Hepatocyte growth factor is protective in early stage but bone-destructive in late stage of experimental periodontitis.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Clinical studies found high levels of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) expression in patients with periodontitis. Studies suggest that HGF plays an important role in periodontitis, is involved in inflammation, and modulates alveolar bone integrity in periodontitis. This study aims to investigate the effects and mechanisms of HGF in the progression of experimental periodontitis. METHODS: We used silk thread ligation to induce periodontitis in HGF-overexpressing transgenic (HGF-Tg) and wild-type C57BL/6J mice. The effects of HGF overexpression on alveolar bone destruction were assessed by microcomputed tomography imaging at baseline and on days 7, 14, 21, and 28. We analyzed the cytokines (IL-6 and TNF-α) and lymphocytes in periodontitis tissues by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and flow cytometry. The effects of HGF on alveolar bone destruction were further tested by quantifying the systemic bone metabolism markers CTXI and PINP and by RNA sequencing for the signaling pathways involved in bone destruction. Western blotting and immunohistochemistry were performed to further elucidate the involved signaling pathways. RESULTS: We found that experimental periodontitis increased HGF production in periodontitis tissues; however, the effects of HGF overexpression were inconsistent with disease progression. In the early stage of periodontitis, periodontal inflammation and alveolar bone destruction were significantly lower in HGF-Tg mice than in wild-type mice. In the late stage, HGF-Tg mice showed higher inflammatory responses and progressively aggravated bone destruction with continued stimulation of inflammation. We identified the IL-17/RANKL/TRAF6 pathway as a signaling pathway involved in the HGF effects on the progression of periodontitis. CONCLUSION: HGF plays divergent effects in the progression of experimental periodontitis and accelerates osteoclastic activity and bone destruction in the late stage of inflammation.

Mapping cerebral atrophic trajectory from amnestic mild cognitive impairment to Alzheimer's disease.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients suffer progressive cerebral atrophy before dementia onset. However, the region-specific atrophic processes and the influences of age and apolipoprotein E (APOE) on atrophic trajectory are still unclear. By mapping the region-specific nonlinear atrophic trajectory of whole cerebrum from amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) to AD based on longitudinal structural magnetic resonance imaging data from Alzheimer's disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) database, we unraveled a quadratic accelerated atrophic trajectory of 68 cerebral regions from aMCI to AD, especially in the superior temporal pole, caudate, and hippocampus. Besides, interaction analyses demonstrated that APOE ε4 carriers had faster atrophic rates than noncarriers in 8 regions, including the caudate, hippocampus, insula, etc.; younger patients progressed faster than older patients in 32 regions, especially for the superior temporal pole, hippocampus, and superior temporal gyrus; and 15 regions demonstrated complex interaction among age, APOE, and disease progression, including the caudate, hippocampus, etc. (P < 0.05/68, Bonferroni correction). Finally, Cox proportional hazards regression model based on the identified region-specific biomarkers could effectively predict the time to AD conversion within 10 years. In summary, cerebral atrophic trajectory mapping could help a comprehensive understanding of AD development and offer potential biomarkers for predicting AD conversion.

MRAß: A multimodal MRI-derived amyloid-ß biomarker for Alzheimer's disease.

Florbetapir 18 F (AV45), a highly sensitive and specific positron emission tomographic (PET) molecular biomarker binding to the amyloid-ß of Alzheimer's disease (AD), is constrained by radiation and cost. We sought to combat it by combining multimodal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) images and a collaborative generative adversarial networks model (CollaGAN) to develop a multimodal MRI-derived Amyloid-ß (MRAß) biomarker. We collected multimodal MRI and PET AV45 data of 380 qualified participants from the ADNI dataset and 64 subjects from OASIS3 dataset. A five-fold cross-validation CollaGAN were applied to generate MRAß. In the ADNI dataset, we found MRAß could characterize the subject-level AV45 spatial variations in both AD and mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Voxel-wise two-sample t-tests demonstrated amyloid-ß depositions identified by MRAß in AD and MCI were significantly higher than healthy controls (HCs) in widespread cortices (p < .05, corrected) and were much similar to those by AV45 (r > .92, p < .001). Moreover, a 3D ResNet classifier demonstrated that MRAß was comparable to AV45 in discriminating AD from HC in both the ADNI and OASIS3 datasets, and in discriminate MCI from HC in ADNI. Finally, we found MRAß could mimic cortical hyper-AV45 in HCs who later converted to MCI (r = .79, p < .001) and was comparable to AV45 in discriminating them from stable HC (p > .05). In summary, our work illustrates that MRAß synthesized by multimodal MRI could mimic the cerebral amyloid-ß depositions like AV45 and lends credence to the feasibility of advancing MRI toward molecular-explainable biomarkers.

