The effect of implementing Peplau's theory of interpersonal communication on the quality of life of patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Patients with AIDS face many problems, including problems related to treatment, social and family exclusion, high treatment costs, and drug complications, which affect the quality of life of these patients and change it. The aim was to determine the effect of the application of Peplau's theory of interpersonal communication on the quality of life of patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. MATERIAL AND METHOD: This quasi-experimental study was performed on 50 AIDS patients referred to Shahrekord Behavioral Diseases Counseling Center. Simple random sampling was performed and then the sample was assigned to two groups experimental and control. The theory of therapeutic communication of Peplau on patients in the experimental group was performed individually and immediately after the intervention and three months later the quality of life questionnaire was completed in both groups. In this research, the data collection tool includes a demographic information questionnaire and a WHOQOL-BREF. The WHOQOLBREF questionnaire measures the four domains of physical health, mental health, social relationships, and environmental health with 24 questions. The chi-square or Fisher's exact test, independent T-test and analysis of variance with repeated measurements were used to compare the quality of life of patients. RESULTS: Data analysis showed no statistically significant difference in the mean score of quality of life between the experimental and control groups before the implementation of Peplau's interpersonal communication theory (p=0.927). But after the intervention, there was a statistically significant difference in the mean score of quality of life between the two groups (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Findings of the study show the positive effects of using Peplau's therapeutic communication model on quality of life. Therefore, this method is recommended as an effective and cost-effective care model for all patients referred to the Shahrekord Behavioral Diseases Counseling Center.

Identification of SARS-CoV-2 surface therapeutic targets and drugs using molecular modeling methods for inhibition of the virus entry.

Although COVID-19 emerged as a major concern to public health around the world, no licensed medication has been found as of yet to efficiently stop the virus spread and treat the infection. The SARS-CoV-2 entry into the host cell is driven by the direct interaction of the S1 domain with the ACE-2 receptor followed by conformational changes in the S2 domain, as a result of which fusion peptide is inserted into the target cell membrane, and the fusion process is mediated by the specific interactions between the heptad repeats 1 and 2 (HR1 and HR2) that form the six-helical bundle. Since blocking this interaction between HRs stops virus fusion and prevents its subsequent replication, the HRs inhibitors can be used as anti-COVID drugs. The initial drug selection is based on existing molecular databases to screen for molecules that may have a therapeutic effect on coronavirus. Based on these premises, we chose two approved drugs to investigate their interactions with the HRs (based on docking methods). To this end, molecular dynamics simulations and molecular docking were carried out to investigate the changes in the structure of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. Our results revealed, cefpiramide has the highest affinity to S protein, thereby revealing its potential to become an anti-COVID-19 clinical medicine. Therefore, this study offers new ways to re-use existing drugs to combat SARS-CoV-2 infection.

The Effect of the Nursing Care Based on the Roy Adaptation Model on the Level of the Quality of Life and Fatigue in the Patients Undergoing Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery.

This article reports the findings of a study designed to investigate the effectiveness of the Roy Adaptation Model, as it relates to improvements in nursing care outcomes for patients undergoing coronary bypass graft surgery. Results revealed that the implementation of a training program based on this model enhanced staff education and led to decreases in the level of fatigue and improved the quality of life for this group of patients.

Antioxidants and their role in the prevention and treatment of chronic kidney disease (CKD), perspective of complementary nursing and medicine: a review.

BACKGROUND: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a progressive and irreversible disease that leads to end-stage renal disease. Many factors such as increased oxidative stress play a role in the occurrence of this complication. Due to the effective role of the antioxidant defense system in controlling many of the complications in which oxidative stress is involved, the present study was conducted to evaluate the role of antioxidants in the prevention and treatment of chronic kidney disease. METHODS: In this review study, studies using standard keywords in internal and external databases including: SID, Magiran, IranDoc, Medlib, Science Direct, PubMed, Scopus, Embase, Web of Science, Medline and Google Scholar search engine, were retrieved and selected without time limit. RESULTS: Among the selected articles, 14 articles were eligible for inclusion in the study, which was performed on more than 20,000 people and several animal models of rats from 2005 onwards. The results showed that there is an inverse relationship between the concentration of antioxidant enzymes in the body and the intensity and progression of CKD. In severe cases, a significant decrease in the concentration of antioxidant enzymes in the body, as well as cofactors such as selenium, iron and zinc in the progressive and severe course of CKD has been observed. CONCLUSIONS: The positive and significant effect of antioxidant compounds in chronic kidney disease is evident. The use of these compounds in the diet in the form of fruits, vegetables and grains, as well as the supply of iron and zinc and other minerals elements as cofactors for the action of enzymatic antioxidants has an effective role in the prevention and treatment of diseases by controlling free radicals.

