National health registries - a 'goldmine' for studying non-communicable disease occurrence in Norway - the NCDNOR project.

To estimate occurrence of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) over the life-course in the Norwegian population, national health registries are a vital source of information since they fully represent the entire non-institutionalised population. However, as they are mainly established for administrative purposes, more knowledge about how NCDs are recorded in the registries is needed. To establish this, we begin by counting the number of individuals registered annually with one or more NCDs in any of the registries. The study population includes all inhabitants who lived in Norway from 2004 to 2020 (N~6.4m). The NCD outcomes are diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, chronic obstructive lung diseases, cancer and mental disorders/substance use disorders. Further, we included hip fractures in our NCD concept. The data sources used to identify individuals with NCDs, including detailed information on diagnoses in primary and secondary health care and dispensings of prescription drugs, are the Cancer Registry of Norway, The Norwegian Patient Registry, The Norwegian Control and Payment of Health Reimbursement database, and The Norwegian Prescription Database. The number of individuals registered annually with an NCD diagnosis and/or a dispensed NCD drug increased over the study period. Changes over time may reflect changes in disease incidence and prevalence, but also changes in disease-specific guidelines, reimbursement schemes and access to and use of health services. Data from more than one health registry to identify individuals with NCDs are needed since the registries reflect different levels of health care services and therefore may reflect disease severity.

Abdominal surgical trajectories associated with failure to rescue. A nationwide analysis.

OBJECTIVE: The ability to detect and treat complications of surgery early is essential for optimal patient outcomes. The failure-to-rescue (FTR) rate is defined as the death rate among patients who develop at least one complication after the surgical procedure and may be used to monitor a hospital's quality of surgical care. The aim of this observational study was to explore FTR in Norway and to see if we could identify surgical trajectories associated with high FTR. METHOD: Data on all abdominal surgeries in Norwegian hospitals from 2011 to 2017 were obtained from the Norwegian Patient Registry and linked with the National Population Register. Surgical and other postoperative complication rates and FTR within 30 days (deaths occurring in and out of the hospital) were assessed. We identified surgical trajectories (type of procedures-type of complication-dead/alive at 30 days after operation) associated with the highest volume of deaths (high volume of FTR [FTR-V]) and highest risk of death after a postoperative complication. RESULTS: Of the total 626 052 primary abdominal procedures, 224 871 (35.8%) had at least one complication, which includes 83 037 patients. The most common postoperative complications were sepsis (N = 14 331) and respiratory failure (N = 7970). The high-volume trajectories (FTR-V) were endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography-sepsis-death (N = 294, 13.8%); open colon resections-sepsis-death (N = 279, 28.1%) and procedures with stoma formation-sepsis-death (N = 272, 27%). Similarly, patients operated with embolectomy of the visceral arteries and experiencing postoperative sepsis were associated with an extremely high risk of 30-day FTR of 81.5%. In general, an FTR patient had a higher mean age, an increased rate of emergency surgery and more comorbidity. Hospital size was not associated with FTR. CONCLUSION: At a national level, there exist high-volume and high-risk surgical trajectories associated with FTR. These trajectories represent major targets for quality improvement initiatives.

Factors associated with hospitalization, invasive mechanical ventilation treatment and death among all confirmed COVID-19 cases in Norway: Prospective cohort study.

Aims: For everyone with a positive test for SARS-CoV-2 in Norway, we studied whether age, sex, comorbidity, continent of birth and nursing home residency were risk factors for hospitalization, invasive mechanical ventilation treatment and death. Methods: Data for everyone who had tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 in Norway by end of June 2020 (N = 8569) were linked at the individual level to hospitalization, receipt of invasive mechanical ventilation treatment and death measured to end of July 2020. Underlying comorbidity was proxied by hospital-based in- or outpatient treatment during the two months before the SARS-CoV-2 test. Multivariable generalized linear models were used to assess risk ratios (RRs). Results: Risk of hospitalization was particularly high for elderly (for those aged 90 and above: RR 9.5; 95% confidence interval (CI) 7.1-12.7; comparison group aged below 50), Norwegian residents born in Asia, Africa or Latin-America (RR 2.1; 95% CI 1.9-2.4; comparison group born in Norway), patients with underlying comorbidity (RR 1.6; 95% CI 1.4-1.8) and men (RR 1.3; 95% CI 1.2-1.5). Men and residents born in Africa, Asia and Latin-America were also at higher risk of receiving ventilation treatment and dying, but the mortality risk was especially high for the elderly (for those aged 90 and above: RR 607.9; 95% CI 145.5-2540.1; comparison group aged below 50) and residents in nursing homes (RR 4.2; 95% CI 3.1-5.7). Conclusions: High age was the most important predictor of severe disease and death if infected with SARS-CoV-2, and nursing home residents were at particularly high risk of death.