Microbial Dimerization and Chlorination of Isoflavones by a Takla Makan Desert-Derived Streptomyces sp. HDN154127.

Sixteen new biisoflavones, bisoflavolins A-N (1-16), were discovered from cultures of the Takla Makan desert-derived strain Streptomyces sp. HDN154127. The chemical structures, including axial chirality, were elucidated by NMR, MS, and ECD analyses. Antibacterial activity of dimerized compounds was tested against seven different bacteria. The dimerized compounds showed better activity (MIC from 0.8 to 50.0 µM) than the corresponding monomers (daidzein and genistein, MIC > 50.0 µM). The rare dimeric and chlorinated structures in 1-16 were proved to be biotransformation products obtained from soy isoflavones and sodium chloride, which constituted the culture medium. This is the first report of an actinomycete that promotes both dimerization and chlorination utilizing natural isoflavones as skeletons sources.

Integrating Activity-Guided Strategy and Fingerprint Analysis to Target Potent Cytotoxic Brefeldin A from a Fungal Library of the Medicinal Mangrove Acanthus ilicifolius.

Mangrove-associated fungi are rich sources of novel and bioactive compounds. A total of 102 fungal strains were isolated from the medicinal mangrove Acanthus ilicifolius collected from the South China Sea. Eighty-four independent culturable isolates were identified using a combination of morphological characteristics and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequence analyses, of which thirty-seven strains were selected for phylogenetic analysis. The identified fungi belonged to 22 genera within seven taxonomic orders of one phyla, of which four genera Verticillium, Neocosmospora, Valsa, and Pyrenochaeta were first isolated from mangroves. The cytotoxic activity of organic extracts from 55 identified fungi was evaluated against human lung cancer cell lines (A-549), human cervical carcinoma cell lines (HeLa), human hepatoma cells (HepG2), and human acute lymphoblastic leukemia cell lines (Jurkat). The crude extracts of 31 fungi (56.4%) displayed strong cytotoxicity at the concentration of 50 µg/mL. Furthermore, the fungus Penicillium sp. (HS-N-27) still showed strong cytotoxic activity at the concentration of 25 µg/mL. Integrating cytotoxic activity-guided strategy and fingerprint analysis, a well-known natural Golgi-disruptor and Arf-GEFs inhibitor, brefeldin A, was isolated from the target active strain HS-N-27. It displayed potential activity against A549, HeLa and HepG2 cell lines with the IC50 values of 101.2, 171.9 and 239.1 nM, respectively. Therefore, combining activity-guided strategy with fingerprint analysis as a discovery tool will be implemented as a systematic strategy for quick discovery of active compounds.

The morphometry of left cuneus mediating the genetic regulation on working memory.

Working memory is a basic human cognitive function. However, the genetic signatures and their biological pathway remain poorly understood. In the present study, we tried to clarify this issue by exploring the potential associations and pathways among genetic variants, brain morphometry and working memory performance. We first carried out association analyses between 2-back accuracy and 212 image-derived phenotypes from 1141 Human Connectome Project (HCP) subjects using a linear mixed model (LMM). We found a significantly positive correlation between the left cuneus volume and 2-back accuracy (T = 3.615, p = 3.150e-4, Cohen's d = 0.226, corrected using family-wise error [FWE] method). Based on the LMM-based genome-wide association study (GWAS) on the HCP dataset and UK Biobank 33 k GWAS summary statistics, we identified eight independent single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that were reliably associated with left cuneus volume in both UKB and HCP dataset. Within the eight SNPs, we found a negative correlation between the rs76119478 polymorphism and 2-back accuracy accuracy (T = -2.045, p = .041, Cohen's d = -0.129). Finally, an LMM-based mediation analysis elucidated a significant effect of left cuneus volume in mediating rs76119478 polymorphism on the 2-back accuracy (indirect effect = -0.007, 95% BCa CI = [-0.045, -0.003]). These results were also replicated in a subgroup of Caucasians in the HCP population. Further fine mapping demonstrated that rs76119478 maps on intergene CTD-2315A10.2 adjacent to protein-encoding gene DAAM1, and is significantly associated with L3HYPDH mRNA expression. Our study suggested this new variant rs76119478 may regulate the working memory through exerting influence on the left cuneus volume.

