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Paeonia suffruticosa (PS) and Paeonia lactiflora (PL) belong to the only genus in the family Paeoniaceae. Comparative analysis of the spatial metabolomes of PS and PL has rarely been performed. In this work, combined with multiple matrixes and dual-polarity detection, high mass resolution matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization MS imaging (MALDI MSI) and MALDI tandem MSI were performed on the root sections of the two Paeonia species. The spatial distributions of many metabolites including monoterpene and paeonol glycosides, tannins, flavonoids, saccharides and lipids were systematically characterized. The ambiguous tissue distribution of the two isomers paeoniflorin and albiflorin were distinguished by tandem MSI using lithium salt doped 2,5-dihydroxybenzoate matrix. In addition, the major intermediates involved in the biosynthetic pathway of gallotannins were successfully localized and visualized in the root sections. High-mass resolution MALDI full-scan MSI provides comprehensive and accurate spatial distribution of metabolites. The analytical power of the technique was further tested in the tandem MSI of two isomers. The ion images of individual metabolites provide chemical and microscopic characteristics beyond morphological identification, and the detailed spatiochemical information could not only improve our understanding of the biosynthetic pathway of hydrolyzable tannins, but also ensure the safety and effectiveness of their medicinal use.
Assuntos
Paeonia , Flavonoides , Glicosídeos , Metaboloma , Monoterpenos , Espectrometria de Massas por Ionização e Dessorção a Laser Assistida por MatrizRESUMO
Three fractions (I-III) were separated from crude oligosaccharides of lotus seeds by fast protein liquid chromatography with final purity of 97.6, 96.3, and 96.8%, respectively. The fractions were identified as sucrose, raffinose, and stachyose by using TLC, HPLC with charged aerosol detector (CAD), LC-MS, and methylation analysis. Subsequently sucrose and raffinose family oligosaccharides (RFOs) with degree of polymerization (DP) 3-5 (raffinose, stachyose, and verbascose) have been quantified by HPLC-CAD for the first time. All calibration curves for investigated analytes showed good linear regression (R2 > 0.9952). Their limit of detection and limit of quantity were in the ranges 0.14-0.28 and 0.36-0.48 µg/mL, respectively. The recoveries ranged from 96.6 to 103.4%. The contents of sucrose and RFOs DP3-DP5 were different in lotus seeds and other parts of lotus samples, but similar in their own variety. Additionally, the distribution of RFOs in different parts of lotus were also compared and the results indicated that RFOs might be mainly synthesized in lotus seeds. This work is helpful for understanding the way of biosynthesis of RFOs in lotus as well as quality control of plants containing RFOs.
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A green and reliable method using supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) and molecular distillation (MD) was optimized for the separation and purification of standardized typical volatile components fraction (STVCF) from turmeric to solve the shortage of reference compounds in quality control (QC) of volatile components. A high quality essential oil with 76.0% typical components of turmeric was extracted by SFE. A sequential distillation strategy was performed by MD. The total recovery and purity of prepared STVCF were 97.3% and 90.3%, respectively. Additionally, a strategy, i.e., STVCF-based qualification and quantitative evaluation of major bioactive analytes by multiple calibrated components, was proposed to easily and effectively control the quality of turmeric. Compared with the individual calibration curve method, the STVCF-based quantification method was demonstrated to be credible and was effectively adapted for solving the shortage of reference volatile compounds and improving the QC of typical volatile components in turmeric, especially its functional products.
Assuntos
Fracionamento Químico , Curcuma/química , Destilação , Extratos Vegetais/química , Extratos Vegetais/isolamento & purificação , Compostos Orgânicos Voláteis/química , Compostos Orgânicos Voláteis/isolamento & purificação , Fracionamento Químico/instrumentação , Fracionamento Químico/métodos , Destilação/instrumentação , Destilação/métodos , Cromatografia Gasosa-Espectrometria de Massas/métodos , Óleos Voláteis/química , Óleos Voláteis/isolamento & purificação , Óleos de Plantas/química , Óleos de Plantas/isolamento & purificação , Reprodutibilidade dos TestesRESUMO
Coreopsis tinctoria, also called "snow chrysanthemum" in China, is a flower tea material that has been reported to possess excellent pharmacological properties such as antioxidant and antidiabetic activities. The chemical characteristics of different parts (flowers, buds, seeds, stems, and leaves) of C. tinctoria were investigated based on microwave-assisted extraction and the simultaneous determination of 13 major active compounds by high-performance liquid chromatography, including taxifolin-7-O-glucoside, chlorogenic acid, (R/S)-flavanomarein, isocoreopsin, quercetagetin-7-O-glucoside, isookanin, 5,7,3',5'-tetrahydroxyflavanone-7-O-glucoside, marein, 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid, coreopsin, okanin, 5,7,3',5'-tetrahydroxyflavanone, and N(1) ,N(5) ,N(10) ,N(14) -tetra-p-coumaroylspermine. Chemometric analysis based on the contents of investigated compounds from 13 samples showed that C. tinctoria and the related flower tea materials, Chrysanthemum morifolium cv "Hangju" and "Gongju," were in different clusters, and different parts (flowers, buds, seeds, stems, and leaves) of C. tinctoria were obviously different. This study is helpful for the quality control and pharmacological evaluation of different parts from C. tinctoria and its related products.
