Global, regional, and national burden of non-communicable diseases attributable to occupational asbestos exposure 1990-2019 and prediction to 2035: worsening or improving?

Understanding the burden associated with occupational asbestos exposure on a global and regional scale is necessary to implement coordinated prevention and control strategies. By the GBD Study 2019, we conducted a comprehensive assessment of the non-communicable diseases burden attributable to occupational asbestos exposure. In 2019, 239,330 deaths and 4,189,000 disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) worldwide due to occupational asbestos exposure occurred. 1990-2019, deaths and DALYs attributed to occupational asbestos exposure increased by 65.65% and 43.66%, respectively. Age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR) and age-standardized DALYs rate (ASDR) decreased, with the most rapid declines in high Socio-Demographic Index (SDI) regions, with average annual percent change (AAPC) of - 1.05(95%CI: -1.2, -0.89) and -1.53(95%CI: -1.71, -1.36), respectively. Lung cancer, mesothelioma and ovarian cancer were the top three contributors to the increase in deaths and DALYs, accounting for more than 96%. AAPCs of ASMR and ASDR were positively associated with SDI. Global deaths from occupational asbestos exposure were predicted to increase and ASMR to decrease by 2035, mostly in males. Due consideration should be given to the susceptibility of the elderly, the lag of asbestos onset, and the regional differences, and constantly improve the prevention and control measures of occupational asbestos exposure and related diseases.

Patterns of global burden of 13 diseases attributable to lead exposure, 1990-2019.

OBJECTIVES: Understanding the spatio-temporal patterns of the global burden of various diseases resulting from lead exposure is critical for controlling lead pollution and disease prevention. METHODS: Based on the 2019 Global Burden of Disease (GBD) framework and methodology, the global, regional, and national burden of 13 level-three diseases attributable to lead exposure were analyzed by disease type, patient age and sex, and year of occurrence. Population attributable fraction (PAF), deaths and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR) and age-standardized DALYs rate (ASDR) obtained from the GBD 2019 database were used as descriptive indicators, and the average annual percentage change (AAPC) was estimated by a log-linear regression model to reflect the time trend. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: From 1990 to 2019, the number of deaths and DALYs resulting from lead exposure increased by 70.19% and 35.26%, respectively; however, the ASMR and ASDR decreased by 20.66% and 29.23%, respectively. Ischemic heart disease (IHD), stroke, and hypertensive heart disease (HHD) showed the highest increases in deaths; IHD, stroke, and diabetes and kidney disease (DKD) had the fastest-growing DALYs. The fastest decline in ASMR and ASDR was seen in stroke, with AAPCs of -1.25 (95% CI [95% confidence interval]: -1.36, -1.14) and -1.66 (95% CI: -1.76, -1.57), respectively. High PAFs occurred mainly in South Asia, East Asia, the Middle East, and North Africa. Age-specific PAFs of DKD resulting from lead exposure were positively correlated with age, whereas the opposite was true for mental disorders (MD), with the burden of lead-induced MD concentrated in children aged 0-6 years. The AAPCs of ASMR and ASDR showed a strong negative correlation with the socio-demographic index. Our findings showed that the global impact of lead exposure and its burden increased from 1990 to 2019 and varied significantly according to age, sex, region, and resulting disease. Effective public health measures and policies should be adopted to prevent and control lead exposure.

Fatal, non-fatal burden of cancer in the elderly in China, 2005-2016: a nationwide registry-based study.

