Acteoside protects podocyte against apoptosis through regulating AKT/GSK-3ß signaling pathway in db/db mice.

BACKGROUND: Podocyte apoptosis is one of the important pathological mechanisms of diabetic kidney disease (DKD). Acteoside (Act), a major active component of Rehmannia glutinosa leaves total glycoside, has a strong renoprotective action. Our study aims to demonstrate Act's renoprotective actions in db/db mice. METHODS: We adopted C57BLKS/J db/db mice as DKD animal models. After 8 weeks of Act administration, the 24-hour urine albumin, renal function index, and blood lipid levels were quantified using matching kits. Renal pathology was evaluated by HE and PAS staining. The podocyte damage and apoptosis-related signaling pathway were observed by using immunohistochemistry, western blot, and TUNEL staining. RESULTS: The albuminuria of db/db mice was reduced from 391 ug/24 h to 152 ug/24 h, and renal pathology changes were alleviated after Act administration. The western blot and immunohistochemistry showed that Act treatment upregulated the synaptopodin and podocin expression compared with db/db mice, while the TUNEL staining indicated podocyte apoptosis was inhibited. The B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) level was upregulated in the Act group, but cleaved caspase-3 and Bcl-2 associated X protein (Bax) expression declined, while the protein kinase B/glycogen synthase kinase-3ß (AKT/GSK-3ß) signaling pathway was repressed. CONCLUSIONS: By inhibiting the AKT/GSK-3ß signaling pathway, Act protected podocytes from apoptosis, decreasing the urine albumin of db/db mice and delaying the course of DKD.

Effect of high-quality nursing on postpartum hemorrhage and quality of life in puerperants with gestational hypertension.

OBJECTIVE: To observe the effect of high-quality nursing on puerperants with gestational hypertension. METHODS: In this study, 144 puerperants with gestational hypertension admitted to our hospital were included and divided into a research group and a control group according to the nursing method. The control group (n = 72) adopted the routine nursing and the observation group (n = 72) adopted the high-quality nursing. The rate of postpartum hemorrhage, the incidence of eclampsia, the amount of 1 d-postpartum hemorrhage, the quality of life (QOL), the psychological states, and the nursing satisfaction were compared between the two groups. RESULTS: The rate of postpartum hemorrhage, the incidence of eclampsia, and the amount of 1 d-postpartum hemorrhage of the patients in the observation group were significantly lower than those in the control group (all P < 0.05). After intervention, the scores of psychological states in both groups decreased, which dropped more in the observation group (all P < 0.05). The scores of physical function, overall health, social function, and emotional role in the observation group were significantly higher than those in the control group (all P < 0.05). The patients' satisfaction on nursing in the observation group was significantly higher than that in the control group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: High-quality nursing has certain advantages in improving postpartum hemorrhage and QOL in puerperants with gestational hypertension. It can also improve patients' negative emotions, life quality, and nursing satisfaction.

Primordial odontogenic tumour: a case report.

Odontogenic primary tumor is a rare benign odontogenic tumor in the maxillofacial area. A case of odontogenic primary basal tumor is reported. The clinicopathological features and treatment principles are discussed in the literature.

[Expression and clinical significance of focal adhesion kinase in oral squamous cell carcinoma].

OBJECTIVE: To study the correlation between expression levels of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and clinical prognosis with pathologic parameters. METHODS: Eighty paraffin embedded tissue specimens of OSCC were studied by immunohistochemistry. The data was analyzed by SPSS statistical software. RESULTS: FAK was highly expressed in OSCC tissues, in contrast to none or a low expression in normal oral epithelial tissue, and the heterogeneous staining was mainly located in the cell membrane and cytoplasm. FAK overexpression significantly correlated with histological differentiation and TNM stage, lymphatic metastasis. Multivariate analysis revealed that overexpression of FAK was the independent prognostic factor. CONCLUSION: The overexpression of FAK in the peripheral area of OSCC may serve as a useful biological factor affecting prognosis.

[Expression of deltaNp63 in salivary gland tumours].

OBJECTIVE: To detect the expression of deltaNp63 in human salivary gland tumor and analyze its role in the malignant salivary gland tumors. METHODS: Collecting the samples from 68 cases of pathologically proven salivary gland tumours and investigating the microscopic sections with HE stain and immunohistochemical-SP stain. RESULTS: It was found that the expression of deltaNp63 is gradually increased in the malignant tumours, the myoepithelial cells and the basal cells of the salivary gland tumors are positive, and the expression of deltaNp63 is correlated directly with benign and malignant tumor. CONCLUSION: deltaNp63 plays an important role in salivary gland tumours. deltaNp63 possesses some special activity that is characteristic of oncogene. p63 is a sensitive and highly specific marker of myoepithelial cells in salivary gland tumours and an additional marker for defining myoepithelial histogenesis. p63 is of definite clinical value in falicitating diagnosis and differential diagnosis.

