Speckle reduction for single sideband-encoded computer-generated holograms by using an optimized carrier wave.

Computer-generated hologram (CGH) is an evolving field that facilitates three-dimensional displays, with speckle noise reduction being a pivotal challenge. In hologram synthesis, complex data with random phase distributions are typically employed as carrier waves for wide viewing angles and a shallow depth of focus (DOF). However, these carrier waves are a source of speckle noise, which can significantly degrade image quality. In this paper, we propose a novel technique for speckle reduction for single sideband (SSB)-encoded holograms, applicable to any arbitrary 3D object. The proposed method focuses on optimizing the random carrier wave used in the hologram synthesis to achieve a uniform amplitude distribution at the object's location. This optimization results in a carrier wave that consistently exhibits uniform amplitude at specific depth planes, leading to a significant reduction of the speckle occurring from the carrier wave. The proposed method has been validated through simulations and optical experiments.

Analysis on image quality of a holographic lens with a non-converging signal wave for compact near-eye displays.

We analyze an image quality of a holographic lens (HL) in order to implement compact near-eye displays using a flat-panel-type micro-display panel. The proposed method utilizes a non-converging signal wave in a fabrication process of the HL, so that it provides affordable eye-box size with minimizing the aberration due to rays in the off-Bragg condition. For analyzing and optimizing the HL based on the non-converging signal wave, we introduce a comprehensive analysis model for an assessment of the image quality in the HL. The analysis model, inspired from the conventional lens design strategy for near-eye displays, evaluates the focal spot quality for incident rays forming each pixel with considering the on- and off-Bragg diffraction. The theoretical analysis is validated by simulation results using a volume hologram model in Zemax OpticStudio. As experimental verifications, we realize a prototype system using photopolymer-based HLs in a green color with the high transmittance of 89.3%. The image quality of the HLs is analyzed, which coincides well with the proposed analysis and assessment metric. By building a compact experimental setup employing the HL and a micro-organic light emitting diode display, we present see-through images with 8.0 mm of eye-box with reduced aberrations.

Projection-type see-through near-to-eye display with a passively enlarged eye-box by combining a holographic lens and diffuser.

We propose a projection-type see-through near-to-eye display by combining two holographic optical elements (HOEs), a holographic lens with the on-axis projection configuration and a holographic diffuser. The proposed method provides an enlarged eye-box by virtue of diffusing properties of an HOE diffuser (HOED) without any temporal multiplexing methods. In this paper, a thorough analysis on imaging characteristics of an HOE lens (HOEL) according to the projection configuration is provided, so that we optimize the recording geometry of the HOEL with the passively enlarged eye-box. The theoretical analysis is validated by simulation results using a volume hologram model in OpticStudio. As experimental verifications, we realize a prototype of the proposed method using the photopolymer-based HOEs in a single color. The fabricated HOEL and HOED show high transmittance of 84.9% and 62.2%, respectively. By using the fabricated HOED with a diffusing angle over 20 ° and an angular selectivity of 8.7 °, the prototype successfully provides see-through images with the eye-box larger than 5 mm in width.

Improved multiplex PCR primers for rapid identification of coagulase-negative staphylococci.

Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) are opportunistic pathogens that are currently emerging as causative agents of human disease. Though CNS are widespread in the clinic and food, their precise identification at species level is important. Here, using 16S rRNA sequencing, 55 staphylococcal isolates were identified as S. capitis, S. caprae, S. epidermidis, S. haemolyticus, S. pasteuri, S. saprophyticus, S. warneri, and S. xylosus. Although 16S rRNA sequencing is universally accepted as a standard for bacterial identification, the method did not effectively discriminate closely related species, and additional DNA sequencing was required. The divergence of the sodA gene sequence is higher than that of 16S rRNA. To devise a rapid and accurate identification method, sodA-specific primers were designed to demonstrate that species-specific multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) can be used for the identification of CNS species. The accuracy of this method was higher than that of phenotypic identification; the method is simple and less time-consuming than 16S rRNA sequencing. Of the 55 CNS isolates, 92.72% were resistant to at least one antibiotic, and 60% were resistant to three or more antibiotics. CNS isolates produced diverse virulence-associated enzymes, including hemolysin (produced by 69.09% of the isolates), protease (65.45%), lipase (54.54%), lecithinase (36.36%), and DNase (29.09%); all isolates could form a biofilm. Because of the increasing pathogenic significance of CNS, the efficient multiplex PCR detection method developed in this study may contribute to studies for human health.