Prevelence of depression in Iranian women with breast cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

INTRODUCTION: Depression is a debilitating disease that is highly prevalent among cancer patients. Various studies in Iran have reported different prevalence. This systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted to estimate the overall prevalence of depression in Iranian women with breast cancer. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In this study, published articles in Persian and English were collected without time limit. Keyword searches for depression, depressive disorder, dysthymic disorder, major depressive disorder, breast cancer, breast neoplasm, and Iran and all of their potential combinations were performed in Scientific Information Database (SID), MagIran, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science databases. The heterogeneity between studies was assessed using the Q-Cochrane test and, given the significant heterogeneity, a random-effects model was used to estimate the overall prevalence of depression. Data were analyzed using STATA version 11 software. RESULTS: The analysis of 22 selected articles with a total sample size of 3,082 showed that the overall prevalence of depression in women with breast cancer was 49.98% (95% confidence interval: 48.43-52.52). The prevalence of depression in Region 1 in the country was (28%; 95% confidence interval: 25.53-52.55) and in other regions, it was (63.79% with 95% confidence interval of 61.82-76.76). The highest and the lowest prevalence of depression were related to BDI (69.33%; 95% confidence interval: 67.19-71.48) and HADS (26.43%; 95% confidence interval: 23.14-29.72), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Half of the Iranian women with breast cancer had depression. Given the overlap of physical symptoms of cancer with depression, identifying at-risk patients for controlling and providing therapeutic interventions seems necessary.

Comparison of context-based learning and traditional method in cognitive and psychomotor domains and critical thinking of undergraduate nursing students.

BACKGROUND: Today, due to advances in science, students must learn to be more active. Active learning will enhance students' learning and motivation. The purpose of this study was to compare the two methods of Context-Based Learning (CBL) and traditional method in cognitive and psychomotor domains and critical thinking of undergraduate nursing students. METHODS: This was a semi-experimental study. The participants were 50 (25 CBL and 25 traditional) senior nursing students spending internship training period in the neurology ward. Data collection tool was a four-section questionnaire. After passing the period, the students were asked to complete the questionnaire once more to determine modification degree in each category of cognitive, psychomotor and affective domain, learning process and critical thinking of student after applying CBL and traditional methods. Subsequent to the completion of the questionnaire, prior and next data were compared. Data were analyzed by SPSS software and the significance level considered 5%. T-test and paired T-test as well as Mann-Whitney test were used to compare the attributes of independent and dependent variables. RESULTS: Results of the study showed that in CBL group, the scores were increased in all five behavioral domains after the intervention. However, in the traditional group, the difference of score mean of the students' behavior was not significant before and after the intervention. In addition, the results indicated that in CBL group, learning score increased in level of knowledge, understanding, application, analysis, and synthesis and evaluation. In the traditional group, while learning score increased in knowledge and understanding domains, it not only did not increase in application, analysis, synthesis and evaluation levels but it was also lower than in the CBL group. CONCLUSIONS: In CBL group, behavioral score increased in terms of respect, self-awareness and selfevaluation, communication skills, accountability, critical thinking as well as motivation, and in learning process in levels of knowledge, understanding, application, analysis, syntheses and evaluation. New educational methods lead to learn more deeply and become more sustainable.

Care and prevention during the COVID-19 pandemic quarantine: sedentary lifestyle and increased risk of kidney stones.

