Charge effects in the selection of NPF motifs by the EH domain of EHD1.

The Eps15 homology (EH) domain is found in proteins associated with endocytosis and vesicle trafficking. EH domains bind to their target proteins through an asparagine-proline-phenylalanine (NPF) motif. We have measured the interaction energetics of the EH domain from EHD1 with peptides derived from two of its binding partners: Rabenosyn-5 (Ac-GPSLNPFDEED-NH(2)) and Rab11-Fip2 (Ac-YESTNPFTAK-NH(2)). Heteronuclear single quantum coherence (HSQC) spectroscopy shows that both peptides bind in the canonical binding pocket of EHD1 EH and induce identical structural changes, yet the affinity of the negatively charged Ac-GPSLNPFDEED-NH(2) (K(a) = 8 x 10(5) M(-1)) is tighter by 2 orders of magnitude. The thermodynamic profiles (DeltaG, DeltaH, DeltaS) were measured for both peptides as a function of temperature. The enthalpies of binding are essentially identical, and the difference in affinity is a consequence of the difference in entropic cost. Ac-GPSLNPFDEED-NH(2) binding is salt-dependent, demonstrating an electrostatic component to the interaction, whereas Ac-YESTNPFTAK-NH(2) binding is independent of salt. Successive replacement of acidic residues in Ac-GPSLNPFDEED-NH(2) with neutral residues showed that all are important. Lysine side chains in EHD1 EH create a region of strong positive surface potential near the NPF binding pocket. Contributions by lysine epsilon-amino groups to complex formation with Ac-GPSLNPFDEED-NH(2) was shown using direct-observe (15)N NMR spectroscopy. These experiments have enabled us to define a new extended interaction motif for EHD proteins, N-P-F-[DE]-[DE]-[DE], which we have used to predict new interaction partners and hence broaden the range of cellular activities involving the EHD proteins.

Disorder and structure in the Rab11 binding domain of Rab11 family interacting protein 2.

Rab11 plays a central role in plasma membrane recycling which returns cellular receptors for reuse at the cell surface. A recently identified family of Rab11 interacting proteins (FIP) includes FIP2. The C-terminal region of FIP2 is essential for colocalization with Rab11 on early endosomes and for enabling formation of higher-order oligomers. Rab11 binding and oligomerization of FIP2 are separable. Here we have determined the three-dimensional structure of the 40-residue coiled-coil oligomerization domain of FIP2 in the absence of Rab11 using NMR methods. The N-terminal half showed strong NOE cross-peaks and well-dispersed NMR resonances, whereas the C-terminal half had fewer NOE cross-peaks and less chemical shift dispersion. The 10 C-terminal residues were mostly disordered. The final structures of the dimer had favorable Ramachandran angles and a root-mean-square deviation of 0.59 +/- 0.13 A over superimposed backbone residues. The structure allows a comparison to a structure of FIP2 in complex with Rab11 that was determined crystallographically. In complex with Rab11, the C-terminal residues are not disordered but have a helical structure that predicts residual dipolar coupling constants that are incompatible with those measured on the unbound FIP2. In both structures, a histidine residue is found at the normally hydrophobic position of the heptad repeat of the coiled coil, and here we show its ionization destabilizes the coiled-coil structure. Together, these data allow us to build a model in which the binding of FIP family proteins to Rab11 can be described in terms of conformational changes and that suggests new modes of regulation.

Synthesis and characterization of constrained peptidomimetic dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitors: amino-lactam boroalanines.

We describe here the epimerization-free synthesis and characterization of a new class of conformationally constrained lactam aminoboronic acid inhibitors of dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP IV; E.C. 3.4.14.5). These compounds have the advantage that they cannot undergo the pH-dependent cyclization prevalent in most dipeptidyl boronic acids that attenuates their potency at physiological pH. For example, D-3-amino-1-[L-1-boronic-ethyl]-pyrrolidine-2-one (amino-D-lactam-L-boroAla), one of the best lactam inhibitors of DPP IV, is several orders of magnitude less potent than L-Ala-L-boroPro, as measured by Ki values (2.3 nM vs 30 pM, respectively). At physiological pH, however, it is actually more potent than L-Ala-L-boroPro, as measured by IC50 values (4.2 nM vs 1400 nM), owing to the absence of the potency-attenuating cyclization. In an interesting and at first sight surprising reversal of the relationship between stereochemistry and potency observed with the conformationally unrestrained Xaa-boroPro class of inhibitors, the L-L diastereomers of the lactams are orders of magnitude less effective than the D-L lactams. However, this interesting reversal and the unexpected potency of the D-L lactams as DPP IV inhibitors can be understood in structural terms, which is explained and discussed here.