See-through multi-projection three-dimensional display using transparent anisotropic diffuser.

We propose a see-through multi-projection three-dimensional (3D) display using a transparent anisotropic diffuser. By immersing a metal-coated anisotropic diffuser into index matching oil which has the same refractive index of anisotropic diffuser, a transparent anisotropic diffuser is implemented. The reflectance of the transparent anisotropic diffuser is analyzed with the transfer matrix. Two multi-projection methods are proposed based on reflection type integral imaging and multi-view method. Especially, the reflection type multi-view-based system is realized with a curved anisotropic diffuser. High resolution see-through 3D display can be realized with the proposed methods. They can be used in various applications with the two multi-projection methods. In order to show the augmented reality features, real objects and virtual 3D images are presented at the same time in the experimental setup.

F-number matching method in light field microscopy using an elastic micro lens array.

In light field microscopy (LFM), the F-number of the micro lens array (MLA) should be matched with the image-side F-number of the objective lens to utilize full resolution of an image sensor. We propose a new F-number matching method that can be applied to multiple objective lenses by using an elastic MLA. We fabricate an elastic MLA with polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) using a micro contact printing method and address the strain for the F-number variation. The strain response is analyzed, and the LFM system with the elastic MLA is demonstrated. Our proposed system can increase the F-number up to 27.3% and can be applied to multiple objective lenses.

Seamless full color holographic printing method based on spatial partitioning of SLM.

The holographic wavefront printer decodes the wavefront coming from a three-dimensional object from a computer generated hologram displayed on a spatial light modulator. By recording this wavefront as an analog volume hologram this printing method is highly suitable for realistic color 3D imaging. We propose in the paper spatial partitioning of the spatial light modulator to perform mosaic delivery of exposures at primary colors for seamless reconstruction of a white light viewable color hologram. The method is verified for a 3 × 3 color partitioning scheme by a wavefront printer with demagnification of the light beam diffracted from the modulator.

The role of p300 in the tumor progression of oral squamous cell carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: EP300 gene encoding p300 is a candidate tumor suppressor gene. This study investigated p300 expression and gene alteration in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) specimens to assess its role in OSCC development. METHODS: Genomic DNA extracted from 13 human OSCC cell lines and 40 OSCC patient specimens was subjected to methylation-specific PCR and exon sequencing. Immunohistochemical staining with primary antibodies against p300 and p53 was performed in 48 patients with OSCC. We analyzed the association between the data and clinicopathological factors of OSCC patients. RESULTS: Methylation-specific PCR revealed that the EP300 promoter region was not hypermethylated in OSCC. Only one cell line demonstrated a point mutation at exon 31. On immunohistochemical examination, patients with metastatic lymph nodes (P = 0.009) and advanced clinical stage (P = 0.046) tended to show increased expression of p300. There was no statistically significant relationship between p300 expression and p53 accumulation in OSCC tissue samples. Patient survival was not correlated with p300 expression. CONCLUSIONS: EP300 is not a tumor suppressor gene because there was neither epigenetic inactivation of the gene nor a mutation resulting in functional impairment. Based on p300 overexpression and its association with clinical factors in patients with OSCC, it is likely that p300 itself or one of its target genes plays a key role in the aggressive phenotypes of OSCC.

Two-dimensional and three-dimensional transparent screens based on lens-array holographic optical elements.

Two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) transparent screens can be created using lens-array holographic optical elements (HOEs). Lens-array HOEs can be used to perform 2D and 3D imaging for Bragg matched images while maintaining the transparent properties of the images in the background scenes. 2D or 3D imaging on the proposed screen is determined by the relative size of an elemental-lens on the lens-array to a pixel on the projected image. The 2D and 3D displays on the lens-array HOEs are implemented by the diffusion of light on each elemental-lens and by taking advantage of reflection-type integral imaging, respectively. We constructed an HOE recording setup and recorded two lens-array HOEs having different optical specifications, permitting them to function as 2D and 3D transparent screens. Experiments regarding 2D and 3D imaging on the proposed transparent screens are carried out and the viewing characteristics in both cases are discussed. The experimental results show that the proposed screens are capable of providing 2D and 3D images properly while satisfying the see-through properties.