Currently, the issue of lifestyle combined with lack of physical activity in quarantine conditions during the COVID-19 pandemic has become a major health problem in many countries around the world. Increased inactivity is associated with increased obesity as well as decreased physical activity and general health. Kidney stones are the third most common urinary tract disease. Prevention of non-communicable diseases depends on controlling risk factors such as low levels of physical activity. Kidney stones are also among the noncommunicable diseases that can be prevented by changing behavioral habits. Physical activity is a behavior that has many proven health benefits and is one of the most effective ways to prevent chronic diseases. The aim of this study was to investigate sedentary lifestyle and its relationship with oxidative stress and kidney stone formation, and finally to provide medical solutions and recommendations.

Anxiety, quality of work life and fatigue of Iran health care providers in health care centers in COVID-19 pandemic.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: The aim of this study was to investigate the status of anxiety, quality of work life, and fatigue of healthe care providers in six educational and medical centers of Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences in the southwest of Iran in the Covid-19 pandemic. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The present study was a cross-sectional study and included the statistical population of healthcare providers in six educational and medical centers of Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences in the southwest of Iran. Using random sampling method, 181 people who had direct involvement with patients with Covid-19 were selected and compared with 261 staff in other wards who had no direct contact with patients with Covid-19. For data collection, demographic information (demographic characteristics questionnaire), Covid-19 Anxiety Questionnaire, quality of work life and Rhoten fatigue questionnaires were used by self-administered online questionnaires. RESULTS: The results showed that the quality of life in both groups decreased and fatigue and anxiety caused by Covid-19 increased, but there was no statistically significant difference between anxiety derived fatigues of personnel involved with Covid-19 with personnel of other wards which were no directly faced Covid-19 patients. Regarding the quality of work life, no significant difference was observed in other components except in the component of human resource development. The results also showed that there was a statistically significant relationship between the level of anxiety caused by Covid-19 with quality of work life and fatigue. CONCLUSION: According to the results of the present study, Covid-19 had a negative effect on physical, mental and various aspects of quality of life of health care staff and led to increased fatigue.

Clinical features, demographics, laboratory and imaging data of patients hospitalized with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Iran.

INTRODUCTION: The Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak is an increasing major global public health threat. Mortality rate varies across countries, therefore conducting studies on this disease in different countries is necessary, and will improve disease management worldwide. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate the COVID-19 disease course characteristics in Iran. METHODS: This is a retrospective study of 108 patients with confirmed COVID-19 from Feb 20 to June 20, 2020, at one Hospital in Iran. In summary, we obtained demographic data, clinical, laboratory, and chest CT findings of patients. The statistical analysis evaluated patients in two groups: recovered or died. RESULT: In brief, cough (70/108, 64.8%) and fever (69/108, 63.9%) were the most common symptoms. CT scan findings of patients with COVID-19 showed that bilateral lung involvement was more common in deceased patients than recovered ones (20/26, 76.9% vs. 30/70, 42.8%, p = 0.026). Laboratory findings of routine blood tests including Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), Fasting Blood Sugar (FBS), White Blood Cell (WBC), the number of platelets (PLTs) showed a significant difference between the two groups (p <0.05). There were no significant differences in age and gender between the two groups. CONCLUSION: In this study, we described the features of deceased and recovered patients with COVID-19. Our findings suggest that levels of FBS, ESR, WBC, and PLTs, also patterns of lung involvement, existence of underlying disease, respiratory rate, and oxygen saturation can be predictors of mortality risk. Further studies are proposed to investigate these characteristics in different populations.

Comparison of the effect of prayer and ginger on the severity of pain and anxiety in inpatients with burn: Palliative care.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: One of the symptoms of burning is chronic and severe pain that affects the quality of life of patients. The aim of this article was to compare of the effect of prayer and ginger on the severity of pain and anxiety in inpatients with burn. METHODS: This study is a clinical trial study on 120 patients referred to the Burn Ward of Kashani Hospital affiliated to Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences in the southwest of Iran. Patients were randomly divided into three groups: control, prayer and ginger. The visual analogue scale (VAS) was used to determine the severity of pain and the standard measure Spielberger Anxiety Inventory was used to assess anxiety. In this study, group 1 received placebo (starch) capsules (250 mg) daily, group 2 - ginger capsules (250 mg) plus 20 ml water after each meal on a daily basis and group 3 was asked to recite the prayer for 10 minutes three times in the morning, evening and night every day. Data analysis was done by descriptive and inferential statistics (ANOVA and Tukey's test) in the SPSS. RESULTS: After the intervention, the pain levels in the prayer and ginger groups at days 3 and 6 of hospitalization, were lower than the control group. On day 6 mean anxiety level was significantly lower in the prayer group than in the ginger group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: According to the results of this study, it is recommended that using ginger or prayer be applied to reduce the pain and anxiety of burn patients, because they not only cause no side effects but also are low cost, leading to reduction in drug consumption and the resulting side effects.