Anticoagulant and Antithrombotic Properties in Vitro and in Vivo of a Novel Sulfated Polysaccharide from Marine Green Alga Monostroma nitidum.

Sulfated polysaccharides from marine algae have high potential as promising candidates for marine drug development. In this study, a homogeneous sulfated polysaccharide from the marine green alga Monostroma nitidum, designated MS-1, was isolated using water extraction and anion-exchange and size-exclusion chromatography. Results of chemical and spectroscopic analyses showed that MS-1 mainly consisted of →3)-α-l-Rhap-(1→ and →2)-α-l-Rhap-(1→ residues, with additional branches consisting of 4-linked ß-d-xylose, 4-/6-linked d-glucose, terminal ß-d-glucuronic acid, and 3-/2-linked α-l-rhamnose. Sulfate ester groups substituted mainly at C-2/C-4 of →3)-α-l-Rhap-(1→ and C-4 of →2)-α-l-Rhap-(1→ residues, slightly at C-2 of terminal ß-d-glucuronic residues. MS-1 exhibited strong anticoagulant activity in vitro and in vivo as evaluated by the activated partial thromboplastin time and thrombin time assays, and significantly decreased platelet aggregation. The anticoagulant activity mechanism of MS-1 was mainly attributed to strong potentiation thrombin by heparin cofactor-II, and it also hastened thrombin and coagulation factor Xa inhibitions by potentiating antithrombin-III. MS-1 possessed markedly thrombolytic activity evaluated by plasminogen activator inhibitior-1, fibrin degradation products, and D-dimer levels using rats plasma, and recanalization rate by FeCl3-induced carotid artery thrombosis in mice. MS-1 exhibited strong antithrombotic activity in vitro and in vivo evaluated by the wet weighs and lengths of thrombus, and thrombus occlusion time by electrically-induced carotid artery thrombosis in rats. These results suggested that MS-1 could be a promising marine drug for prevention and therapy of thromboembolic disease.

Structural Characteristics and Anticoagulant Property In Vitro and In Vivo of a Seaweed Sulfated Rhamnan.

Great diversity and metabolite complexity of seaweeds offer a unique and exclusive source of renewable drug molecules. Polysaccharide from seaweed has potential as a promising candidate for marine drug development. In the present study, seaweed polysaccharide (SPm) was isolated from Monostroma angicava, the polymeric repeat units and anticoagulant property in vitro and in vivo of SPm were investigated. SPm was a sulfated polysaccharide which was mainly constituted by 3-linked, 2-linked-α-l-rhamnose residues with partially sulfate groups at C-2 of 3-linked α-l-rhamnose residues and C-3 of 2-linked α-l-rhamnose residues. Small amounts of xylose and glucuronic acid exist in the forms of ß-d-Xylp(4SO4)-(1→ and ß-d-GlcA-(1→. SPm effectively prolonged clotting time as evaluated by the activated partial thromboplastin time and thrombin time assays, and exhibited strong anticoagulant activity in vitro and in vivo. The fibrin(ogen)olytic and thrombolytic properties of SPm were evaluated by plasminogen activator inhibitior-1, fibrin degradation products, D-dimer and clot lytic rate assays using rats plasma, and the results showed that SPm possessed high fibrin(ogen)olytic and thrombolytic properties. These results suggested that SPm has potential as a novel anticoagulant agent.

Anticoagulant Properties of a Green Algal Rhamnan-type Sulfated Polysaccharide and Its Low-molecular-weight Fragments Prepared by Mild Acid Degradation.