Assuntos
Coreopsis/química , Micro-Ondas , Componentes Aéreos da Planta/química , Extratos Vegetais/isolamento & purificação , China , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão , Modelos Lineares , Estrutura Molecular , Extratos Vegetais/químicaRESUMO
This article presents an overview of the advance of CE and CEC in phytochemical analysis, based on the literature not mentioned in our previous review papers [Chen, X. J., Zhao, J., Wang, Y. T., Huang, L. Q., Li, S. P., Electrophoresis 2012, 33, 168179], mainly covering the years 20122013. In this article, attention is paid to online preconcentration, rapid separation, and sensitive detection. Selected examples illustrate the applicability of CE and CEC in biomedical, pharmaceutical, environmental, and food analysis. Finally, some general conclusions and future perspectives are given.
Assuntos
Eletrocromatografia Capilar , Eletroforese Capilar , Compostos Fitoquímicos/análise , Preparações de Plantas/análiseRESUMO
Two Ganoderma species, G. lucidum and G. sinense, are listed as Lingzhi in Chinese Pharmacopoeia and they are considered to have the same therapeutic effects. Polysaccharides were the main immunomodulatory and anticancer components in Ganoderma. In this study, the chemical characters and the effects of polysaccharides from G. lucidum (GLPS) and G. sinense (GSPS) on macrophage functions were investigated and compared. Chemical studies showed that GLPS and GSPS were different, displaying various molecular weight distribution and ratio of monosaccharide components. In vitro pharmacological studies showed that both GLPS and GSPS had potent effects on macrophage functions, such as promoting macrophage phagocytosis, increasing their release of nitric oxide and cytokines interleukin (IL)-1α, IL-6, IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor-α. Generally, GLPS was more powerful than GSPS. This study is helpful to elucidate the active components and pharmacological variation between the 2 Ganoderma species. The structure-activity relationship of polysaccharides from Ganoderma needs further study.
Assuntos
Ganoderma/química , Ganoderma/classificação , Imunomodulação , Polissacarídeos/farmacologia , Animais , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Sobrevivência Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Interleucina-10/metabolismo , Interleucina-1alfa/metabolismo , Interleucina-6/metabolismo , Macrófagos/efeitos dos fármacos , Camundongos , Peso Molecular , Óxido Nítrico/metabolismo , Fagocitose/efeitos dos fármacos , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/metabolismoRESUMO
The P. heterophylla and its adulterants were identified by HPLC-CAD fingerprint of sucrose and oligosaccharides in P. heterophylla. The improved quantitative analysis of multi-components with a single marker (iQAMS) was further established for simultaneous determinations of sucrose and oligosaccharides in P. heterophylla. The HPLC-CAD fingerprint and similarity coefficients between P. heterophylla and its adulterants showed significant differences. The relative errors (REs) between iQAMS method and external standard method (ESM) were below 3.00%, but significant difference was shown between iQAMS (different marker for whole program with gradient elution) and QAMS (one marker for whole program with gradient elution), indicating that QAMS method should be improved, especially for gradient elution which influence the response of analytes. The accuracy, precision, reproducibility, and stability of this method were validated which exhibited satisfactory results, indicating that iQAMS method could be used for quantitative analysis of sucrose and oligosaccharides in P. heterophylla instead of ESM. The iQAMS combined with HPLC-CAD fingerprint could be used to determine the content of each oligosaccharide, and it can be used for quality control of P. heterophylla.
