RESUMO
Species of Picramnia genus are used in folk medicine to treat or prevent skin disorders, but only few species have been studied for biological activity and chemical composition. P. gracilis Tul. is a native species from Central and South America and although its fruits are edible, phytochemical analysis or medicinal uses of this species are not known. In the search of candidates to antileishmanial drugs, this work aimed to evaluate the antileishmanial activity of P. gracilis Tul. in in vitro and in vivo studies. Only ethanolic extract of fruits showed leishmanicidal activity. The majoritarian metabolite was 5,3'-hydroxy-7,4'-dimethoxyflavanone ether that exhibited high activity against L. (V.) panamensis (EC50 17.0 + 2.8 mg/mL, 53.7 µM) and low toxicity on mammalian U-937 cells, with an index of selectivity >11.8. In vivo studies showed that the flavanone administered in solution (2 mg/kg/day) or cream (2%) induces clinical improvement and no toxicity in hamsters with CL. In conclusion, this is the first report about isolation of 5,3'-hydroxy-7,4'-dimethoxyflavanone of P. gracilis Tul. The leishmanicidal activity attributed to this flavanone is also reported for the first time. Finally, the in vitro and in vivo leishmanicidal activity reported here for 5,3'-hydroxy-7,4'-dimethoxyflavanone offers a greater prospect towards antileishmanial drug discovery and development.
RESUMO
Resumen Introducción. El masaje es una estrategia terapéutica estudiada por diferentes profesionales de la salud y de la cual la literatura reporta efectos que redundan en el bienestar físico y emocional del niño. Objetivo. Describir el estado del arte en relación con los efectos que genera la aplicación de masaje terapéutico sobre la ansiedad y el estrés en población pediátrica a partir de la evidencia disponible. Materiales y métodos. Revisión sistematizada que incluyó artículos de naturaleza experimental, en su mayoría ensayos clínicos aleatorizados evaluados mediante la escala PEDro. Las bases de datos consultadas fueron EBSCO, Embase, ScienceDirect, PubMed, BVS y PEDro. Resultados. En total, se seleccionaron 7 artículos, incluyendo 4 ensayos clínicos aleatorizados y 3 cuasi experimentales. Conclusiones. La literatura reporta efectos beneficiosos del masaje terapéutico aplicado en población pediátrica; entre ellos, disminución de los niveles de cortisol, mejor adaptación de respuestas fisiológicas frente a estresores, ganancia de peso y mejor organización comportamental y del sueño. Dichos efectos se potencializan al aplicar presión moderada, en comparación con técnicas de masaje realizadas con presión ligera.
Abstract Introduction: Massages are a therapeutic strategy studied by different health professionals. Literature has reported positive effects on the physical and the emotional well-being of children. Objective: To describe the state of the art regarding the effects of therapeutic massages on anxiety and stress relief in the pediatric population based on the available evidence. Materials and methods: Systematic review including experimental articles, mostly randomized clinical trials, evaluated using the PEDro scale. The databases consulted were EBSCO, Embase, ScienceDirect, PubMed, VHL and PEDro. Results: Seven articles were selected, including 4 randomized and 3 quasi-experimental clinical trials. Conclusions: The literature reports beneficial effects of therapeutic massages on the pediatric population, including decreased cortisol levels, better adaptation of physiological responses to stressors, weight gain and better behavioral and sleep patterns. These effects are potentiated by moderate pressure, compared to massage techniques performed with light pressure.