Psychological and contextual risk factors for first-onset depression among adolescents and young people around the globe: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

AIM: Identifying predictors for future onset of depression is crucial to effectively developing preventive interventions. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to identify risk factors for first-onset depression among adolescents and young people. METHODS: We searched MEDLINE (Ovid), PsycINFO, Cochrane Database, Web of Science, Lilacs, African Journals Online and Global Health (July 2009 to December 2020) for longitudinal studies assessing risk factors for first-onset depression among adolescents and young people aged 10-25 years. Meta-analyses generated summary odds ratio (OR) estimates. REGISTRATION: PROSPERO CRD42018103973. RESULTS: Nineteen studies representing 21 unique populations were included in the meta-analysis. Among studies reporting race/ethnicity, 79% of participants were of White/European descent. Seventeen studies were from high-income countries, with only two from an upper-middle-income country (China). Odds for first-onset depression were significantly greater for girls compared to boys (n = 13; OR = 1.78 [1.78, 2.28], p < 0.001) and for youth with other mental health problems at baseline (n = 4; OR = 3.20 [1.95, 5.23], p < 0.001). There were non-significant associations for negative family environment (n = 8; OR = 1.60 [0.82, 3.10], p = 0.16) and parental depression (n = 3; OR = 2.30 [0.73, 7.24], p = 0.16). CONCLUSIONS: Most longitudinal studies do not report risk factors specifically for first-onset depression. Moreover, predictive data are limited to predominantly White populations in high-income countries. Future research must be more ethnically and geographically representative. Recommendations are provided for consistent and comprehensive reporting of study designs and analyses of risk factors for first-onset depression.

On-line discussion boards: impact on caregiver reports of satisfaction, support and decision making in health care.

Informatics initiatives, including on-line discussion boards, increase the accessibility of health care information and may strengthen patient and caregiver levels of satisfaction with health care. In 2005, 95% of the living organ donors in the U.S. were living kidney donors. Care of the donor frequently falls to the spouse/companion and has been reported as extremely stressful. The proposed study seeks to better prepare the caregiver through the use of online information- discussion board interaction.