Full-color lens-array holographic optical element for three-dimensional optical see-through augmented reality.

A novel system of optical see-through augmented reality (AR) is proposed by making use of a holographic optical element (HOE) with full-color and lens-array functions. The full-color lens-array HOE provides see-through property with three-dimensional (3D) virtual images, for it functions as a conventional lens array only for Bragg-matched lights. An HOE recording setup was built, and it recorded a 30 mm × 60 mm sized full-color lens-array HOE by using the techniques of spatial multiplexing for large-area recording and wavelength multiplexing for full-color imaging. The experimental results confirm that the suggested full-color lens-array HOE can provide the full-color 3D virtual images in the optical see-through AR system.

Pharmacist-social worker interprofessional relations and education in mental health: a scoping review.

Background: One in eight patients is affected by a mental health condition, and interprofessional mental health teams collaborate to improve patient care. While pharmacists and social workers are recognized as mental health team members, there is a lack of literature describing interprofessional relations and education between these professions, especially as it pertains to mental health. The purpose of this review was to identify and characterize reports describing pharmacist-social worker interprofessional relations and education within mental health. Methodology: To address this knowledge gap, this scoping review was conducted to collect and characterize reports published between January 1, 1960 and August 18, 2023 describing pharmacist-social worker interprofessional relations and education within the field of mental health. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) guidelines were followed. Ovid MEDLINE, CINAHL, and Social Work Abstracts were searched using keywords "pharmacy student," "pharmacist," "social work student," "social worker," and "social work." Reports were included if they were published in English and interprofessional relations or education occurred directly between (student) pharmacists and social workers. Results: Three hundred twenty records were identified and three records were included: one cross sectional study, one qualitative educational project, and one case report. Each record suggested positive patient and/or educational outcomes developing from pharmacist-social worker interprofessional relations and education. In clinical practice, pharmacist-social work teams identified mental health risk factors, reduced 30-day readmissions, and improved post-discharge telehealth care. In the classroom, a social worker improved pharmacy students' confidence assessing patient suicidal ideations. Conclusions: This scoping review identified needs and areas for future research: pharmacist interprofessional education with Master of Social Work and Doctor of Social Work degree students, transitional care and mental health outcome measure reporting using evidence-based outcomes, and development of scholarly teaching projects utilizing higher-level educational frameworks beyond learner reactions.

Integrative multi-omics characterization reveals sex differences in glioblastoma.

BACKGROUND: Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common and lethal primary brain tumor in adults, with limited treatment modalities and poor prognosis. Recent studies have highlighted the importance of considering sex differences in cancer incidence, prognosis, molecular disparities, and treatment outcomes across various tumor types, including colorectal adenocarcinoma, lung adenocarcinoma, and GBM. METHODS: We performed comprehensive analyses of large-scale multi-omics data (genomic, transcriptomic, and proteomic data) from TCGA, GLASS, and CPTAC to investigate the genetic and molecular determinants that contribute to the unique clinical properties of male and female GBM patients. RESULTS: Our results revealed several key differences, including enrichments of MGMT promoter methylation, which correlated with increased overall and post-recurrence survival and improved response to chemotherapy in female patients. Moreover, female GBM exhibited a higher degree of genomic instability, including aneuploidy and tumor mutational burden. Integrative proteomic and phosphor-proteomic characterization uncovered sex-specific protein abundance and phosphorylation activities, including EGFR activation in males and SPP1 hyperphosphorylation in female patients. Lastly, the identified sex-specific biomarkers demonstrated prognostic significance, suggesting their potential as therapeutic targets. CONCLUSIONS: Collectively, our study provides unprecedented insights into the fundamental modulators of tumor progression and clinical outcomes between male and female GBM patients and facilitates sex-specific treatment interventions. Highlights Female GBM patients were characterized by increased MGMT promoter methylation and favorable clinical outcomes compared to male patients. Female GBMs exhibited higher levels of genomic instability, including aneuploidy and TMB. Each sex-specific GBM is characterized by unique pathway dysregulations and molecular subtypes. EGFR activation is prevalent in male patients, while female patients are marked by SPP1 hyperphosphorylation.

Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common and lethal primary brain tumor in adults with limited treatment modalities and dismal prognosis. A thorough understanding of sex differences could facilitate personalized therapeutic strategies in GBM. In this study, we conducted a comprehensive multi-omics analysis from TCGA, CPTAC, and GLASS studies, revealing distinct molecular and clinical disparities between male and female GBM patients. We discovered that female GBM patients exhibited enrichments of MGMT promoter methylation and high genomic instability, including aneuploidy and TMB. While male GBMs were characterized by activation of EGFR protein and phosphorylation activities, female GBM patients demonstrated hyperphosphorylation of SPP1. Notably, these proteins demonstrated prognostic significance, highlighting their potential as therapeutic targets. Our findings provide unprecedented insights into the fundamental modulators of tumor progression and clinical outcomes in male and female GBM patients, offering valuable opportunities for sex-specific treatment interventions.

Integrated proteogenomic characterization of glioblastoma evolution.

The evolutionary trajectory of glioblastoma (GBM) is a multifaceted biological process that extends beyond genetic alterations alone. Here, we perform an integrative proteogenomic analysis of 123 longitudinal glioblastoma pairs and identify a highly proliferative cellular state at diagnosis and replacement by activation of neuronal transition and synaptogenic pathways in recurrent tumors. Proteomic and phosphoproteomic analyses reveal that the molecular transition to neuronal state at recurrence is marked by post-translational activation of the wingless-related integration site (WNT)/ planar cell polarity (PCP) signaling pathway and BRAF protein kinase. Consistently, multi-omic analysis of patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models mirror similar patterns of evolutionary trajectory. Inhibition of B-raf proto-oncogene (BRAF) kinase impairs both neuronal transition and migration capability of recurrent tumor cells, phenotypic hallmarks of post-therapy progression. Combinatorial treatment of temozolomide (TMZ) with BRAF inhibitor, vemurafenib, significantly extends the survival of PDX models. This study provides comprehensive insights into the biological mechanisms of glioblastoma evolution and treatment resistance, highlighting promising therapeutic strategies for clinical intervention.

Bi-sided integral imaging with 2D/3D convertibility using scattering polarizer.

We propose a two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) convertible bi-sided integral imaging. The proposed system uses the polarization state of projected light for switching its operation mode between 2D and 3D modes. By using an optical module composed of two scattering polarizers and one linear polarizer, the proposed integral imaging system simultaneously provides 3D images with 2D background images for observers who are located in the front and the rear sides of the system. The occlusion effect between 2D images and 3D images is realized by using a compensation mask for 2D images and the elemental images. The principle of proposed system is experimentally verified.

Single-shot self-interference incoherent digital holography using off-axis configuration.

We propose a single-shot incoherent holographic imaging technique that adopts self-interference incoherent digital holography (SIDH) with slight tilt of the plane mirror in the optical configuration. The limited temporal coherence length of the illumination leads the guide-star hologram of the proposed system to have a Gaussian envelope of elliptical ring shape. The observation shows that the reconstruction by cross correlation with the guide-star hologram achieves better quality than the usual propagation methods. Experimentally, we verify that the hologram and 3D reconstruction can be implemented incoherently with the proposed single-shot off-axis SIDH.

Development and Validation of a Perceived Community Food Accessibility Measurement Questionnaire for Korean Older Adults.

As the community food environment is known to be an important factor in healthy food choices, it needs to be measured, to increase awareness and improve healthy eating. The objective of this study was to develop a perceived community food accessibility measurement (P-CFAM) questionnaire applicable to older adults in Korea and evaluate its reliability and validity. The questionnaire was developed based on community food environment factors that were found to affect food choices in previous studies. We evaluated the internal consistency reliability, construct validity, and criterion-related validity. The subjects were 188 older adults for validity. The Cronbach's alpha value for the reliability measure was 0.9. The confirmatory factor analysis to evaluate the construct validity of the questionnaire showed values close to those of the optimal model (GFI = 0.983, AGFI = 0.948, RMR = 0.004, NFI = 0.987, CFI = 0.996). Regarding the criterion-related validity, the P-CFAM questionnaire results were significantly related to objective measurement indicators such as the number of grocery stores, the travel time to a grocery store, and the intake of vegetables and fruit. In conclusion, the developed P-CFAM questionnaire was shown to be reliable and valid, and useful for assessing older adults' perceptions of community food accessibility in Korea.