The active sulfated polysaccharide from seaweed possesses important pharmaceutical and biomedical potential. In the study, Monostroma sulfated polysaccharide (MSP) was obtained from Monostroma angicava, and the low-molecular-weight fragments of MSP (MSP-Fs: MSP-F1⁻MSP-F6) were prepared by controlled acid degradation. The molecular weights of MSP and MSP-F1⁻MSP-F6 were 335 kDa, 240 kDa, 90 kDa, 40 kDa, 24 kDa, 12 kDa, and 6.8 kDa, respectively. The polysaccharides were sulfated rhamnans that consisted of →3)-α-l-Rhap-(1→ and →2)-α-l-Rhap-(1→ units with partial sulfation at C-2 of →3)-α-l-Rhap-(1→ and C-3 of →2)-α-l-Rhap-(1→. Anticoagulant properties in vitro of MSP and MSP-F1⁻MSP-F6 were evaluated by studying the activated partial thromboplastin time, thrombin time, and prothrombin time. Anticoagulant activities in vivo of MSP and MSP-F4 were further evaluated; their fibrin(ogen)olytic activities in vivo and thrombolytic properties in vitro were also assessed by D-dimer, fibrin degradation products, plasminogen activator inhibitior-1, and clot lytic rate assays. The results showed that MSP and MSP-F1⁻MSP-F4 with molecular weights of 24⁻240 kDa had strong anticoagulant activities. A decrease in the molecular weight of MSP-Fs was accompanied by a decrease in the anticoagulant activity, and higher anticoagulant activity requires a molecular weight of over 12 kDa. MSP and MSP-F4 possessed strong anticoagulant activities in vivo, as well as high fibrin(ogen)olytic and thrombolytic activities. MSP and MSP-F4 have potential as drug or helpful food supplements for human health.

Elastic Characteristics of the Normal Achilles Tendon Assessed by Virtual Touch Imaging Quantification Shear Wave Elastography.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the elastic properties of the normal Achilles tendon in different age groups by Virtual Touch imaging quantification (VTIQ; Siemens Medical Solutions, Malvern, PA) shear wave elastography. METHODS: A total of 326 healthy volunteers older than 18 years were divided into different groups by sex and age. The thickness, shear wave velocity (SWV) in sagittal and axial sections, and anisotropic coefficient of the Achilles tendon in a state of relaxation were obtained by conventional sonography and Virtual Touch imaging quantification elastography. These parameters were compared in different age and sex groups, and their correlations with age were evaluated. RESULTS: The thickness of the Achilles tendon in men and women increased gradually with age, and it was larger in men than in women in each age group (P < .05). The SWV of the tendon in the sagittal section decreased slightly with age, but the sagittal and axial SWVs and anisotropic coefficient had no significant differences among different age groups (P > .05), and they also had no significant differences between men and women within any group (P > .05). The SWVs in the sagittal and axial sections and anisotropic coefficient had no correlation with age. Intraclass correlation coefficients for sagittal and axial SWVs obtained by 2 independent observers were 0.923 and 0.870, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The thickness of the Achilles tendon increased gradually with age. We confirmed that tendinous elastographic anisotropy and the stiffness of the tendon had no significant correlation with age.

Advances in malignant peritoneal mesothelioma.

BACKGROUND: Malignant mesothelioma is a rare, insidious, and aggressive tumor arising from the mesothelial surface of pleural and peritoneal cavities, the pericardium, or the tunica vaginalis, with an increasing incidence worldwide, high misdiagnosis rate, and overall negative prognosis. A total of 20% of all cases is peritoneum in origin. METHODS: The present study is a review of literatures focusing on the advances in epidemiology, clinical presentations, radiological features, diagnosis, misdiagnosis, management, and prognostic factors of malignant peritoneal mesothelioma (MPM) occurred in the past decades. RESULTS: Asbestos, SV40, and radiation exposures have been demonstrated to be correlated with the pathogenesis of MPM. The main presentations are abdominal distension and pain. Computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and positron-emission tomography (PET) play an important role in the preoperative imaging and staging. Definitive diagnosis is made on the basis of immunohistochemistry. Prognostic factors have been identified and verified. Negative indicators include advanced age, male gender, poor performance status, non-epithelial histology, and absence of surgery. The management of MPM has evolved from single chemotherapy to multimodality treatment of cytoreductive surgery (CRS) and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC), chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and immunotherapy. Promising results have been achieved after a combined treatment of CRS and HIPEC, with an elevated median survival time of 29.5-92 months and a 5-year survival rate of 39-63%. CONCLUSIONS: CRS and HIPEC represent the standard treatment strategy for selected patients with MPM, and patients with unresectable tumors can benefit from the combined treatment of chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and immunotherapy.