[The age-related changes of P53 protein expression in oral mucosa and their effects on oral leukoplakia].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the age-related changes of P53 protein expression in oral mucous membrane and their effects on pathogenesis of the oral precancerous lesions in elderly people. METHODS: An immunohistochemical technique (SP method) was applied to study the changes of P53 expression in normal oral mucosa and oral leukoplakia(OLK) in different age groups. The staining results were evaluated by semi-quantity method. RESULTS: With aging, an elevating tendency of P53 protein level exhibited in the normal oral mucosa and OLK, respectively. The P53 level in the old with OLK was higher than that in the normal oral mucosa of the old (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: With aging, P53 protein may undergo dysfunction, lead to imperfect DNA repair and excessive DNA damage accumulation, and ultimately facilitate malignant transformation of the oral mucosa in the old.

Solid variant of keratocystic odontogenic tumor with ameloblastomatous transformation: a case report and review of the literature.

The solid variant of keratocystic odontogenic tumor is an extremely rare tumor. Its clinical and pathologic features remain poorly defined, even in the 2005 World Health Organization odontogenic tumor classification. We report an unusual lesion in a 38-year-old female Chinese patient. The lesion demonstrated the solid or multiple cystic architecture of a keratocystic odontogenic tumor, but also exhibited ameloblastomalike lining epithelium in some areas. The complex histopathology made a pathologic diagnosis difficult. Finally, the lesion was diagnosed as solid variant of keratocystic odontogenic tumor with ameloblastomatous transformation. We present the clinical and pathologic details of the case, and review the relevant literature.

Primary central carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma of the mandible: report of a rare case and literature review.

We report a rare case of primary carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma (CXPA) of the mandible. A 13-year-old girl presented with a large mass, measuring about 30 cm in its greatest dimension, involving the mandible. She was referred to our department for surgery, and her postoperative course was uneventful; she is currently free from the disease 48 months after surgery. Primary CXPAs located centrally within the jawbones are rare with only 10 cases reported in the English and Chinese literature. This case illustrates 2 key facts regarding the diagnosis and therapy of CXPA. First, clinicians should be aware of this possibility and should emphasize the need for submission of so-called cystic lytic lesions for histopathologic analysis. Second, tumors should be excised en bloc with adjuvant postoperative radiotherapy when local recurrence and regional metastasis are suspected clinically.

[Tumors of different histological type in unilateral salivary glands: a case report].

Tumors of synchronous benign and malignant in unilateral salivary glands have rarely been reported. A case of 21-year-old girl who was diagnosed as synchronously adenoid cystic carcinoma of the left parotid and pleomorphic adenoma of the left submandibular gland. The classification, clinic pathology, diagnosis, possible mechanism were discussed based on similar literatures.

Malignant transformation of oral lichen planus: a retrospective study of 23 cases.

OBJECTIVE: Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a common mucocutaneous disease with malignant transformation potential. The aim of this retrospective study was to investigate the characteristics of patients with OLP who developed oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). METHOD AND MATERIALS: The medical records of 2,119 patients with OLP at West China College of Stomatology, China, from 1951 to 2006, were reviewed. Data were taken from the records of 23 patients with OLP who developed OSCC. RESULTS: The rate of malignant transformation in OLP was 1.1%. The mean age of these patients was 52 years. There were 12 women and 11 men. There was no significant difference between women and men (P = .835). The most common site of malignant transformation was in the tongue (16; 69.57%). The average time from the patient's first visit with OLP to malignant transformation was 16 months (range, 1 to 41 months). More than 50% of patients had alcohol (12; 52.17%) and tobacco (13; 56.52%) habits. Before the malignant transformation, the most frequent symptoms in patients with OLP were pain (21; 91.30%) and erosion (17; 73.91%). CONCLUSIONS: The risk of malignant transformation in OLP is real but not high. Erosive OLP in older patients with pain and who use tobacco and alcohol is more likely to exhibit malignant transformation.

Lymphoepithelial cyst of the parotid gland: its possible histopathogenesis based on clinicopathologic analysis of 64 cases.