BACKGROUND: As populations age, cancer burden becomes increasingly conspicuous. This study quantified the cancer burden of the elderly (≥ 60 years) in China, based on the China Cancer Registry Annual Report to provide epidemiological evidence for cancer prevention and control. METHODS: Data on cancer cases and deaths among the elderly aged ≥ 60 years were collected from the China Cancer Registry Annual Report, 2008-2019. Potential years of life lost (PYLL) and disability-adjusted life years (DALY) were calculated to analyze fatalities and the non-fatal burden. The time trend was analyzed using the Joinpoint model. RESULTS: From 2005 to 2016, the PYLL rate of cancer in the elderly was stable between 45.34‰ and 47.62‰, but the DALY rate for cancer decreased at an average annual rate of 1.18% (95% CI: 0.84-1.52%). The non-fatal cancer burden in the rural elderly was higher than that of the urban elderly. Lung, gastric, liver, esophageal, and colorectal cancers were the main cancers causing the cancer burden in the elderly, and accounted for 74.3% of DALYs. The DALY rate of lung cancer in females in the 60-64 age group increased (annual percentage change [APC] = 1.14%, 95% CI: 0.10-1.82%). Female breast cancer was one of the top five cancers in the 60-64 age group, with DALY rates that also increased (APC = 2.17%, 95% CI: 1.35-3.01%). With increasing age, the burden of liver cancer decreased, while that of colorectal cancer rose. CONCLUSIONS: From 2005 to 2016, the cancer burden in the elderly in China decreased, mainly reflected in the non-fatal burden. Female breast and liver cancer were a more serious burden in the younger elderly, while colorectal cancer burden was mainly observed in the older elderly.

Epidemiological characteristics of leukemia in China, 2005-2017: a log-linear regression and age-period-cohort analysis.

BACKGROUND: Leukemia is a threat to human health, and there are relatively few studies on the incidence, mortality and disease burden analysis of leukemia in China. This study aimed to analyze the incidence and mortality rates of leukemia in China from 2005 to 2017 and estimate their age-period-cohort effects, it is an important prerequisite for effective prevention and control of leukemia. METHODS: Leukemia incidence and mortality data from 2005 to 2017 were collected from the Chinese Cancer Registry Annual Report. Joinpoint regression model was used to estimate the average annual percentage change (AAPC) and annual percentage change (APC) response time trend. Age-period-cohort model was constructed to analyze the effects of age, period and cohort. RESULTS: The age-standardized incidence rate of leukemia was 4.54/100,000 from 2005 to 2017, showed an increasing trend with AAPC of 1.9% (95% CI: 1.3%, 2.5%). The age-standardized mortality rate was 2.91/100,000, showed an increasing trend from 2005 to 2012 with APC of 2.1% (95%CI: 0.4%, 3.9%) and then a decreasing trend from 2012 to 2017 with APC of -2.5% (95%CI: -5.3%, 0.3%). The age-standardized incidence (mortality) rates of leukemia were not only higher in males than that in females, but also increased more rapidly. The incidence of leukemia in rural areas was lower than in urban areas, but the AAPC was 2.2 times higher than urban areas. Children aged 0-4 years were at higher risk of leukemia. The risk of leukemia incidence and mortality increased with age. The period effect of leukemia mortality risk showed a decreasing trend, while the cohort effect showed an increasing and then decreasing trend with the turning point of 1955-1959. CONCLUSIONS: The age-standardized incidence rate of leukemia in China showed an increasing trend from 2005 to 2017, while the age-standardized mortality rate increased first and then decreased in 2012 as a turning point. Differences existed by gender and region. The risk of leukemia incidence and mortality increased accordingly with age. The risk of mortality due to leukemia gradually decreased from 2005 to 2017. Leukemia remains a public health problem that requires continuous attention.

Speckle tracking tissue motion mitral annulus displacement to assess early changes in the left ventricle and its association with lung function in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the early changes in left ventricular (LV) in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) by measuring tissue motion mitral annulus displacement (TMAD) and three-dimensional (3D) parameters using speckle tracking imaging (STI), and to explore its correlation with lung function. METHODS: Forty two COPD patients (GOLD I, GOLD II, GOLD III) and 30 healthy individuals (control group) were included. STI was used to assess the changes in LV structure and systolic function. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were drawn, and correlations among TMAD parameters, LV systolic function, structural, pulmonary artery systolic pressure (PASP), and lung function were analyzed. RESULTS: Compared to the control group, COPD patients were able to undergo LV remodeling, with a decrease in the absolute value of global longitudinal strain (GLS) and TMAD, but no significant modification of LVEF. Correlation analysis showed that TMAD was positively related to the absolute value of GLS (r > 0.51, P < 0.01) and predicted forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1%) (r > 0.56, P < 0.01), and negatively to PASP (r < -0.52, P < 0.01). The LV posterior wall thickness (LVPWd), relative wall thickness (RWT), end-diastolic volume (LVEDV) and PASP negatively correlated with FEV1%. CONCLUSION: The LV geometric changes and systolic function impairment in COPD patients were found to correlate with airflow restriction (FEV1%). TMAD aided in detection of early changes in LV systolic function in COPD patients. It negatively correlated with PASP and positively with FEV1%. Moreover, it was more convenient than GLS.