Abnormal salience network in normal aging and in amnestic mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease.

The salience network (SN) serves to identify salient stimuli and to switch between the central executive network (CEN) and the default-mode network (DMN), both of which are impaired in Alzheimer's disease (AD)/amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI). We hypothesized that both the structural and functional organization of the SN and functional interactions between the SN and CEN/DMN are altered in normal aging and in AD/aMCI. Gray matter volume (GMV) and resting-state functional connectivity (FC) were analyzed from healthy younger (HYC) to older controls (HOC) and from HOC to aMCI and AD patients. All the SN components showed significant differences in the GMV, intranetwork FC, and internetwork FC between the HYC and HOC. Most of the SN components showed differences in the GMV between the HOC and AD and between the aMCI and AD. Compared with the HOC, AD patients exhibited significant differences in intra- and internetwork FCs of the SN, whereas aMCI patients demonstrated differences in internetwork FC of the SN. Most of the GMVs and internetwork FCs of the SN and part of the intranetwork FC of the SN were correlated with cognitive differences in older subjects. Our findings suggested that structural and functional impairments of the SN may occur as early as in normal aging and that functional disconnection between the SN and CEN/ DMN may also be associated with both normal aging and disease progression.

Immune-enhancing activity of compound polysaccharide on the inactivated influenza vaccine.

Traditional Chinese medicine polysaccharides have numerous biological activities with broad applications in the biomedical industries. However, a clear understanding of the pharmacological activities of compound polysaccharides with multi-component structures remain challenging. This study aimed to investigate the immune boosting effect of compound polysaccharides on the influenza vaccine and assess the preliminary structure-activity relationship. The compound polysaccharide (CP) was isolated from the combined Chinese herbs lentinan, pachymaran and tremellan, and purified by gradient ethanol precipitation to obtain its subcomponents of CP-20, CP-40, CP-60, and CP-80 with decreasing molecular weights. These polysaccharides were mainly composed of glucans with different linkage patterns, including α-(1 â†’ 3)-glucan, α-(1 â†’ 4)-glucan and ß-(1 â†’ 6)-glucan. A significant improvement was observed in the survival of mice vaccinated with inactivated (IAV) vaccine and the isolated polysaccharides as adjuvants. A reduction in the pulmonary virus titer and weight loss were also observed. Moreover, CP-40 and CP-60, as well as the original CP, significantly enhanced the serum anti-IAV antibody titers and interleukin IL-2, IL-5, and IL-6 concentrations. These preliminary results indicate the immune boosting effect of the compound polysaccharides is highly relevant to the specific structural properties of the subcomponent, and CP-40 is worthy of further exploration as a glycan adjuvant for the IAV vaccine.

An HPLC method for microanalysis and pharmacokinetics of marine sulfated polysaccharide PSS-loaded poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) nanoparticles in rat plasma.

This study was aimed at developing a sensitive and selective HPLC method with postcolumn fluorescence derivatization for the detection of propylene glycol alginate sodium sulfate (PSS) in rat plasma. Plasma samples were prepared by a simple and fast ultrafiltration method. PSS was extracted from rat plasma with D-glucuronic acid as internal standard. Isocratic chromatographic separation was performed on a TSKgel G2500 PWxL column with the mobile phase of 0.1 M sodium sulfate at a flow rate of 0.5 mL/min. Analyte detection was achieved by fluorescence detection (FLD) at 250 nm (excitation) and 435 nm (emission) using guanidine hydrochloride as postcolumn derivatizing reagent in an alkaline medium at 120 °C. The calibration curve was linear over a concentration range of 1-500 µg/mL, and the lower limit of detection (LLOD) was found to be 250 ng/mL. This validated method was applied successfully to the pharmacokinetic study of PSS and PSS-loaded poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) nanoparticles (PSS-NP) in rat plasma after a single intravenous (PSS only) and oral administration (PSS and PSS-NP). Significant differences in the main pharmacokinetic parameters of PSS and PSS-NP were observed. The relative bioavailability of PSS-NP was 190.10% compared with PSS which shows that PSS-NP can improve oral bioavailability.

A sulfated polysaccharide from Dictyosphaeria cavernosa: Structural characterization and effect on immunosuppressive recovery.

