Anti-tuberculosis activity and structure-activity relationships of oxygenated tricyclic carbazole alkaloids and synthetic derivatives.

A series of 49 oxygenated tricyclic carbazole derivatives has been tested for inhibition of the growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and a mammalian cell line (vero cells). From this series, twelve carbazoles showed a significant anti-TB activity. The four most active compounds were the naturally occurring carbazole alkaloids clauszoline-M (45), murrayaline-C (41), carbalexin-C (27), and the synthetic carbazole derivative 22 with MIC90 values ranging from 1.5 to 3.7µM. The active compounds were virtually nontoxic for the mammalian cell line in the concentration range up to 50µM.

Synthesis of Glycoborine, Glybomine A and B, the Phytoalexin Carbalexin A and the ß-Adrenoreceptor Antagonists Carazolol and Carvedilol.

We describe a regioselective synthesis of 4- or 5-substituted carbazoles by oxidative cyclisation of meta-oxygen-substituted N-phenylanilines. Using the regiodirecting effect of a pivaloyloxy group, we prepared 4-hydroxycarbazole, a precursor for the enantiospecific synthesis of the ß-adrenoreceptor antagonists (-)-(S)-carazolol (5) and (-)-(S)-carvedilol (6). Regioselective palladium(II)-catalysed cyclisation of different diarylamines led to total synthesis of glycoborine (7) and the first total syntheses of the phytoalexin carbalexin A (8), glybomine A (9) and glybomine B (10). For glybomine B (10), a 5-hydroxycarbazole was converted into the corresponding triflate and utilized for introduction of a prenyl substituent.

Total syntheses of murrayamine E, I, and K.

We describe efficient synthetic routes to murrayamine A (mukoenine C), O-methylmurrayamine A, mahanine, O-methylmahanine, and murrayamine D and the first total syntheses of murrayamine E, I, and K. Key steps are a palladium-catalyzed construction of the carbazole framework and an annulation of the pyran ring, which is either catalyzed by phenylboronic acid or promoted by a Lewis acid.

Synthesis of prenyl- and geranyl-substituted carbazole alkaloids by DIBAL-H promoted reductive pyran ring opening of dialkylpyrano[3,2-a]carbazoles.

The DIBAL-H promoted reductive pyran ring opening of dialkylpyrano[3,2-a]carbazoles provides a direct access to a broad range of prenyl- and geranyl-substituted carbazoles. Formation of a pyran ring followed by reductive ring opening represents a new method for the introduction of prenyl and geranyl groups. In the course of the present work, we achieved the first total syntheses of the following eight carbazole alkaloids: clauraila-E, 7-hydroxyheptaphylline, 7-methoxyheptaphylline, mukoenine-B (clausenatine-A), mukoenine-A (girinimbilol), mahanimbinol (mahanimbilol), euchrestine-A, and isomurrayafoline-B.

Total synthesis of the cyclic monoterpenoid pyrano[3,2-a]carbazole alkaloids derived from 2-hydroxy-6-methylcarbazole.

The synthesis of seven pyrano[3,2-a]carbazole alkaloids has been achieved using their putative biogenetic precursor 2-hydroxy-6-methylcarbazole as key intermediate.

Palladium(II)-catalysed total synthesis of naturally occurring pyrano[3,2-a]carbazole and pyrano[2,3-b]carbazole alkaloids.

Seven naturally occurring pyranocarbazole alkaloids (pyrayafoline A-E, O-methylmurrayamine A and O-methylmahanine) have been obtained by total synthesis using a palladium(II)-catalysed oxidative cyclisation of a diarylamine to an orthogonally diprotected 2,7-dihydroxycarbazole as key step.

Efficient construction of pyrano[3,2-a]carbazoles: application to a biomimetic total synthesis of cyclized monoterpenoid pyrano[3,2-a]carbazole alkaloids.

We have developed a highly efficient route to 2-hydroxy-3-methylcarbazole (1) via a palladium-catalyzed construction of the carbazole skeleton. Using 1 as relay compound, different methods for annulations of pyran rings by reaction with terpenoid building blocks have been tested. The Lewis acid promoted reaction of 1 with prenal (21) opened up an efficient route to girinimbine (3) and the corresponding reaction with citral (25) afforded mahanimbine (5). Oxidation of compounds 3 and 5 provided murrayacine (4) and murrayacinine (6). Following the biogenetic proposal, mahanimbine (5) has been exploited for efficient biomimetic syntheses of the cyclized monoterpenoid pyrano[3,2-a]carbazole alkaloids cyclomahanimbine (7), mahanimbidine (8) and bicyclomahanimbine (9). The interconversions of 5, 7, 8 and 9 are described and mechanistic implications are discussed. Structural assignments are unambiguously verified by X-ray crystal structure determinations. Moreover, cyclomahanimbine (7) was transformed into murrayazolinine (10) and exozoline (11).

Retained primary teeth in STAT3 hyper-IgE syndrome: early intervention in childhood is essential.