Genotoxicity evaluation of silica nanoparticles in murine: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Silica nanoparticles (SiNPs) have been widely used in nanotechnology, and more attention has been paid to their safety evaluation. However, there are still inconsistent conclusions about the genotoxicity of SiNPs. A systematic review was conducted to explore whether SiNPs have genotoxicity followed by a meta-analysis of in vivo and in vitro murine genotoxicity tests. A total of 26 eligible studies were identified in this meta-analysis through a detailed process of inclusion and exclusion, which included 9 in vivo studies, 15 in vitro studies, and 2 in both. The results of in vitro studies showed that SiNPs exposure significantly increased the indicators of the comet assay, such as tail DNA content (T DNA%), tail length (TL), and olive tail moment (OTM). Indicators of mutagenicity had not been affected in vitro studies, such as mutation frequency (MF) and micronucleus (MN) frequency. There was a significant increase in MN frequency, but there was no influence on T DNA% in vivo. Results of subgroup analysis indicated that size and treatment time of SiNPs were the associated factors in vitro genotoxicity. The size of SiNPs, <21 nm, induced more DNA damage than larger sized SiNPs. It could induce MN formation when the treatment time of SiNPs was <12 h, and even more DNA damage when the exposure time over 12 h. SiNPs can induce genotoxicity both in vivo and in vitro. Comet assay may be more sensitive to detect in vitro genotoxicity, and MN frequency may be more suitable to detect in vivo genotoxicity.

CSN6 aggravates Ang II-induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy via inhibiting SIRT2.

The constitutive photomorphogenic 9 (COP9) signalosome complex subunit 6 (COPS6/CSN6) is crucial for structural integrity of the COP9 signalosome complex. CSN6 participates in various aspects of cancer progression, but its role in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is not clear. Here, we found that the expression of CSN6 was increased in Angiotensin II (Ang II)-induced hypertrophic mice hearts and neonatal rat cardiomyocytes (NRCMs). Inhibition of CSN6 decreased the cardiomyocyte size and fetal genes' expression in Ang II-induced hypertrophic NRCMs, while overexpression of CSN6 aggravated Ang II-induced myocardial hypertrophy. Moreover, we demonstrated that the pro-hypertrophic function of CSN6 was mediated by SIRT2, which acts as a cardioprotective factor in pathological cardiac hypertrophy. CSN6 inhibited the expression of SIRT2, and re-expression of SIRT2 attenuated the myocardial hypertrophy caused by CSN6 overexpression. Further investigation discovered that CSN6 suppressed the expression of SIRT2 via up-regulating Nkx2.2, a transcription suppressor of SIRT2. Mechanistically, CSN6 blocked the ubiquitin proteasome system-mediated degradation of Nkx2.2 protein by interacting with it and inhibiting its ubiquitination directly in cardiomyocytes. Finally, our data showed that CSN6 was partially dependent on the stabilization of Nkx2.2 protein to inhibit SIRT2 and promote myocardial hypertrophy. Overall, our study identified CSN6 as a pro-hypertrophic deubiquitinase, and CSN6 inhibition may be a potential treatment strategy for heart failure.