A homogeneous sulfated polysaccharide DCS1 was obtained from Dictyosphaeria cavernosa by alkali extraction and chromatography purification. On the basis of chemical and spectroscopic analyses, DCS1 was a novel mannan-type sulfated polysaccharide and had a molecular weight of 15.48 kDa. DCS1 consisted of a main chain of (1 â†’ 4)-α-d-Manp units with partial sulfate substitution at C-2 and branches at C-2/C-6. DCS1 possessed a potent immune-enhancing effect in vitro evaluated by the assays of lymphocytes proliferation and macrophage phagocytosis. The immunomodulatory effect of DCS1 in vivo was further investigated using immunosuppressed mice induced by cyclophosphamide (Cy). The data showed that DCS1 markedly increased the spleen and thymus indexes, and ameliorated the Cy-induced damage to spleen and thymus. Moreover, DCS1 had a significant effect on hematopoietic function recovery, and promoted the secretion of the interleukin-2 and tumor necrosis factor-α. Notably, DCS1 reversed the reduction of CD4+ T cells, improved the disorder of CD4+/CD8+ T cells and enhanced the immune response. The investigation demonstrated that the sulfated polysaccharide DCS1 with novel structure could be a hopeful immunomodulatory agent.

The potential association of peripheral inflammatory biomarkers in patients with papillary thyroid cancer before radioiodine therapy to clinical outcomes.

Purpose: Neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), markers-lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio (LMR), and platelet to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) have potential roles as prognostic biomarkers in various cancers. The study was evaluated to investigate the predictive value of the peripheral inflammatory biomarkers in patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) before radioiodine therapy to the response of clinical outcomes. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed the patients diagnosed with PTC at the Second Hospital of Shandong University between September 2018 and January 2020. Patients were divided into low and high inflammatory biomarker groups based on median values. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curves (ROC) and logistic regression were used to explore the potential risk factors. Results: A total of 692 patients were enrolled, which included 197 (28.4%) males and 495 (71.6%) females. The median values of NLR, LMR and PLR of these patients were 1.7 (range 0.3-5.7), 7.1 (range 1.1-23.4) and 137.6 (range 27.6-497.5), respectively, and the mean values were 1.95 ± 0.82, 7.4 ± 2.5 and 148.7 ± 54.8, respectively. Compared to the lower PLR group, the higher group was significantly associated with gender, tumor size, N stage and thyroglobulin level (P<0.05). At the end of follow-up, 75.5% (523/692), 13.3% (91/692), 4.5% (31/692), and 6.7% (47/692) of patients were evaluated as excellent response (ER), indeterminate response (IDR), structural incomplete response (SIR), and biochemical incomplete response (BIR) respectively. In term of clinical outcomes, the NLR, LMR and PLR showed relatively low discriminative power (P≥0.05). Conclusion: We found that higher PLR values was associated with poor clinicopathological features in PTC. However, the peripheral inflammatory indicators (NLR, LMR and PLR) may be insufficient to predict short-term clinical outcomes of patients with radioiodine therapy.

The reason and mechanism of propylene glycol alginate sodium sulfate (PSS) mediated allergic side effect.

Propylene glycol alginate sodium sulfate (PSS) is a heparinoid polysaccharide drug used in clinic for >30 years in China. But its allergy events happened from time to time and should not be ignored. Here, ammonium salt in PSS (PSS-NH4+), PSS fractions with high Mw (PSS-H-Mw) and low mannuronic acid (M) to guluronic acid (G) ratio (PSS-L-M/G) were found to induce allergic response by the structure-activity and impurity-activity relationships in vitro. Furthermore, we confirmed the reason and elucidated the mechanism accounted for allergic side effect of PSS in vivo. It was found that high IgE levels in PSS-NH4+ and PSS-H-Mw groups upregulate the cascade expression of Lyn-Syk-Akt or Erk and second messenger Ca2+, which accelerated mast cells (MCs) degranulation to release histamine, LTB4, TPS, and finally induced lung tissue injury. PSS-L-M/G caused a mild allergic symptom because it only enhanced the expression of p-Lyn and histamine release. In brief, PSS-NH4+ and PSS-H-Mw were main reasons to result in allergic response. Our results suggested that it is very necessary to control the range of Mw and the content of impurities (< 1 % ammonium salt) of PSS to guarantee its safety and effectiveness in clinical treatment.