Admissions to Norwegian Hospitals during the COVID-19 Pandemic.

BACKGROUND: In mid-March 2020, the Norwegian government implemented measures to contain the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, and hospitals prepared to handle an unpredictable inflow of patients with COVID-19. AIM: The study was performed to describe the changes in hospital admissions during the first phase of the pandemic. METHODS: The Norwegian Institute of Public Health established a national preparedness register with daily updates on COVID-19 cases and the use of health services. We used individual-level information on inpatients from the electronic journal systems for all hospitals in Norway to estimate daily hospital admissions. RESULTS: Before the onset of the pandemic in March, there was an average of 2400 inpatient admissions per day in Norway, which decreased to approximately 1500 in the first few days after lockdown measures were implemented. The relative magnitudes of the decreases were similar in men and women and across all age groups. The decreases were substantial for both elective (54%) and emergency (29%) inpatient care. The admission rate gradually increased and reached pre-pandemic levels in June. However, the reductions in admissions for pneumonia and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease seemed to persist. CONCLUSIONS: The elective and emergency inpatient admission rates were substantially reduced a few days after the pandemic response measures were implemented. The ways in which the lack or postponement of care may have affected the health and well-being of patients is an important issue to be addressed in future research.

Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on emergency and elective hip surgeries in Norway.

Background and purpose - Many countries implemented strict lockdown policies to control the COVID-19 pandemic during March 2020. The impacts of lockdown policies on joint surgeries are unknown. Therefore, we assessed the effects of COVID-19 pandemic lockdown restrictions on the number of emergency and elective hip joint surgeries, and explored whether these procedures are more/less affected by lockdown restrictions than other hospital care.Patients and methods - In 1,344,355 persons aged ≥ 35 years in the Norwegian emergency preparedness (BEREDT C19) register, we studied the daily number of persons having (1) emergency surgeries due to hip fractures, and (2) electively planned surgeries due to hip osteoarthritis before and after COVID-19 lockdown restrictions were implemented nationally on March 13, 2020, for different age and sex groups. Incidence rate ratios (IRR) reflect the after-lockdown number of surgeries divided by the before-lockdown number of surgeries.Results - After-lockdown elective hip surgeries comprised one-third the number of before-lockdown (IRR ∼0.3), which is a greater drop than that seen in all-cause elective hospital care (IRR ∼0.6). Men aged 35-69 had half the number of emergency hip fracture surgeries (IRR ∼0.6), whereas women aged ≥ 70 had the same number of emergency hip fracture surgeries after lockdown (IRR ∼1). Only women aged 35-69 and men aged ≥ 70 had emergency hip fracture surgery rates after lockdown comparable to what may be expected based on analyses of all-cause acute care (IRR ∼0.80)Interpretation - It is important to note for future pandemics management that lockdown restrictions may impact more on scheduled joint surgery than other scheduled hospital care. Lockdown may also impact the number of emergency joint surgeries for men aged ≥ 35 but not those for women aged ≥ 70.

Hospitalisations for COVID-19 - a comparison of different data sources. / Sykehusinnleggelser med covid-19 ‒ en sammenligning av ulike datakilder.