Sixty-four cases of lymphoepithelial cysts of the parotid gland, the largest scale collection in the literature, were clinicopathologically analyzed for their possible pathogenesis. All 64 cases were unilateral, 27 left and 37 right. There were 28 male and 36 female patients with a ratio of 1:1.3. The mean age of the patients was 52.0 years, and their average duration of symptoms was 29.3 months. The mean longest diameter of the cysts was 3.0 cm. Histologically, lymphoepithelial cysts were classified into 3 subtypes: type I, a cystic dilation of ducts within parotid glands (9 cases, 14.1%); type II, partially demarcated cystic lesions with lymphoid stroma (27, 42.2%); type III, well-encapsulated cystic lesions with lymphoid stroma containing lymph follicular structures (28, 43.8%). Based on immunohistochemical results for lymphocyte/macrophage (CD20/CD45RO/IgG4), cell cycle (Ki-67), and lymphatic (D2-40) markers, the lymphoid stroma was shown to have neither the usual lymph follicular distributions of T/B cells nor lymph sinus structures. No viral infection was confirmed. The results seemed to indicate that the lymphoid stroma were induced along with the growth of the cystic dilatation of ducts within sialadenitis, which were neither induced by Epstein-Barr virus nor HIV infections, and that the formation of lymphoepithelial cysts was completed by demarcation, which should have been a kind of granulation tissue reaction, from the parotid parenchyma but did not arise from intraparotid lymph nodes.

[Function of P63 on the development of salivary glands].

OBJECTIVE: To study the expression of P63 in human salivary gland development and the existing of salivary gland stem cells. METHODS: 24 embryonic salivary gland samples in different stage, 10 normal salivary gland samples were collected. HE-stained and immunochemistry stain were used. RESULTS: It could be seen on the HE-stained sections that the epithelial buds proliferated to form the epithelial branches and duct systems, finally the terminal cells differentiated into ductal, myoepithelial and acinous. During the development of salivary gland, the expression of P63 was gradually reduced. In normal adult salivary gland samples, the positive cell interspersed in the basal layer of intercalated duct, secretory duct and excretory duct. CONCLUSION: P63 plays an important role in human salivary gland development. The result of our experiment shows the distributive characteristic of salivary gland stem cells, which exist abroad in bud stage, but decrease and only exist in the basal layer of ducts in normal adult salivary gland.

[Effect of focal adhesion kinase on biological characteristics of Tca8113 tongue squamous cell carcinoma].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of FAK on biological characteristics of tongue squamous cell carcinoma cell Tca8113. METHODS: Lipofect was used to transfect FAK into Tca8113 cell lines. The difference in expression of FAK between the transfected and non-transfected cell lines was detected by immunofluorescence assay. Then by use of transwell room and wash way, the difference in invasion and adhesion ability between the transfected and non-transfected cell lines was tested. MTT method was adopted in finding the change of proliferation. RESULTS: RT-PCR analysis showed that the FAK gene was downregulated by Tca8113 cells. FAK expression was significantly down regulated by the transfection of FAK ASODN (P<0.05). Antisense FAK ODN significantly inhibited proliferation, adhesion and the invasion of Tca8113 cells. CONCLUSION: FAK plays an important role on biological characteristics of tongue squamous cell carcinoma cell Tca8113.

Intraoral minor salivary gland tumors in a Chinese population: a retrospective study on 737 cases.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to investigate the diverse histopathological types and distribution characteristics of epithelial minor salivary gland tumors (MSGTs) in a Chinese population. STUDY DESIGN: We conducted a descriptive demographic study of 737 intraoral MSGTs in patients in southwest China from 1990 to 2004. RESULTS: A total of 737 epithelial MSGTs, consisting of 340 (46.1%) benign and 397 (53.9%) malignant tumors, were confirmed in 381 males and 356 females. The average age of patients with benign and malignant tumors was 40.7 and 49.4 years, respectively. The palate was the most commonly affected site (67.4%). Pleomorphic adenoma (PA) (81.8%) and adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) (36.0%) were the most frequent types in benign and malignant tumors, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Comparing with reports from other countries, it is suggested that the MSGTs in this southwest Chinese population may be characterized by a higher incidence of MSGTs than in the other reviewed countries, higher incidence of malignant than benign MSGTs, absence of canalicular adenoma (CA) occurrence, and a higher incidence of myoepithelioma (MEO).

[Clinicopathological study of Ewing's sarcoma/primitive neuroectodermal tumor in oral and maxillofacial region].