High yield expression and purification of HIV-1 Tat1-72 for structural studies.

The HIV-1 transactivator of transcription (Tat) is a protein essential for virus replication. Tat is an intrinsically disordered RNA-binding protein that, in cooperation with host cell factors cyclin T1 and cyclin-dependent kinase 9, regulates transcription at the level of elongation. Tat also interacts with numerous other intracellular and extracellular proteins, and is implicated in a number of pathogenic processes. The physico-chemical properties of Tat make it a particularly challenging target for structural studies: Tat contains seven Cys residues, six of which are essential for transactivation, and is highly susceptible to oxidative cross-linking and aggregation. In addition, a basic segment (residues 48-57) gives the protein a high net positive charge of +12 at pH 7, endowing it with a high affinity for anionic polymers and surfaces. In order to study the structure of Tat, both alone and in complex with partner molecules, we have developed a system for the bacterial expression and purification of 6xHistidine-tagged and isotopically enriched (in N15 and C13) recombinant HIV-1 Tat(1-72) (BH10 isolate) that yields large amounts of protein. These preparations have facilitated the assignment of 95% of the backbone NMR resonances. Analysis by mass spectrometry and NMR demonstrate that the cysteine-rich Tat protein is unambiguously reduced, monomeric, and unfolded in aqueous solution at pH 4.

Solution structure of the hDlg/SAP97 PDZ2 domain and its mechanism of interaction with HPV-18 papillomavirus E6 protein.

The E6 protein from high-risk types of human papillomavirus (HPV) binds PDZ-domain containing proteins and targets them for degradation. We used isothermal titration calorimetry to measure the interaction of a peptide from the C-terminus of HPV-18 E6 to the second PDZ domain (PDZ2) from the human homologue of the Drosophila discs large tumor suppressor protein (hDlg). Isothermal titration calorimetry experiments with a series of peptides showed that HPV-18 E6 bound hDlg PDZ2 about 5-fold stronger than HPV-16 E6, that the contribution of Arg154 to binding was about 1 kcal/mol, and that the binding was disabled by phosphorylation at Thr156. We then used NMR to determine the solution structure of the complex of PDZ2 bound to the HPV-18 E6 peptide. The resultant structures were of high quality and had backbone root-mean-square deviations of less than 0.5 A. The structure shows a novel mode of interaction in which six residues of the HPV-18 E6 peptide are contacted by the PDZ2 domain, in contrast to the typical four residues used by class I PDZ domains. Molecular dynamics simulations supported a model in which the C- and N-terminal ends of the peptide had different mobilities within the complex. Comparison of the NMR complex structure to previously determined X-ray structures of PDZ2 by itself and bound to different peptides allows a description of conformational changes required for PDZ2 to bind to HPV-18 E6.

Identification of a region of fast skeletal troponin T required for stabilization of the coiled-coil formation with troponin I.

We have previously identified evolutionarily conserved heptad hydrophobic repeat (HR) domains in all isoprotein members of troponin T (TnT) and troponin I (TnI), two subunits of the Ca(2+)-regulatory troponin complex. Our suggestion that the HR domains are involved in the formation of a coiled-coil heterodimer of TnT and TnI has been recently confirmed by the crystal structure of the core domain of the human cardiac troponin complex. Here we studied a series of recombinant deletion mutants of the fast skeletal TnT to determine the minimal sequence required for stable coiled-coil formation with the HR domain of the fast skeletal TnI. Using circular dichroism spectroscopy, we measured the alpha helical content of the coiled-coil formed by the various TnT peptides with TnI HR domain. Sedimentation equilibrium experiments confirmed that the individual peptides of TnT were monomeric but formed heterodimers when mixed with HR domain of TnI. Isothermal titration calorimetry was then used to directly measure the affinity of the TnT peptides for the TnI HR domain. Surprisingly we found that the HR regions alone of the fast skeletal TnT and TnI, as defined earlier, were insufficient to form a coiled-coil. Furthermore we showed that an additional 14 amino acid residues N-terminal to the conserved HR region (TnT residues 165-178) are essential for the stable coiled-coil formation. We discuss the implication of our finding in the fast skeletal troponin isoform in the light of the crystal structure of the cardiac isoform.