BACKGROUND: Three different data sources exist for monitoring COVID-19-associated hospitalisations in Norway: The Directorate of Health, the Norwegian Intensive Care and Pandemic Registry (NIPaR), and the linking of the Norwegian Patient Registry (NPR) and the Norwegian Surveillance System for Communicable Diseases (MSIS). A comparison of results from different data sources is important to increase understanding of the data and to further optimise current and future surveillance. We compared results from the three data sources from March to June 2020. MATERIAL AND METHOD: We analysed the number of new admissions, as well as the total number of hospitalised patients and those on ventilatory support, reported per day and by regional health authority. The analysis was descriptive. RESULTS: The cumulative number of new admissions according to NPR-MSIS (n=1260) was higher than NIPaR (n=1153). The discrepancy was high early in the epidemic (93 as of 29 March). The trend in the number of hospitalised patients was similar for all three sources throughout the study period. NPR-MSIS overestimated the number of hospitalised patients on ventilatory support. INTERPRETATION: The discrepancy in new admissions between NIPaR and NPR-MSIS is primarily due to missing registrations for some patients admitted before NIPaR became operational. Basic information retrieved daily by the Directorate of Health give comparable results to more comprehensive daily information retrieval undertaken in NIPaR and NPR-MSIS, adjusted retrospectively. Further analysis is necessary regarding whether NIPaR and NPR-MSIS provide timely data and function as required in an emergency preparedness situation.

Agreement between referral information and discharge diagnoses according to Norwegian elective treatment guidelines - a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Norway introduced 32 priority guidelines for elective health treatment in the specialist health service in the period 2008-9. The guidelines were intended to reduce large differences in waiting times among hospitals, streamline referrals and ensure that patients accessed the necessary healthcare to which they were entitled for certain conditions. Referral information guided the priorities. As the referral information was key to future evaluation of the guidelines, this study validates the referral information in hospital patient records against discharge diagnoses, because only the discharge diagnosis is recorded in the Norwegian Patient Register (NPR) database, which is used in the main evaluation. METHODS: Of the specific conditions from 10 priority guidelines, 20 were selected for review for the period 2008-9 at 4 hospitals in Norway. The ICD-10 diagnoses per disease or condition were given in retrospect by clinicians who participated in the expert groups developing the priority guidelines. Reasons for deviations between referral information and discharge diagnoses were coded into four categories, according to the degree of precision of the former compared with the latter. RESULTS: In all, 1854 medical records were available for review. The diagnostic precision of the referrals differed significantly between hospitals, and across the 2 years 2008 and 2009. The overall sensitivity was 0.93 (95% confidence interval 0.92-0.94). For the separate conditions, sensitivity was in the range 0.60-1.00. Experience showed that it was necessary to pay careful attention to the selection of ICD-10 diagnoses for identifying patients. The medical records of psychiatry patients were unavailable in some cases and for certain conditions some were unavailable after use of our record extraction algorithm. CONCLUSION: The sensitivity of the referral information on diagnosis or condition was high compared with the discharge diagnosis for the 20 selected conditions from the 10 priority guidelines. Although the review assessed a limited number of the total, we consider the results sufficiently representative and, hence, they will allow use of the NPR data for analyses of the introduction and follow-up of the 32 priority guidelines.

Hospital variations in failure to rescue after abdominal surgery: a nationwide, retrospective observational study.

OBJECTIVES: This study aims to determine hospital variation and intensive care unit characteristics associated with failure to rescue after abdominal surgery in Norway. DESIGN: A nationwide retrospective observational study. SETTING: All 52 hospitals in Norway performing elective and acute abdominal surgery. PARTICIPANTS: All 598 736 patients undergoing emergency and elective abdominal surgery from 2011 to 2021. PRIMARY OUTCOME MEASURE: Primary outcome was failure to rescue within 30 days (FTR30), defined as in-hospital or out-of-hospital death within 30 days of a surgical patient who developed at least one complication within 30 days of the surgery (FTR30). Other outcome variables were surgical complications and hospital FTR30 variation. Statistical analysis was conducted separately for general surgery and abdominal surgery. RESULTS: The 30-day postoperative complication rate was 30.7 (183 560 of 598 736 surgeries). Of general surgical complications (n=25 775), circulatory collapse (n=6127, 23%), cardiac arrhythmia (n=5646, 21%) and surgical infections (n=4334, 16 %) were most common and 1507 (5.8 %) patients were reoperated within 30 days. One thousand seven hundred and forty patients had FTR30 (6.7 %). The severity of complications was strongly associated with FTR30. In multivariate analysis of general surgery, adjusted for patient characteristics, only the year of surgery was associated with FTR30, with an estimated linear trend of -0.31 percentage units per year (95% CI (-0.48 to -0.15)). The driving distance from local hospitals to the nearest referral intensive care unit was not associated with FTR30. Over the last decade, FTR30 rates have varied significantly among similar hospitals. CONCLUSIONS: Hospital factors cannot explain Norwegian hospitals' significant FTR variance when adjusting for patient characteristics. The national FTR30 measure has dropped around 30% without a corresponding fall in surgical complications. No association was seen between rural hospital location and FTR30. Policy-makers must address microsystem issues causing high FTR30 in hospitals.