OBJECTIVE: To study the clinicopathological features and diagnostic criteria of Ewing's sarcoma/primitive neuroectodermal tumor (Ewing's sarcoma/PNET) in oral and maxillofacial region. METHODS: There were 15 patients with Ewing's sarcoma/PNET in the last 35 years at our hospital, aged 1-49 years and mean 14.5 years. The most common manifestation was swelling of the affected region. The cases were analyzed and histological and immunohistochemical studies were also conducted to examine CD99 (12E7), Vimentin, NSE, S-100, Syn, CD45 (LCA), desmin. RESULTS: (1) The most common histological pattern of Ewing's sarcoma/PNET was a lobular arrangement of uniform, small, hyperchromatic cells in a fibrous background. Some of these tumors were rich in cytoplasmic glycogen. (2) Of the 7 cases, IHC was positive for CD99 (12E7) and Vimentin and negative for lymphoid (CD45), muscle (desmin) markers. S-100 was positive in 4 cases and NSE negative in 3, Syn positive in 1. NSE, S-100, Syn were all negative in 2 cases. CONCLUSIONS: Ewing's sarcoma/PNET is more common in teenagers and young people. Immunohistochemistry is essential to distinguish Ewing's sarcoma/PNET from other small round cell tumors. Immunohistochemistry is useful in the diagnosis.

[A retrospective study of clinical manifestation and human papilloma virus detection of oral condyloma acuminate in children].

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to study genotype, transmission, clinical and pathological characteristics, and prognosis of oral condyloma acuminate (CA) in children. METHODS: The authors retrospected the clinical characteristics and slices of HE staining of six cases which have been diagnosed as oral CA and, performed inmunohistochemistry (IHC) and in situ hybridization (ISH) analysis to detect the DNA of human papilloma virus in 5 cases. RESULTS: Oral CA often happened in the hard or soft plates of children of two-year-old. Most of them came from the families had been infected by human papilloma virus (HPV). Histological examination demonstrated that koilocytes were common in the upper spinous and corneal layers. HPV was detected in all cases. HPV16/18-E6 antigen was positive in 4 of 5 cases examined. The result of ISH only show one case was HPV6- and HPV11-positive, and the other case was HPV-positive, but HPV could not be detected when recurring. CONCLUSION: The pathogen leading to oral condyloma acuminate (CA) and the transmission way of children may be different from that of adults.

[A clinical and pathological study on primary oral mucosal malignant melanoma].

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate the association between clinical and pathological characteristics of primary oral mucosal malignant melanoma and the prognosis of this disease. METHODS: Clinical and pathological characters of 73 cases primary oral mucosal malignant melanoma were investigated. The association between risk factors, such as black macule, lymph node metastases, invasive depth, clinic stages, pathologic types, and prognosis was analyzed using Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and Log rank test. RESULTS: The age of the patients ranged from 24 to 80 years (Median age, 50). Among the patients, 43 were males and 30 were females. The most common locations of the tumor were palate and gingiva. The clinic stages of these patients were as the following: Stage I (46/73), Stage II (24/73), Stage III (3/73). The most common pathological type was nodular (44/73), followed by lentiginose malignant melanoma (15/73) and superficial spreading (1/73). According to the configuration of tumor cells, the most common type was the mixed cell type (37/73), followed by the epitheloid cell type (27/73) and the spindle cell type (9/73). Among the 73 patients, 43 were followed up, the 3-year and 5-year survival rates were 19.86% and 11.91% respectively. Black macule, lymph node metastases, invasive depth, clinic stages, pathologic types and therapeutic methods were significantly associated with the prognosis (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The prognosis of the primary oral mucosal malignant melanoma is associated with black macule, lymph node metastases, invasive depth, clinic stages, pathologic types, and therapeutic methods.

[Comparative study on effects of sodium hyaluronate and prednisolone injections on experimental temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis of rabbits].

OBJECTIVE: To assess the treatment effect of sodium hyaluronate (HA) on experimental temporomandibular joint (TMJ) osteoarthritis of rabbits in comparison with prednisolone (PS). METHODS: The upper compartments of both TMJs of 12 Japanese White Ear Rabbits were injected with 0.2 ml of 1.6% papain, 3 days after the right TMJs were injected again with same amount of papain to induce osteoarthritis with different severity levels. Except 1 rabbit was died accidentally. After one week from final injection of papain, the upper compartments of both TMJs of 6 rabbits were injected with HA 1.3 mg, 5 rabbits with PS 1.6 mg weekly for 4 times. At 3, 5 and 7 weeks after the final injection, the rabbits were sacrificed and the TMJs were pathologically examined. RESULTS: The TMJs receiving PS showed predominant structural disorganization, and the right TMJs had much severe pathology. The manifestations were fibrillation, thinner or flaking of the articular cartilage of the temporal part of the joint, and the articular surface was covered with fibrous tissue. Whereas the TMJs receiving HA injections demonstrated limited changes of cartilage, less fibrillation, only local loss of cartilage on outside layer of the surface. In vicinity of the defect area, cluster of the chondrocytes appeared. Pathological scores of the TMJs receiving HA were significantly less than those of the TMJs revieving PS. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that hyaluronate have effect of cartilaginous reparation and protection for the osteoarthritis of rabbit. While prednisolone has no help or worsened for articular cartilage reparation.