RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Neurobiology and cognitive psychology have provided us with a dual process model of addiction. According to this model, behavior is considered to be the dynamic result of a combination of automatic and controlling processes. In cases of addiction the balance between these two processes is severely disturbed. Automated processes will continue to produce impulses that ensure the continuance of addictive behavior. Weak, reflective or controlling processes are both the reason for and the result of the inability to forgo addiction. AIM: To identify features that are common to current neurocognitive insights into addiction and psychodynamic views on addiction. RESULTS: The picture that emerges from research is not clear. There is some evidence that attentional bias has a causal effect on addiction. There is no evidence that automatic associations have a causal effect, but there is some evidence that automatic action-tendencies do have a causal effect. CONCLUSION: Current neurocognitive views on the dual process model of addiction can be integrated with an evidence-based approach to addiction and with psychodynamic views on addiction.
Assuntos
Comportamento Aditivo/psicologia , Modelos Psicológicos , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias/psicologia , Automatismo , Comportamento Aditivo/complicações , Transtornos Disruptivos, de Controle do Impulso e da Conduta/psicologia , Humanos , Masculino , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias/terapiaRESUMO
Some recent developments in psychoanalysis and cognitive behaviour therapy are reviewed. This is followed by some thoughts and comments on the directions in which these two disciplines are likely to develop in the future.
Assuntos
Terapia Cognitivo-Comportamental/tendências , Psiquiatria/tendências , Psicanálise/tendências , Previsões , HumanosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The dream has always been of interest to psychiatrists. It can assist with the diagnosis and treatment of psychiatric disorders. AIM: To find out whether the dream is regarded as meaningful in modern psychiatry and to discover how dreams can be used by psychiatrists in clinical practice. METHOD: Initially, psychoanalytic monographs on the subject of dreams were read thoroughly. This is followed by a literature search in PubMed and PEPWeb on the basis of the search terms 'dream', 'dreams' and 'dreaming'. results There has been considerable interest in dreams in the psychiatric literature published in the last few decades. Neuroscientific data seem to confirm Freud's wish-fulfilling theory. The dream plays a role in the consolidation of memory. It seems reasonable that psychopathological diagnosis should take the content of dreams into account. CONCLUSION: Not only is the dream a fascinating subject for research, it is also useful in the diagnosis and treatment of a number of psychiatric disorders.
Assuntos
Sonhos/psicologia , Transtornos Mentais/diagnóstico , Psicanálise/métodos , Interpretação Psicanalítica , Sonhos/fisiologia , Humanos , Teoria PsicanalíticaRESUMO
SUMMARY: A 22-year-old man sometimes engaged in inappropriate laughter. The affective lability fitted in with the diagnosis of mental retardation and of a personality disorder Not Otherwise Specified. In this brief review of the literature we discuss the neuroanatomy, psychodynamics and phenomenology of pathological laughter. Up till now there have been only a few restricted and fragmentary studies of pathological laughter in psychiatry. Pathological laughter is often a result of organic mental disorders.