Investigating the effect of quarantine caused by COVID-19 on mental health and social trust.

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to examine the effect of quarantine caused by COVID-19 on people's mental health and social trust. METHOD: In this study, the sample size covers 2919 people in the southwest of Iran that was selected cluster sample method and was evaluated online using tools of social trust and a checklist of mental disorder syndrome. RESULTS: Due to the results, COVID-19 affected all people's mental health negatively, but there was a significant difference between the rates of COVID-19 caused anxiety and the dimensions of the psychological problems and social trust different between men and women and married and single people, and also the education level. There was no significant relationship between any of the demographic variables and social trust variables, corona anxiety, and dimensions of psychological problems. And there was a negative and significant relationship between the dimensions of social trust and the dimensions of psychological problems. Moreover, the social trust rate in the subjects was desirable. Based on the results and the cutoff point of 2.5 as a border of healthy and unhealthy psychological dimensions, 4.5% had pathological anxiety, 7.3% had pathological depression, 5% had aggression, and 5.9 % had pathological obsessive-compulsive disorder. Depression had the highest scores, and aggression had the lowest scores. CONCLUSION: Due to this study's results, policymakers should consider measures that should be taken in crisis to support all people, especially vulnerable people in psychological, economic, social, spiritual, and psychological fields. On the other hand, the government must train the public through the mass media to cope with COVID-19.

Prevalence of restless legs syndrome in pregnant women: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Restless legs syndrome (RLS) is a neurological disorder characterized by sleep disorders, which leads to adverse health consequences in the mother and fetus. Studies have reported different prevalence rates for RLS in pregnant women. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to estimate the prevalence of RLS in pregnant women. METHODS: A literature search was performed via national and international databases, including Scientific Information Database (SID), MagIran, IranMedex, Google Scholar, Science Direct, PubMed, ProQuest, and Scopus. In total, 31 articles were selected without a time limit. The random effects model was used to analyze the data, and the heterogeneity between the studies was examined using the I2 index. The analyses were performed in the Stata software, version 12 and R, version 4. RESULTS: The reviewed studies (n=31) were conducted on a total sample size of 59,151, and the prevalence of RLS in pregnant women was estimated at 21.4% [95% confidence interval CI: 17.7-25.1]. Asia with a prevalence rate of 18.5%, [95% CI: 13.8-23.1] and Europe with a prevalence rate of 25.5%, [95% CI: 19.5-31.6] had the lowest and highest RLS prevalence, respectively. No significant correlations were observed between the prevalence of RLS, publication year of the articles (P=0.972), and participants' age (P=0.202). CONCLUSION: According to the results, RLS is highly common in pregnant women, and it is essential to identify women with RLS to control and eliminate the adverse consequences of the disorder.

The effects of a self-management program based on 5 A`s model on the quality of life and self-efficacy in the myocardial infarction patients.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: The myocardial infarction is the most severe manifestation of coronary artery disease. The promotion of self-efficacy in these patients can be effective in the improvement of their quality of life. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of a self-management program based on 5 A`s model on the quality of life and self-efficacy of the patients with myocardial infarction. METHODS: The current study was a clinical trial that was conducted in Ayatollah Kashani and Hajar hospitals in Shahr-e Kord (Iran) with the participation of 96 patients with myocardial infarction. The research units were blocked randomly into two 48-patient intervention and control groups. The training content was provided to the intervention group in five stages and they were asked to implement in three months. The demographic information questionnaire, the Ferrans and Powers Quality of Life questionnaire, and Sullivan Self-Efficacy questionnaire were the data collection instruments. The mean scores of pre and post-intervention were compared by the use of SPSS, version 16, software, paired t-test, single t-test, chi-square, and Fisher's Exact Test. FINDINGS: The results showed that the mean squares of quality of life and self-efficacy in pre and postintervention had a significant difference and the intervention group had a higher quality of life and self-efficacy levels compared to the control group (P<0.001). CONCLUSION: According to the results of the study, it is suggested to use this model for empowerment and caring of patients besides the medicinal treatments, so that it would not lead to inability, reduction about the medical centers, frequent hospitalization, and ultimately, reduction in medical costs, and promotion of the society's health.

