutoffs (3.9 mmol/L and 3.0 mmol/L) before and after add-on treatment. Analysis of other assessed parameters revealed significant differences in glycosylated hemoglobin A1c and fasting blood glucose levels as well as parameters of ß-cell function and insulin resistance before and after add-on treatment. CONCLUSION: In type 2 diabetes mellitus, liraglutide treatment can effectively decrease glucose variability and ameliorate hyperglycaemia without increasing the incidence of hypoglycaemia. In addition, liraglutide can significantly improve the ß-cell function and insulin resistance.
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Here, we report a case of a patient with symptoms of Cushing syndrome, who is diagnosed with primary generalized glucocorticoid hypersensitivity in the end. The patient's relevant laboratory tests and imaging examinations are described. Mifepristone, a glucocorticoid receptor antagonist, was prescribed and its therapeutic effect on the patient's electrolyte level, lipid metabolism, and bone metabolism was observed during the treatment. The endocrine assessment indicated normal pituitary-adrenal axis regulation function but reduced cortisol secretion. Quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction indicated reduced mRNA level of mineralocorticoid receptor gene. Pituitary magnetic resonance imaging showed normal pituitary anatomy, while adrenal computed tomography scan showed bilateral adrenal atrophy and increased content of visceral and abdominal subcutaneous fat. Moreover, chromosome examination revealed a normal 46, XY chromosome. In this case, mifepristone was administered to treat primary generalized glucocorticoid hypersensitivity. To the best of our knowledge, there are a few reports on mifepristone-treated primary generalized glucocorticoid hypersensitivity. In the one-year follow-up visits, the evaluated results of electrolyte level, lipid metabolism, and bone metabolism indicated that the patient's symptoms resulting from cortisol hypersensitivity were relieved progressively.
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BACKGROUND: Multiple studies demonstrate that fluctuating blood glucose level produces greater damage compared with sustained hyperglycemia. Flash glucose monitoring system is an effective method in documenting blood glucose variability, contributing to better glucose management and reduced hypoglycemic event occurrence. AIM: To investigate the improvement in glycemic variability (GV), blood glucose level, and metabolic indexes of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus after combined treatment of exenatide once weekly (EXQW) and metformin. METHODS: Twenty-five patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus suffering from poor blood glucose control under metformin treatment were recruited. The recruited patients were prescribed with oral metformin only (maintaining a dosage of metformin at ≥ 1500 mg/day) for 2 wk (screening period), and then given EXQW (2 mg, subcutaneous injection) for 12 wk (experimental period). The flash glucose monitoring system was used to document blood glucose values during the screening period and the last 2 wk of the experimental period. RESULTS: Four patients were excluded for various reasons, yielding a total of 21 patients, including 17 males and 4 females, with an average age of 48.8 years, who completed this study. The estimated glycated hemoglobin, mean blood glucose, fasting and postprandial blood glucose levels, and percentage of blood glucose above 7.8 mmol/L decreased compared to those at baseline (P = 0.003, 0.003, 0.008, 0.010, 0.014, 0.017, and 0.005, respectively), while the percentage of blood glucose between 3.9 and 7.8 mmol/L significantly increased (P = 0.005). Parameters of GV including standard deviation of blood glucose, mean amplitude of glycemic excursions, mean of daily difference, area under the curve difference between percentiles 25 and 75, and area under the curve difference between percentiles 10 and 90 were significantly lower compared to that of baseline (P = 0.017, 0.006, 0.000, 0.024, 0.036, respectively). The durations of blood glucose below 3.9 mmol/L during the day and nocturnal periods significantly increased after treatment (P = 0.041 and 0.028, respectively), but there was no significant increase in severe hypoglycemia (< 3.0 mmol/L) compared with that at baseline (P = 0.207). In addition, some metabolic indicators improved after EXQW treatment. CONCLUSION: EXQW combined with metformin can effectively improve blood glucose levels, reduce GV, and improve metabolic indicators. However, there is still a risk of nocturnal hypoglycemia, and careful attention should be paid to patients with EXQW treatment.
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Background: This study aimed to investigate the characteristics and extent of glycometabolism impairment in patients with adrenal diseases, including Cushing syndrome, primary aldosteronism, pheochromocytoma, and nonfunctional adrenal incidentaloma. Methods: This study enrolled thirty-two patients with adrenal diseases as adrenal disease groups and eight healthy individuals as healthy controls. Blood glucose levels were indicated by glucose concentration in interstitial fluid, which was documented using flash glucose monitoring system. According to flash glucose monitoring system data, parameters representing general blood glucose alterations, within-day and day-to-day glucose variability, and glucose-target-rate were calculated. Furthermore, blood glucose levels at nocturnal, fasting, and postprandial periods were analyzed. Besides, islet ß-cell function and insulin resistance were assessed. Results: Analysis of flash glucose monitoring system-related parameters indicated impaired glycometabolism in patients with adrenal diseases compared with that of healthy controls at general blood glucose, within-day and day-to-day glucose variability, and glucose-target-rate levels. Furthermore, the dynamic glucose monitoring data revealed that significantly affected blood glucose levels compared with that of healthy controls were observed at postprandial periods in the Cushing syndrome and primary aldosteronism groups; at nocturnal, fasting and postprandial periods in the pheochromocytoma group. Significant insulin resistance and abnormal ß-cell function were observed in the Cushing syndrome group compared with that in healthy controls. Conclusion: Adrenal diseases can negatively affect glucose metabolism. Patients diagnosed with adrenal diseases should receive timely and appropriate treatment to avoid adverse cardiovascular events linked to hyperglycemia and insulin resistance.
Assuntos
Doenças das Glândulas Suprarrenais/sangue , Automonitorização da Glicemia/métodos , Glicemia/metabolismo , Automonitorização da Glicemia/instrumentação , Humanos , Resistência à Insulina , Período Pós-PrandialRESUMO
The motion resistance and energy dissipation of rolling friction are much lower than those of sliding friction at the macroscale. But at the microscale, the impact of rolling on friction remains an open question. Here, we show that spherical MoS2 nanoparticles can be formed in situ at a friction interface by scrolling and wrapping MoS2 nanosheets under the induction of a reciprocating shear stress, when an MoS2 coating constructed from loosely stacked nanosheets is tested in a vacuum of 3.5 × 10-3 Pa. An ultra-low friction state can be readily realized with friction coefficients of 0.004-0.006, which are one order of magnitude lower than that of a pulse laser deposited MoS2 coating without nanoparticles formed in a friction process. Accordingly, the spherical nanoparticles are highlighted as the key factor in the ultra-low friction. Classical molecular dynamics simulations further reveal that the motion mode of the MoS2 nanoparticle is stress-dependent. This finding confirms access to ultra-low friction by introducing rolling friction based on the microstructural evolution of the coating.