Assuntos
Contaminação de Medicamentos , Oligossacarídeos , Sacarose , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão/métodos , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Oligossacarídeos/análise , Oligossacarídeos/química , Sacarose/análise , Sacarose/química , Contaminação de Medicamentos/prevenção & controle , Controle de Qualidade , Medicamentos de Ervas Chinesas/análise , Medicamentos de Ervas Chinesas/químicaRESUMO
Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is the main cause of end-stage renal disease, and few therapeutic options are available. The root of Achyranthis bidentatae (AB) is commonly used for DKD treatment in Traditional Chinese medicine. However, its mechanisms are still unclear. Here, a graminan type fructan ABPW1 with molecular weight of 3998 Da was purified from AB. It was composed of ß-1,2-linked Fruf, ß-2,6-linked-Fruf and ß-1,2,6-linked-Fruf backbone, and terminated with T-Glcp and 2-Fruf residues. ABPW1 protected against kidney injuries and intestinal barrier disruption in Streptozotocin (STZ)/High fat diet (HFD) mice. It could modulate gut microbiota composition, evidenced by a rise in the abundance of Bacteroide and decreases of Rikenella, Alistipes, Laedolimicola and Faecalibaculum. ABPW1 intervention promoted short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) production in STZ/HFD mice, especially propionate and isobutyric acid. Antibiotic treatment further demonstrated the key role of gut microbiota in the renal protective action of ABPW1. In addition, in vitro simulated digestion and fermentation together with in vivo fluorescent labeling studies demonstrated ABPW1 was indigestible in upper digestive tract but could reach the colon and be degraded into SCFAs by gut microbiota there. Overall, these data suggested ABPW1 has the potential application on DKD prevention.
Assuntos
Achyranthes , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental , Nefropatias Diabéticas , Frutanos , Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Animais , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/efeitos dos fármacos , Achyranthes/química , Camundongos , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/tratamento farmacológico , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/complicações , Nefropatias Diabéticas/tratamento farmacológico , Nefropatias Diabéticas/prevenção & controle , Masculino , Frutanos/farmacologia , Frutanos/química , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Dieta Hiperlipídica/efeitos adversos , Estreptozocina , Rim/efeitos dos fármacos , Rim/patologia , Ácidos Graxos Voláteis/metabolismoRESUMO
A Pd-catalyzed enantioselective aminosilylation of alkenes via tandem Aza-Heck/silylation reaction under Pd/Sadphos catalysis is disclosed. A wide array of oxime esters and silicon reagents are tolerated, furnishing the chiral pyrrolines bearing one quaternary or two contiguous stereocenters in good yield with high enantioselectivity. Not only terminal alkenes but also tri-substituented internal alkenes successfully participate in the reaction, delivering vicinal stereocenters in complete diastereoselectivity and high enantioselectivity. DFT study is conducted to probe the reaction pathway and the origin of the enantioselectivity, which revealed that the stereoinduction arises from the weak interaction between the aromatic ring of the substrate fragment and naphthyl group in the ligand.
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The base of Flammulina velutipes (F. velutipes) stipe are agricultural wastes generated during the cultivation of edible fungus F. velutipes with high amount of chitin. Herein, this study firstly prepared chitosan from the base of F. velutipes stipe (FVC) and its structure was identified. It was confirmed that FVC acted as an antigenic substance to activate the immune system in vivo and in vitro, drive T cells to differentiate into Th-17 cells, and establish an effective mucosal immune barrier in the oral cavity, thus inhibited C. albicans infection; On the other hand, FVC maintained the oral flora stability and significantly reduced the abundance of Streptococcus spp., which was closely related to C. albicans infection. On this basis, the inhibitory effects of FVC on oral pathogens Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus casei associated with C. albicans infection were further verified, and it was demonstrated that FVC effectively interfered with the growth of pathogenic bacteria by inducing the production of intracellular ROS to damage bacterial cells. Therefore, FVC may be potentially exploited as a novel approach to the prevention and treatment of oral C. albicans infection.