BACKGROUND: STAT3 hyper-IgE syndrome (STAT3-HIES) is a rare primary immunodeficiency that clinically overlaps with atopic dermatitis. In addition to eczema, elevated serum-IgE, and recurrent infections, STAT3-HIES patients suffer from characteristic facies, midline defects, and retained primary teeth. To optimize dental management we assessed the development of dentition and the long-term outcomes of dental treatment in 13 molecularly defined STAT3-HIES patients using questionnaires, radiographs, and dental investigations. RESULTS: Primary tooth eruption was unremarkable in all STAT3-HIES patients evaluated. Primary tooth exfoliation and permanent tooth eruption was delayed in 83% of patients due to unresorbed tooth roots. A complex orthodontic treatment was needed for one patient receiving delayed extraction of primary molars and canines. Permanent teeth erupted spontaneously in all patients receiving primary teeth extraction of retained primary teeth during average physiologic exfoliation time. CONCLUSIONS: The association of STAT3-HIES with retained primary teeth is important knowledge for dentists and physicians as timely extraction of retained primary teeth prevents dental complications. To enable spontaneous eruption of permanent teeth in children with STAT3-HIES, we recommend extracting retained primary incisors when the patient is not older than 9 years of age and retained primary canines and molars when the patient is not older than 13 years of age, after having confirmed the presence of the permanent successor teeth by radiograph.

Is there more to the clinical outcome in posttraumatic reconstruction of the inferior and medial orbital walls than accuracy of implant placement and implant surface contouring? A prospective multicenter study to identify predictors of clinical outcome.

PURPOSE: Reconstruction of orbital wall fractures is demanding and has improved dramatically with the implementation of new technologies. True-to-original accuracy of reconstruction has been deemed essential for good clinical outcome, and reasons for unfavorable clinical outcome have been researched extensively. However, no detailed analysis on the influence of plate position and surface contour on clinical outcome has yet been published. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Data from a previous study were used for an ad-hoc analysis to identify predictors for unfavorable outcome, defined as diplopia or differences in globe height and/or globe projection of >2 mm. Presumed predictors were implant surface contour, aberrant implant dimension or position, accuracy of reconstructed orbital volume, and anatomical fracture topography according to the current AO classification. RESULTS: Neither in univariable nor in multivariable regression models were unfavorable clinical outcomes associated with any of the presumed radiological predictors, and no association of the type of implant, i.e., standard preformed, CAD-based individualized and non-CAD-based individualized with its surface contour could be shown. CONCLUSION: These data suggest that the influence of accurate mechanical reconstruction on clinical outcomes may be less predictable than previously believed, while the role of soft-tissue-related factors may have been underestimated.

Procedures for the GMP-Compliant Production and Quality Control of [18F]PSMA-1007: A Next Generation Radiofluorinated Tracer for the Detection of Prostate Cancer.

Radiolabeled tracers targeting the prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) have become important radiopharmaceuticals for the PET-imaging of prostate cancer. In this connection, we recently developed the fluorine-18-labelled PSMA-ligand [18F]PSMA-1007 as the next generation radiofluorinated Glu-ureido PSMA inhibitor after [18F]DCFPyL and [18F]DCFBC. Since radiosynthesis so far has been suffering from rather poor yields, novel procedures for the automated radiosyntheses of [18F]PSMA-1007 have been developed. We herein report on both the two-step and the novel one-step procedures, which have been performed on different commonly-used radiosynthesisers. Using the novel one-step procedure, the [18F]PSMA-1007 was produced in good radiochemical yields ranging from 25 to 80% and synthesis times of less than 55 min. Furthermore, upscaling to product activities up to 50 GBq per batch was successfully conducted. All batches passed quality control according to European Pharmacopoeia standards. Therefore, we were able to disclose a new, simple and, at the same time, high yielding production pathway for the next generation PSMA radioligand [18F]PSMA-1007. Actually, it turned out that the radiosynthesis is as easily realised as the well-known [18F]FDG synthesis and, thus, transferable to all currently-available radiosynthesisers. Using the new procedures, the clinical daily routine can be sustainably supported in-house even in larger hospitals by a single production batch.

Pathologic fractures in bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw-review of the literature and review of our own cases.

Background Bisphosphonates are powerful drugs used for the management of osteoporosis and metastatic bone disease to avoid skeletal-related complications. Side effects are rare but potentially serious such as the bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaws (BRONJ). BRONJ impairs the quality of life and can even lead to pathologic fractures of the mandible. Management of BRONJ is difficult per se. If complicated with pathologic mandibular fractures in advanced stages, the treatment options are controversially discussed. This review delineates the epidemiology and pathogenesis of BRONJ to put the various modalities for the treatment of pathologic mandible fractures into perspective. Methods Various case reports and case series in the literature were reviewed. Cases were reviewed of patients suffering from pathologic fracture due to bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw treated in the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery (Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich) from 2003 to 2010. Of 140 patients suffering from BRONJ, four were identified with pathologic fracture of the mandible. Results Management of pathologic mandibular fractures in patients suffering from BRONJ is an unsolved issue. At present there is a paucity of information to establish reliable therapy guidelines. The published strategies range from conservative treatment to major bone resections with or without internal or external fixation and with or without autogenous reconstruction. There is no evidence for the superiority of a single therapeutic mode, however. Conclusion Further understanding of BRONJ is mandatory to establish a sound rationale for the treatment of associated mandibular fractures.