Studying polymer/fullerene intermixing and miscibility in laterally patterned films with X-ray spectromicroscopy.

Films of the fullerene derivatives [6,6]-phenyl-C(61)-butyric acid methyl ester (PC(61) BM) and [6,6]-phenyl-C(71)-butyric acid methyl ester (PC(71) BM) are patterned on silicon nitride membranes using photolithography to study, with X-ray spectromicroscopy, the lateral, solid-state diffusion of fullerene derivatives into conjugated polymer films. After patterning of the fullerene film, a film of conjugated polymer is laminated on top and the structure is annealed in order to study lateral intermixing and facilitate measurement of fullerene miscibility. Lateral intermixing of polymer and fullerene readily occurs for poly(2,5-bis(3-tetradecylthiophen-2-yl)thieno[3,2-b]thiophene) (PBTTT) and regiorandom poly(3-hexylthiophene) (RRa-P3HT). A 42 wt.% miscibility of PC(61) BM in PBTTT is measured, while miscibilities of 20 and 41 wt.% are measured for PC(61) BM and PC(71) BM, respectively, in RRa-P3HT, thereby demonstrating a significant difference in the miscibilities of these two fullerene derivatives. For regioregular poly(3-hexylthiophene) (RR-P3HT), incomplete lateral intermixing of fullerene and RR-P3HT is observed with PCBM crystallite formation competing with the lateral diffusion of PCBM molecules into the polymer film.

Reconceptualize tall-cell variant papillary thyroid microcarcinoma: From a "sonographic histology" perspective.

Objective: This study aimed to examine the relationship between sonographic features and histological manifestations in the tall-cell variant of papillary thyroid microcarcinoma (TCV-PTMC), thus proposing the concept of "sonographic histology" and examine its value in the clinical management of the aggressive tall-cell variant. Methods: This study retrospectively included 104 participants who were admitted to Peking University Third Hospital from 2015 to 2022 and were histopathologically confirmed as having TCV-PTMC or classical PTMC. We mainly compared the general characteristics, sonographic characteristics, and pathological specimens between the two cohorts. Results: Hypoechoic nodules with a localized central isoechoic lesion and hypoechoic halo around nodules were most often observed in TCV-PTMC, which correlated with circumferentially distributed tumor epithelium and densely distributed tumor stroma histopathologically. Additionally, TCV-PTMC showed nodules with a more regular margin and less microcalcification than classical PTMC, which led to an underestimation of the risk of TCV-PTMC. Conclusion: The good association between the ultrasound echo pattern and tissue cell arrangement was defined as sonographic histology in this study and can be applied in the preoperative identification of TCV-PTMC. This concept may provide novel insight for the identification of special subtypes of thyroid tumors and may modify pitfalls of the Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data System in aggressive variants of microcarcinoma.

Antidiabetic-activity sulfated polysaccharide from Chaetomorpha linum: Characteristics of its structure and effects on oxidative stress and mitochondrial function.

A water-soluble polysaccharide from the green alga Chaetomorpha linum, designated CHS2, was obtained by water extraction, preparative anion-exchange and size-exclusion chromatography. Results of chemical and spectroscopic analyses showed that CHS2 was a sulfated rhamnogalactoarabinan, and its backbone was mainly constituted by 4-linked and 3,4-linked ß-l-arabinopyranose with sulfate groups at C-2/C-3 of 4-linked ß-l-arabinopyranose. The branching contained 4-linked, 6-linked ß-d-galactopyranose and terminal rhamnose residues. Based on the inhibition of human islet amyloid polypeptide (hIAPP) aggregation and morphology change of hIAPP aggregates in in vitro tests, it was proved that CHS2 effectively inhibited the hIAPP aggregation and possessed strong antidiabetic activity. CHS2 was nearly no toxicity in NIT-1 cells and could attenuate hIAPP-induced cytotoxicity. CHS2 may significantly reduce the generation of intracellular reactive oxygen species and hIAPP aggregation-induced oxidative stress in NIT-1 cells. CHS2 was co-localized with mitochondria, and largely protected mitochondria function from hIAPP aggregation-induced damage through stabilizing mitochondrial membrane potential and enhancing the mitochondrial complex I, II or III activity and ATP level. The data demonstrated that CHS2 could have potential prospect to become an antidiabetic drug for type 2 diabetes mellitus treatment.