Assuntos
Candida albicans , Diferenciação Celular , Quitosana , Flammulina , Streptococcus mutans , Células Th17 , Streptococcus mutans/efeitos dos fármacos , Quitosana/química , Quitosana/farmacologia , Flammulina/química , Candida albicans/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Diferenciação Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Células Th17/imunologia , Camundongos , Candidíase Bucal/tratamento farmacológico , Candidíase Bucal/microbiologia , Boca/microbiologiaRESUMO
Codonopsis pilosula is a famous edible and medicinal plants, in which polysaccharides are recognized as one of the important active ingredients. A neutral polysaccharide (CPP-1) was purified from C. pilosula. The structure was characterized by HPSEC-MALLS-RID, UV, FT-IR, GC-MS, methylation analysis, and NMR. The results showed that CPP-1 was a homogeneous pure polysaccharide, mainly containing fructose and glucose, and a small amount of arabinose. Methylation analysis showed that CPP-1 composed of â1)-Fruf-(2â, Fruf-(1â and Glcp-(1â residues. Combined the NMR results the structure of CPP-1 was confirmed as α-D-Glcp-(1 â [2)-ß-D-Fruf-(1 â 2)-ß-D-Fruf-(1]26 â 2)-ß-D-Fruf with the molecular weight of 4.890 × 103 Da. The model of AML12 hepatocyte fat damage was established in vitro. The results showed that CPP-1 could increase the activity of SOD and CAT antioxidant enzymes and reduce the content of MDA, thus protecting cells from oxidative damage. Subsequently, the liver protective effect of CPP-1 was studied in the mouse model of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) induced by the high-fat diet. The results showed that CPP-1 significantly reduced the body weight, liver index, and body fat index of NAFLD mice, and significantly improved liver function. Therefore, CPP-1 should be a potential candidate for the treatment of NAFLD.
Assuntos
Codonopsis , Hepatopatia Gordurosa não Alcoólica , Animais , Camundongos , Hepatopatia Gordurosa não Alcoólica/tratamento farmacológico , Codonopsis/química , Espectroscopia de Infravermelho com Transformada de Fourier , Polissacarídeos/farmacologia , Polissacarídeos/uso terapêutico , Polissacarídeos/química , Antioxidantes/farmacologiaRESUMO
Polysaccharides isolated from medicinal plants and fungi exhibit multiple pharmacological activities. The biological activities of polysaccharides depend on their chemical characteristics. However, characterization of polysaccahrides is a challenge because of their complicated structure and macromolecular mass. In this review, chromatography in characterization of polysaccharides, including physicochemical characterization (purity, molecular mass, and distribution), structural characterization (constituent monosaccharide composition and the ratio, the features of glycosidic linkages), and fingerprint of polysaccharides (acidic and enzymatic hydrolysates), from medicinal plants and fungi were reviewed and discussed according to the publications collected in Web of Science since 2007. The perspective for characterization of polysaccharides has also been described.
Assuntos
Fungos/química , Plantas Medicinais/química , Polissacarídeos/química , Polissacarídeos/isolamento & purificação , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão , Peso MolecularRESUMO
A high-performance anion-exchange chromatography coupled with diode array detection method was developed for the determination of dencichine in Panax notoginseng and related species. The analysis was performed on an Eprogen Synchropak WAX column (4.6 × 250 mm, 6 µm) with 50 mM NaH2 PO4 aqueous solution isocratic elution. The method was validated in terms of linearity, sensitivity, precision, stability, and accuracy. It was found that the calibration curve for dencichine showed good linearity (R(2) = 0.9999) within the test range. The LOD and LOQ were 0.77 and 3.06 ng, respectively. The RSD for intra- and interday repeatability was 0.2 and 0.5%, respectively. The test solution of dencichine is stable at least for three days at room temperature and for seven days at 4 °C. The mean recovery of dencichine was 102.0%. The established method was successfully applied to determine dencichine in the raw root of P. nogoginseng, P. ginseng, and P. quinquefolium as well as the steamed root of P. notoginseng. Compared with previous reports, this method is sensitive, selective, and accurate, which is helpful to evaluate the quality of P. notoginseng and related species.
Assuntos
Diamino Aminoácidos/análise , Panax notoginseng/química , Ânions/química , Cromatografia por Troca Iônica , Estrutura Molecular , Panax notoginseng/classificaçãoRESUMO
Dendrobium spp. are precious medicinal plants, used in China for thousands of years as health foods and nutrients. Polysaccharides are the main effective ingredients in Dendrobium plants. In this study, the chemical characteristics and the effects of crude polysaccharides (CPs) from five species of Dendrobium on macrophage function were investigated and compared in vitro for the first time. Chemical characteristic studies showed that CPs from different species of Dendrobium were diverse, displaying widely varied Mw distributions and molar ratios of monosaccharides. Their effects on macrophage functions, such as promoting phagocytosis, release of NO and cytokines IL-1α, IL-6, IL-10 and TNF-α, were also different. Moreover, CPs from D. officinale, especially collected from Yunnan Province, exerted the strongest immunomodulatory activities and could be explored as a novel potential functional food. The diverse chemical characteristics of CPs from different species of Dendrobium might contribute to their varied effects on macrophage functions, which should be further investigated.