Comparing hospital mortality--how to count does matter for patients hospitalized for acute myocardial infarction (AMI), stroke and hip fracture.

BACKGROUND: Mortality is a widely used, but often criticised, quality indicator for hospitals. In many countries, mortality is calculated from in-hospital deaths, due to limited access to follow-up data on patients transferred between hospitals and on discharged patients. The objectives were to: i) summarize time, place and cause of death for first time acute myocardial infarction (AMI), stroke and hip fracture, ii) compare case-mix adjusted 30-day mortality measures based on in-hospital deaths and in-and-out-of hospital deaths, with and without patients transferred to other hospitals. METHODS: Norwegian hospital data within a 5-year period were merged with information from official registers. Mortality based on in-and-out-of-hospital deaths, weighted according to length of stay at each hospital for transferred patients (W30D), was compared to a) mortality based on in-and-out-of-hospital deaths excluding patients treated at two or more hospitals (S30D), and b) mortality based on in-hospital deaths (IH30D). Adjusted mortalities were estimated by logistic regression which, in addition to hospital, included age, sex and stage of disease. The hospitals were assigned outlier status according to the Z-values for hospitals in the models; low mortality: Z-values below the 5-percentile, high mortality: Z-values above the 95-percentile, medium mortality: remaining hospitals. RESULTS: The data included 48 048 AMI patients, 47 854 stroke patients and 40 142 hip fracture patients from 55, 59 and 58 hospitals, respectively. The overall relative frequencies of deaths within 30 days were 19.1% (AMI), 17.6% (stroke) and 7.8% (hip fracture). The cause of death diagnoses included the referral diagnosis for 73.8-89.6% of the deaths within 30 days. When comparing S30D versus W30D outlier status changed for 14.6% (AMI), 15.3% (stroke) and 36.2% (hip fracture) of the hospitals. For IH30D compared to W30D outlier status changed for 18.2% (AMI), 25.4% (stroke) and 27.6% (hip fracture) of the hospitals. CONCLUSIONS: Mortality measures based on in-hospital deaths alone, or measures excluding admissions for transferred patients, can be misleading as indicators of hospital performance. We propose to attribute the outcome to all hospitals by fraction of time spent in each hospital for patients transferred between hospitals to reduce bias due to double counting or exclusion of hospital stays.

Does a Code for Acute Myocardial Infarction Mean the Same in All Norwegian Hospitals? A Likelihood Approach to a Medical Record Review.

Objective: Health registries are important data sources for epidemiology, quality monitoring, and improvement. Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is a common, serious condition. Little is known about variation in the positive predictive value (PPV) of a coded AMI diagnosis and its association with hospital quality indicators. The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between PPV and registry-based 30-day mortality after AMI admission and between-hospital variation in PPV. Study Design and Setting: An electronic record review was performed in a nationwide sample of Norwegian hospitals. Clinical signs and cardiac troponin measurements were abstracted and analyzed using a mixture model for likelihood ratios and parametric bootstrapping. Results: The overall PPV was estimated to be 97%. We found no statistically significant association between hospital PPV and the classification of hospitals into low, intermediate, and high registry-based 30-day mortality. There was significant variation between hospitals, with a PPV range of 91-100%. Conclusion: We found no evidence that variation in PPV of AMI diagnosis can explain variation between hospitals in registry-based 30-day mortality after admission. However, PPV varied significantly between hospitals. We were able to use a very efficient statistical approach to the analysis and handling of various sources of uncertainty.

Analysis of Thromboembolic and Thrombocytopenic Events After the AZD1222, BNT162b2, and MRNA-1273 COVID-19 Vaccines in 3 Nordic Countries.