A Comparative Analysis of Patients' Quality of Life, Body Image and Self-confidence Before and After Aesthetic Rhinoplasty Surgery.

OBJECTIVE: Having desired facial features creates a better mental image, results in increased self-confidence and boosts social activities to a more acceptable level. The goal of the current study is to investigate how rhinoplasty surgery affects patients admitted to Shahrekord surgical clinic. METHODS: The study was conducted on 100 patients randomly selected and referring for rhinoplasty surgery. The required information was collected through demographic questionnaires of rhinoplasty outcomes F 36 and Rosenberg's self-esteem scale. The questionnaires were filled out by patients before surgery and 3 months after surgery. The data were analyzed using SPSS and data mining software. FINDINGS: Out of the hundred participants, 63% were female and 37% were male. The number of individuals in the studied groups decreased in older age groups so that most of the participants were in the 20-24-year group followed by 25-30 y/o group. Patients from other age groups were less frequent. In terms of educational attainment, the highest frequency was associated with a BSc and the lowest with a diploma. In terms of employment status, the highest frequency was among students and the unemployed and employees and the self-employed followed. Body image and self-esteem were significantly improved after surgery (p < 0.005). Although not statistically significant, quality of life was improved too after surgery. CONCLUSION: According to the results of this study, physicians and patients should measure the pros and cons of the surgery before making a treatment decision. It also showed that rhinoplasty leads to an increase in quality of life and self-esteem. Prior to surgery, specialist consultation should be performed, and rhinoplasty should be performed if a specialist physician allows it. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE IV: This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to Table of Contents or the Online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266.

Chronic non-communicable diseases in the epidemic (COVID-19): Investigation of risk factors, control and care.

INTRODUCTION: Chronic non-communicable diseases (NCDs), global health problem and it is a threat to health and the development of countries. Currently, the number of people with COVID-19 as well as the resulting death toll is rising sharply worldwide. People with underlying diseases may be at greater risk. AIM: The purpose of the present study was to investigate the chronic non-communicable diseases in the epidemic (COVID-19): Investigation of risk factors, control and care. METERIALS AND METHODS: To access the articles, including international databases Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science, Embase were searched using the keywords of chronic non-communicable diseases (NCDs), chronic, risk factors, prevention and control, self-efficacy and self-care and their various combinations using AND/OR operators. No language restrictions were applied to the search process. RESULTS: Based on the evidence, NCDs, exacerbate the negative consequences of COVID-19. according to the results of this study, Among the patients admitted with COVID-19, The most common underlying diseases, were in these people, include, cardiovascular disease, hypertension, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), smoking, malignancy, chronic kidney disease, and diabetes mellitus. Obesity may be considered as a potential COVID-19 risk factor. CONCLUSIONS: Although lifestyle, nutrition, and medical interventions are important for the early prevention of NCDs, having the tools and resources to use information more effectively is more important One of the determining and effective factors in maintaining health and preventing the aggravation of signs and symptoms of the disease COVID-19, especially in chronic diseases, is to perform self-care behaviors.

Effect of progressive muscle relaxation with analgesic on anxiety status and pain in surgical patients.