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Citocinas/biossíntese , Dendrobium/química , Fatores Imunológicos , Macrófagos/metabolismo , Fagocitose/efeitos dos fármacos , Polissacarídeos , Animais , Linhagem Celular , Fatores Imunológicos/química , Fatores Imunológicos/isolamento & purificação , Fatores Imunológicos/farmacologia , Macrófagos/citologia , Camundongos , Polissacarídeos/química , Polissacarídeos/isolamento & purificação , Polissacarídeos/farmacologiaRESUMO
A high performance liquid chromatography coupled with diode array and evaporative light scattering detection (HPLC-DAD-ELSD) method for simultaneous determination of eight major bioactive compounds including two flavonoids (rutin and eriodictyol-7-O-ß-D-glucopyranoside), two isochlorogenic acids (isochlorogenic acid A and isochlorogenic acid C) and four triterpenoids (ilexhainanoside D, ilexsaponin A1, ilexgenin A and ursolic acid) in Ilex hainanensis has been developed for the first time. The 283 nm wavelength was chosen for determination of two flavonoids and two isochlorogenic acids. ELSD was applied to determine four triterpenoids. The analysis was performed on an Agilent Zorbax SB-C18 column (250 × 4.6 mm i.d., 5 µm) with gradient elution of 0.2% formic acid in water and acetonitrile. The method was validated for linearity, limit of detection, limit of quantification, precision, repeatability and accuracy. The proposed method has been successfully applied for simultaneous quantification of the analytes in four samples of Ilex hainanensis, which is helpful for quality control of this plant.
Assuntos
Ácido Clorogênico/análogos & derivados , Flavonoides/química , Ilex/química , Triterpenos/química , Ácido Clorogênico/análise , Ácido Clorogênico/química , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão , Flavonoides/análise , Lasers Semicondutores , Luz , Extratos Vegetais/análise , Extratos Vegetais/química , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Espalhamento de Radiação , Sensibilidade e Especificidade , Triterpenos/análiseRESUMO
A novel polysaccharide (NAP-3) was isolated and purified from Naematelia aurantialba after water extraction. The structure of NAP-3, which was determined by FT-IR, HPLC, GC-MS, and NMR, indicated that NAP-3 was a homogeneous polysaccharide with the molecular weight of 428 kDa, mainly consisted of ß-1, 3-D-Manp, ß-1, 2, 3-D-Manp, ß-D-Xylp, ß-1, 4-D-Glcp, ß-1, 4-D-Rhap in a molar ratio of 6.49: 1.11: 2.4: 0.13: 0.83. In vitro α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibitory assay showed that NAP-3 had a low IC50 value, which exhibited similar enzyme inhibitory activity as acarbose. NAP-3 was evaluated as an adjuvant with metformin for antidiabetic therapy in HFD/STZ-induced diabetic mice and insulin resistance HepG2 cells. The combination of NAP-3 and metformin in diabetic mice exhibited significant hypoglycemic activity, reducing body weight, serum insulin levels, glucose tolerance, insulin tolerance, and increasing antioxidant levels compared to metformin alone. The combination of NAP-3 and metformin improved oxidative stress by increasing ROS clearance, thereby enhancing glucose uptake in HepG2 cells. This study provided new data for the study of Naematelia aurantialba polysaccharides and offers a new adjuvant therapy for the treatment of diabetes.