Enhancing angular sampling rate of integral floating display using dynamically variable apertures.

Two novel methods are proposed which enhance the angular sampling rate of the integral floating display by adopting dynamically variable apertures in front of the lenslet array or the floating lens. Adopted dynamically variable apertures are opened sequentially in synchronization with proper elemental images to subdivide the angular sampling step by time-multiplexing method. Our proposed method can enhance the angular sampling rate, which is related to an expressible longitudinal range, without sacrificing other visual quality factors in tradeoff relationship. Especially, our proposed method with apertures on the floating lens provides two-dimensional/three-dimensional convertible feature to integral floating display system.

A frontal projection-type three-dimensional display.

In a typical auto-stereoscopic three-dimensional display, the parallax barrier or lenticular lens is located in front of the display device. However, in a projection-type auto-stereoscopic display, such optical components make it difficult to display elemental images on the screen or to reconstruct a three-dimensional image, even though a projection-type display has many advantages. Therefore, it is necessary to use a rear projection technique in a projection-type auto-stereoscopic display, despite the fact that this is an inefficient use of space. We propose here a frontal projection-type auto-stereoscopic display by using a polarizer and a quarter-wave retarding film. Since the proposed method uses a frontal projection scheme and passive polarizing components, it has the advantage of being both space saving and cost effective. This is the first report that describes a frontal projection-type auto-stereoscopic display based on a parallax barrier and integral imaging by using a projector. Experimental results that support the proposed method are provided.

Integral floating display systems for augmented reality.

Novel integral floating three-dimensional (3D) display methods are proposed for implementing an augmented reality (AR) system. The 3D display for AR requires a long-range focus depth and a see-though property. A system that adopts a concave lens instead of a convex lens is proposed for realizing the integral floating system with a long working distance using a reduced pixel pitch of the elemental image. An investigation that reveals that the location of the central depth plane is restricted by the pixel pitch of the display device is presented. An optical see-through system using a convex half mirror is also proposed for providing 3D images with a proper accommodation response. The concepts of the proposed methods are explained and the validity of system is proved by the experimental results.

SH005S7 Overcomes Primary and Acquired Resistance of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer by Combined MET/EGFR/HER3 Inhibition.

In this study, we have examined the anticancer effects of SH005S7 on MET-amplified and (HCC827GR) NSCLC cells and their primary HCC827 cells. In vitro, first of all, cell viability and colony formation assay confirmed the growth inhibitory effects of SH005S7 on both cells. Second, SH005S7 inactivated EGFR-related multiple cell signaling, which was associated with a marked decrease in the constitutive phosphorylation of EGFR, HER3, MET, AKT, and ERK. Third, SH005S7 attenuated the anchorage-independent cell growth. Fourth, SH005S7 blocked invasive and metastatic capability by downregulation of mesenchymal markers-vimentin, snail, and MMP-9. Fifth, BrdU assay confirmed the cell cycle arrest of SH005S7 on these cells. When administered orally to nude mice xenografically transplanted human NSCLC, SH005S7 inhibited the growth of tumor and did not cause hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity in animals. Immunohistochemical and Western blot analyses of tissue showed that the suppression of growth correlated with inhibition of proliferation (Ki-67, PCNA), invasiveness (vimentin, snail), and angiogenesis (CD31) marker and decrement in the constitutive and phosphorylation of EGFR, HER3, MET, AKT, and ERK. Additionally, SH005S7 had immune stimulatory effects by TNF-α cytokine release on macrophage, without cell cytotoxicity. Overall, our results suggest that SH005S7 can inhibit the growth of MET-amplified and gefitinib-resistant NSCLC cells through the suppression of EGFR-related multiple targets linked to overcome gefitinib resistance.