INTRODUCTION: surgery is a stressful experience for patients and most surgical patients have some degree of anxiety. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of a relaxation technique in addition to narcotic analgesic on health promotion in surgical patients. METHODS: in this clinical trial, 70 patients who were candidates for elective upper and lower gastrointestinal system surgery were selected. They were randomly divided into two groups: case (morphine 0.15 mg/kg daily in divided doses and progressive muscle relaxation (PMR)) and control (morphine 0.15 mg/kg daily in divided doses). The intervention group (case group) performed PMR from 6 hours before surgery until 24 hours after surgery. Vital signs and anxiety were evaluated in the two groups after surgery. Data were analysed by t-test, analysis of variance, and chi-square test. RESULTS: a statistically significant difference was seen in vital signs, pain and anxiety between the two groups. However, there was also a significant difference between them in terms of economic status and insurance coverage, which could have had an effect on stress and anxiety. CONCLUSION: PMR could increase the pain threshold, stress and anxiety tolerance and adaptation level in surgical patients. Therefore, using this technique could be an appropriate way to reduce analgesic drug consumption.

A Comparison of the Effects of Pilates and McKenzie Training on Pain and General Health in Men with Chronic Low Back Pain: A Randomized Trial.

BACKGROUND: Today, chronic low back pain is one of the special challenges in healthcare. There is no unique approach to treat chronic low back pain. A variety of methods are used for the treatment of low back pain, but the effects of these methods have not yet been investigated adequately. AIM: The aim of this study was to compare the effects of Pilates and McKenzie training on pain and general health of men with chronic low back pain. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty-six patients with chronic low back pain were chosen voluntarily and assigned to three groups of 12 each: McKenzie group, Pilates group, and control group. The Pilates group participated in 1-h exercise sessions, three sessions a week for 6 weeks. McKenzie group performed workouts 1 h a day for 20 days. The control group underwent no treatment. The general health of all participants was measured by the General Health Questionnaire 28 and pain by the McGill Pain Questionnaire. RESULTS: After therapeutic exercises, there was no significant difference between Pilates and McKenzie groups in pain relief (P = 0.327). Neither of the two methods was superior over the other for pain relief. However, there was a significant difference in general health indexes between Pilates and McKenzie groups. CONCLUSION: Pilates and McKenzie training reduced pain in patients with chronic low back pain, but the Pilates training was more effective to improve general health.

The effect of family training and support on the quality of life and cost of hospital readmissions in congestive heart failure patients in Iran.

BACKGROUND: This study was conducted to investigate the effects of family training and support on quality of life and cost of hospital readmissions in congestive heart failure patients. METHODS: In this single-blinded, randomized, controlled trial, the participants were heart failure patients hospitalized in an Iranian hospital. Data were collected from available hospitalized patients. The participants were enrolled through randomized sampling and were divided randomly into two groups, an intervention group and a control group. The intervention group received extra training package for the disease. Training was provided at discharge and three months after. A standard questionnaire to assess the QoL was filled out by both groups at discharge and six months after. RESULTS: Mean scores of QoL domains at the beginning of the study decreased in control group and increased in intervention in comparison with six months after (p<0.01). CONCLUSION: Nursing care follow-up according to heart failure patients' needs promoted their QoL.

Self-care Concept Analysis in Cancer Patients: An Evolutionary Concept Analysis.

BACKGROUND: Self-care is a frequently used concept in both the theory and the clinical practice of nursing and is considered an element of nursing theory by Orem. The aim of this paper is to identify the core attributes of the self-care concept in cancer patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We used Rodgers' evolutionary method of concept analysis. The articles published in English language from 1980 to 2015 on nursing and non-nursing disciplines were analyzed. Finally, 85 articles, an MSc thesis, and a PhD thesis were selected, examined, and analyzed in-depth. Two experts checked the process of analysis and monitored and reviewed the articles. RESULTS: The analysis showed that self-care concept is determined by four attributes of education, interaction, self-control, and self-reliance. Three types of antecedents in the present study were client-related (self-efficacy, self-esteem), system-related (adequate sources, social networks, and cultural factors), and healthcare professionals-related (participation). CONCLUSION: The self-care concept has considerably evolved among patients with chronic diseases, particularly cancer, over the past 35 years, and nurses have managed to enhance their knowledge about self-care remarkably for the clients so that the nurses in healthcare teams have become highly efficient and able to assume the responsibility for self-care teams.