Importance: Vaccinations are paramount to halt the COVID-19 pandemic, and safety data are essential to determine the risk-benefit ratio of each COVID-19 vaccine. Objective: To evaluate the association between the AZD1222, BNT162b2, and mRNA-1273 vaccines and subsequent thromboembolic and thrombocytopenic events. Design, Setting, and Participants: This self-controlled case series used individual-level data from national registries in Norway, Finland, and Denmark. Participants included individuals with hospital contacts because of coronary artery disease, coagulation disorders, or cerebrovascular disease between January 1, 2020, and May 16, 2021. Exposures: AZD1222, BNT162b2, or mRNA-1273 vaccine. Main Outcomes and Measure: Relative rate (RR) of hospital contacts for coronary artery disease, coagulation disorders, or cerebrovascular disease in a 28-day period following vaccination compared with the control period prior to vaccination. Results: We found 265 339 hospital contacts, of whom 112 984 [43%] were for female patients, 246 092 [93%] were for patients born in 1971 or earlier, 116 931 [44%] were for coronary artery disease, 55 445 [21%] were for coagulation disorders, and 92 963 [35%] were for cerebrovascular disease. In the 28-day period following vaccination, there was an increased rate of coronary artery disease following mRNA-1273 vaccination (RR, 1.13 [95% CI, 1.02-1.25]), but not following AZD1222 vaccination (RR, 0.92 [95% CI, 0.82-1.03]) or BNT162b2 vaccination (RR, 0.96 [95% CI, 0.92-0.99]). There was an observed increased rate of coagulation disorders following all 3 vaccines (AZD1222: RR, 2.01 [95% CI, 1.75-2.31]; BNT162b2: RR, 1.12 [95% CI, 1.07-1.19]; and mRNA-1273: RR, 1.26 [95% CI, 1.07-1.47]). There was also an observed increased rate of cerebrovascular disease following all 3 vaccines (AZD1222: RR, 1.32 [95% CI, 1.16-1.52]; BNT162b2: RR, 1.09 [95% CI, 1.05-1.13]; and mRNA-1273: RR, 1.21 [95% CI, 1.09-1.35]). For individual diseases within the main outcomes, 2 notably high rates were observed: 12.04 (95% CI, 5.37-26.99) for cerebral venous thrombosis and 4.29 (95% CI, 2.96-6.20) for thrombocytopenia, corresponding to 1.6 (95% CI, 0.6-2.6) and 4.9 (95% CI, 2.9-6.9) excess events per 100 000 doses, respectively, following AZD1222 vaccination. Conclusions and Relevance: In this self-controlled case series, there was an increased rate of hospital contacts because of coagulation disorders and cerebrovascular disease, especially for thrombocytopenia and cerebral venous thrombosis, following vaccination with AZD1222. Although increased rates of several thromboembolic and thrombocytopenic outcomes following BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273 vaccination were observed, these increases were less than the rates observed after AZD1222, and sensitivity analyses were not consistent. Confirmatory analysis on the 2 mRNA vaccines by other methods are warranted.

Comparing Health Outcomes of Privileged US Citizens With Those of Average Residents of Other Developed Countries.