Assuntos
Diabetes Mellitus Experimental , Insulinas , Metformina , Animais , Camundongos , Hipoglicemiantes/farmacologia , Hipoglicemiantes/uso terapêutico , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/tratamento farmacológico , Espectroscopia de Infravermelho com Transformada de Fourier , Adjuvantes ImunológicosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Early triage of patients with mushroom poisoning is essential for administering precise treatment and reducing mortality. To our knowledge, there has been no established method to triage patients with mushroom poisoning based on clinical data. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this work was to construct a triage system to identify patients with mushroom poisoning based on clinical indicators using several machine learning approaches and to assess the prediction accuracy of these strategies. METHODS: In all, 567 patients were collected from 5 primary care hospitals and facilities in Enshi, Hubei Province, China, and divided into 2 groups; 322 patients from 2 hospitals were used as the training cohort, and 245 patients from 3 hospitals were used as the test cohort. Four machine learning algorithms were used to construct the triage model for patients with mushroom poisoning. Performance was assessed using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), decision curve, sensitivity, specificity, and other representative statistics. Feature contributions were evaluated using Shapley additive explanations. RESULTS: Among several machine learning algorithms, extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost) showed the best discriminative ability in 5-fold cross-validation (AUC=0.83, 95% CI 0.77-0.90) and the test set (AUC=0.90, 95% CI 0.83-0.96). In the test set, the XGBoost model had a sensitivity of 0.93 (95% CI 0.81-0.99) and a specificity of 0.79 (95% CI 0.73-0.85), whereas the physicians' assessment had a sensitivity of 0.86 (95% CI 0.72-0.95) and a specificity of 0.66 (95% CI 0.59-0.73). CONCLUSIONS: The 14-factor XGBoost model for the early triage of mushroom poisoning can rapidly and accurately identify critically ill patients and will possibly serve as an important basis for the selection of treatment options and referral of patients, potentially reducing patient mortality and improving clinical outcomes.
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Immunoassay-based techniques are important on-site screening tools for the detection of mycotoxins in cereals. This study aims to evaluate the trueness, precision, repeatability and cross-reactivity of commercially available test strips, ELISA kits and UHPLC-MS/MS on analyzing zearalenone, ochratoxin A, deoxynivalenol, T-2 toxin and fumonisin B1. The results showed that false negative rate (25.7 %-37.4 %) of all tested mycotoxins by test strips was higher than the false positive rate (0 %-31.0 %). The repeatability of ELISA kits at the declared LOD dispersed from -85.7 % to +98.4 %. ELISA kits were more accurate at 50 % of the maximum residue limit (MRL) of mycotoxins than 150 % and 200 %. All the tested deoxynivalenol/zearalenone derivatives had cross-reactivity with different level, and sample matrix could reinforce this overestimation of target mycotoxin. This study emphasized that higher-quality antibody screening and more analytical performance investigations are need to address for on-site detection of mycotoxins in the future.
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Micotoxinas , Zearalenona , Micotoxinas/análise , Grão Comestível/química , Espectrometria de Massas em Tandem/métodos , Zearalenona/análise , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão , Contaminação de Alimentos/análiseRESUMO
In present study, a multiple columns and detectors liquid chromatography system for analysis of global components in traditional Chinese medicines was developed. The liquid chromatography system was consist of three columns, including size exclusion chromatography column, hydrophilic interaction chromatography column, and reversed phase chromatography column, and three detectors, such as diode array detector, evaporative light scattering detector, and mass spectrometry detector, based on column switching technique. The developed multiple columns and detectors liquid chromatography system was successfully applied to the analysis of global components, including macromolecular (polysaccharides), high (nucleosides and sugars)-, and low (triterpenes)-polarity small molecular compounds in Ganoderma, a well-known Chinese medicinal mushroom. As a result, one macromolecular chromatographic peak was found in two Ganoderma species, 19 components were identified in Ganoderma lucidum (two sugars, three nucleosides, and 14 triterpenes), and four components (two sugars and two nucleosides) were identified in Ganoderma sinense. The developed multiple columns and detectors liquid chromatography system was helpful to understand comprehensive chemical characters in TCMs.
Assuntos
Cromatografia Líquida/métodos , Ganoderma/química , Polissacarídeos/análise , Triterpenos/análise , Cromatografia Líquida/instrumentação , Medicina Tradicional ChinesaRESUMO
Ganoderma lucidum and Ganoderma sinense, known as Lingzhi in Chinese, are commonly used Chinese medicines with excellent beneficial health effects. Triterpenes and polysaccharides are usually considered as their main active components. However, the content of triterpenes differs significantly between the two species of Ganoderma. To date, a careful comparison of polysaccharides from the two species of Ganoderma has not been performed. In this study, polysaccharides from fruiting bodies of two species of Lingzhi collected from different regions of China were analyzed and compared based on HPSEC-ELSD and HPSEC-MALLS-RI analyses, as well as enzymatic digestion and HPTLC of acid hydrolysates. The results indicated that both the HPSEC-ELSD profiles and the molecular weights of the polysaccharides were similar. Enzymatic digestion showed that polysaccharides from all samples of Lingzhi could be hydrolyzed by pectinase and dextranase. HPTLC profiles of their TFA hydrolysates colored with different reagents and their monosaccharides composition were also similar.