Importance: The average health outcomes in the US are not as good as the average health outcomes in other developed countries. However, whether high-income US citizens have better health outcomes than average individuals in other developed countries is unknown. Objective: To assess whether the health outcomes of White US citizens living in the 1% and 5% richest counties (hereafter referred to as privileged White US citizens) are better than the health outcomes of average residents in other developed countries. Design, Setting, and Participants: This comparative effectiveness study, conducted from January 1, 2013, to December 31, 2015, identified White US citizens living in the 1% (n = 32) and 5% (n = 157) highest-income counties in the US and measured the following 6 health outcomes associated with health care interventions: infant and maternal mortality, colon and breast cancer, childhood acute lymphocytic leukemia, and acute myocardial infarction. The study used Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development data, CONCORD-3 cancer data, and Medicare data to compare their outcomes with all residents in 12 other developed countries: Australia, Austria, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Japan, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, and Switzerland. Statistical analysis took place from July 25, 2017, to August 29, 2020. Main Outcomes and Measures: Infant mortality; maternal mortality; 5-year survival of patients with colon cancer, breast cancer, or childhood acute lymphocytic leukemia; and 30-day age-standardized case fatality after acute myocardial infarction. Results: The infant mortality rate among White US citizens in the 5% highest-income counties was 4.01 per 1000, and the maternal mortality rate among White US citizens in the 5% highest-income counties was 10.85 per 100 000, both higher than the mean rates for any of the 12 comparison countries. (The infant mortality rate for the top 1% counties was 3.54 per 1000, and the maternal mortality rate was 10.05 per 100 000.) The 5-year survival rate for White US citizens in the 5% highest-income counties was 67.2% (95% CI, 66.7%-67.7%) for colon cancer, higher than that of average US citizens (64.9% [95% CI, 64.7%-65.1%]) and average citizens in 6 countries, comparable with that of average citizens in 4 countries, and lower than that of average citizens for 2 countries. The 5-year survival rate for breast cancer among White US women in the 5% highest-income US counties was 92.0% (95% CI, 91.6%-92.4%), higher than in all 12 comparison countries. The 5-year survival rate for White children with acute lymphocytic leukemia in the 5% highest-income US counties was 92.6% (95% CI, 90.7%-94.2%), exceeding the mean survival rate for only 1 country and comparable with the mean survival rates in 11 countries. The adjusted 30-day acute myocardial infarction case-fatality rate for White US citizens in the 5% highest-income US counties was 8% below the rate for all US citizens and was 5% below the rate for all US citizens in the 1% highest-income US counties; these estimates were similar to the median outcome of other high-income countries. Conclusions and Relevance: This study suggests that privileged White US citizens have better health outcomes than average US citizens for 6 health outcomes but often fare worse than the mean measure of health outcomes of 12 other developed countries. These findings imply that even if all US citizens experienced the same health outcomes enjoyed by privileged White US citizens, US health indicators would still lag behind those in many other countries.

Classifying nursing organization in wards in Norwegian hospitals: self-identification versus observation.

BACKGROUND: The organization of nursing services could be important to the quality of patient care and staff satisfaction. However, there is no universally accepted nomenclature for this organization. The objective of the current study was to classify general hospital wards based on data describing organizational practice reported by the ward nurse managers, and then to compare this classification with the name used in the wards to identify the organizational model (self-identification). METHODS: In a cross-sectional postal survey, 93 ward nurse managers in Norwegian hospitals responded to questions about nursing organization in their wards, and what they called their organizational models. K-means cluster analysis was used to classify the wards according to the pattern of activities attributed to the different nursing roles and discriminant analysis was used to interpret the solutions. Cross-tabulation was used to validate the solutions and to compare the classification obtained from the cluster analysis with that obtained by self-identification. The bootstrapping technique was used to assess the generalizability of the cluster solution. RESULTS: The cluster analyses produced two alternative solutions using two and three clusters, respectively. The three-cluster solution was considered to be the best representation of the organizational models: 32 team leader-dominated wards, 23 primary nurse-dominated wards and 38 wards with a hybrid or mixed organization. There was moderate correspondence between the three-cluster solution and the models obtained by self-identification. Cross-tabulation supported the empirical classification as being representative for variations in nursing service organization. Ninety-four per cent of the bootstrap replications showed the same pattern as the cluster solution in the study sample. CONCLUSIONS: A meaningful classification of wards was achieved through an empirical cluster solution; this was, however, only moderately consistent with the self-identification. This empirical classification is an objective approach to variable construction and can be generally applied across Norwegian hospitals. The classification procedure used in the study could be developed into a standardized method for classifying hospital wards across health systems and over time.

Is the Disease Burden from COPD in Norway Falling off? A Study of Time Trends in Three Different Data Sources.

Background: Less smoking should lead to fewer COPD cases. We aimed at estimating time trends in the prevalence and burden of COPD in Norway from 2001 to 2017. Methods: We used pre-bronchodilator spirometry and other health data from persons aged 40-84 years in three surveys of the Tromsø Study, 2001-2002, 2007-2008 and 2015-2016. We applied spirometry lower limits of normal (LLN) according to Global Lung Initiative 2012. Age-standardized prevalence was determined. We defined COPD as FEV1/FVC

Effects of external inspections on sepsis detection and treatment: a stepped-wedge study with cluster-level randomisation.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of external inspections on (1) hospital emergency departments' clinical processes for detecting and treating sepsis and (2) length of hospital stay and 30-day mortality. DESIGN: Incomplete cluster-randomised stepped-wedge design using data from patient records and patient registries. We compared care processes and patient outcomes before and after the intervention using regression analysis. SETTING: Nationwide inspections of sepsis care in emergency departments in Norwegian hospitals. PARTICIPANTS: 7407 patients presenting to hospital emergency departments with sepsis. INTERVENTION: External inspections of sepsis detection and treatment led by a public supervisory institution. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Process measures for sepsis diagnostics and treatment, length of hospital stay and 30-day all-cause mortality. RESULTS: After the inspections, there were significant improvements in the proportions of patients examined by a physician within the time frame set in triage (OR 1.28, 95% CI 1.07 to 1.53), undergoing a complete set of vital measurements within 1 hour (OR 1.78, 95% CI 1.10 to 2.87), having lactate measured within 1 hour (OR 2.75, 95% CI 1.83 to 4.15), having an adequate observation regimen (OR 2.20, 95% CI 1.51 to 3.20) and receiving antibiotics within 1 hour (OR 2.16, 95% CI 1.83 to 2.55). There was also significant reduction in mortality and length of stay, but these findings were no longer significant when controlling for time. CONCLUSIONS: External inspections were associated with improvement of sepsis detection and treatment. These findings suggest that policy-makers and regulatory agencies should prioritise assessing the effects of their inspections and pay attention to the mechanisms by which the inspections might contribute to improve care for patients. TRIAL REGISTRATION: NCT02747121.

Response probabilities and response-mode preferences in a self-administered survey.

OBJECTIVE: Response rates in surveys continue to fall, and electronic online versions are increasingly replacing paper questionnaires in order to save costs and time. This can influence the composition of the respondent group in surveys. Using data from a national survey of patient experiences with maternity care, we aimed to (1) classify all of the women invited to participate in the study according to their different probabilities of responding, based on registry data, and (2) classify all of the respondents according to different probabilities of choosing a paper questionnaire when an online alternative was available, based on registry and self-reported data. RESULTS: We found that the likelihood of responding to surveys is strongly influenced by background variables, with the age, number of previous births and geographic origin predicting the response probability (range 0.25-0.73). Education level predicted the likelihood of choosing a paper questionnaire. Women with less education would more likely (probability 0.50) than women with more education (probability 0.38) choose a paper questionnaire rather than answering online.

Patient experiences with interdisciplinary treatment for substance dependence: an assessment of quality indicators based on two national surveys in Norway.

Purpose: The quality of health care is often measured using quality indicators, which can be utilized to compare the performance of health-care providers. Conducting comparisons in a meaningful and fair way requires the quality indicators to be adjusted for patient characteristics and other individual-level factors. The aims of the study were to develop and test a case-mix adjustment model for quality indicators based on patient-experience surveys among inpatients receiving interdisciplinary treatment for substance dependence, and to establish whether the quality indicators discriminate between health care providers. Patients and methods: Data were collected through two national surveys involving inpatients receiving residential treatment in Norway in 2013 and 2014. The same questionnaire was used in both surveys, and comprised three patient-experience scales. The scales are reported as national quality indicators, and associations between the scales and patient characteristics were tested through multilevel modeling to establish a case-mix model. The intraclass correlation coefficient was computed to assess the amount of variation at the hospital-trust level. Results: The intraclass correlation coefficient for the patient-reported experience scales varied from 2.3% for "treatment and personnel" to 8.1% for "milieu". Multivariate multilevel regression analyses showed that alcohol reported as the most frequently used substance, gender and age were significantly associated with two of the three scales. The length of stay at the institution, pressure to be admitted for treatment, and self-perceived health were significantly related to all three scales. Explained variance at the individual level was approximately 7% for all three scales. Conclusion: This study identified several important case-mix variables for the patient-based quality indicators and systematic variations at the hospital-trust level. Future research should assess the association between patient-based quality indicators and other quality indicators, and the predictive validity of patient-experience indicators based on on-site measurements.