The Association of Metabolic Syndrome with the development of cardiovascular disease among Kazakhs in remote rural areas of Xinjiang, China: a cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Metabolic syndrome (MS) can promote the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD). The objective of this study was to examine the association of MS and its components with CVD, to further prevent and control CVD in Kazakhs. METHODS: In the cohort study, a total of 2644 participants completed the baseline survey between April 2010 and December 2012.The follow-up survey was conducted from April 2016 to December 2016 and was completed by 2286 participants (86.46% follow-up rate). Cox regression was used to evaluate the association of each component and the number of combinations of MS components on the development of CVD. RESULTS: A total of 278 CVD patients were enrolled from rural residents of Xinjiang. The average age of the MS and non-MS groups was 46.33 and 38.71 years, respectively. Independent associations with CVD were found for elevated blood pressure (BP) (adjusted hazard ratio (HR) [aHR] = 1.50,95%confidence interval [CI]: 1.08-2.08), elevated waist circumference (WC) (aHR = 1.60, 95%CI: 1.19-2.15), and elevated triglycerides (TG) (aHR = 1.44, 95%CI: 1.04-2.01). Participants with one to 5 MS components had an increased HR for developing CVD, from 1.82to 8.59 (P for trend < 0.001), compared with those with no MS components. The risk of developing CVD increased when TG and WC coexisted (aHR = 2.16, 95%CI: 1.54-3.04)), when TG and BP coexisted ((aHR = 1.92, 95%CI: 1.32-2.79), and when WC and BP coexisted (aHR = 1.93, 95%CI: 1.33-2.82)). However, no significant interactions were found between BP, WC, and TG. CONCLUSIONS: Elevations of BP, WC, and TG were independent risk factors for CVD in Kazakhs. Control of these factors is important to prevent CVD in this population.

Association of total bilirubin and indirect bilirubin content with metabolic syndrome among Kazakhs in Xinjiang.

BACKGROUND: Some studies have shown that a high level of bilirubin is a protective factor against metabolic syndrome (MS), while a high level of transaminase is a risk factor for MS. However, the existing results are inconsistent and few cohort studies have been published. METHODS: Using an ambispective cohort study, 565 Kazakhs from Xinjiang, China were selected as the study subjects. The baseline serum bilirubin and transaminase levels of the subjects were divided into quartiles and the relationship between these values and the incidence of MS was analyzed. The definition of MS was based on the Joint Interim Statement (JIS) diagnostic criteria. RESULTS: The average follow-up time for the subjects was 5.72 years. The cumulative incidence of MS was 36.11% (204 of the 565 subjects), and the incidence density was 63.10/1000 person-years. Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that the levels of total bilirubin (TBIL) and indirect bilirubin (IBIL) were negatively correlated with the occurrence of MS, Compared to the lowest quartile level (Q1), the hazard ratios of MS the TBIL levels at the Q2-Q4 quartiles were: 0.47 (0.31-0.71), 0.53 (0.35-0.79), and 0.48 (0.32-0.72), respectively, while IBIL levels at the Q2-Q4 quartiles showed an MS hazard ratio of 0.48 (0.32-0.72), 0.54(0.36-0.81), and 0.52 (0.35-0.77), respectively, all at a 95% confidence level. However, no relationship was found between transaminase levels and the incidence of MS. CONCLUSION: Serum TBIL and IBIL levels were negatively correlated with the incidence of MS in a Kazakh population in China.

Microarray analysis of long non-coding RNA expression profiles in low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol disease.

BACKGROUND: Low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) disease with unknown etiology has a high prevalence in the Xinjiang Kazak population. In this study, long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) that might play a role in low HDL-C disease were identified. METHODS: Plasma samples from 10 eligible individuals with low HDL disease and 10 individuals with normal HDL-C levels were collected. The lncRNA profiles for 20 Xinjiang Kazak individuals were measured using microarray analysis. RESULTS: Differentially expressed lncRNAs and mRNAs with fold-change values not less than 1.5 and FDR-adjusted P-values less than 0.05 were screened. Bioinformatic analyses, including Gene Ontology (GO), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG), and network analyses, were used to determine relevant signaling pathways and predict potential target genes. In total, 381 lncRNAs and 370 mRNAs were differentially expressed based on microarray analysis. Compared with those in healthy individuals, several lncRNAs were upregulated or downregulated in patients with low HDL-C disease, among which TCONS_00006679 was most significantly upregulated and TCONS_00011823 was most significantly downregulated. GO and KEGG pathway analyses as well as co-expression networks of lncRNAs and mRNAs revealed that the platelet activation pathway and cardiovascular disease were associated with low HDL-C disease. CONCLUSIONS: Potential target genes integrin beta-3 (ITGB3) and thromboxane A2 receptor (TBXA2R) were regulated by the lncRNAs AP001033.3-201 and AC068234.2-202, respectively. Both genes were associated with cardiovascular disease and were involved in the platelet activation pathway. AP001033.3-201 and AC068234.2-202 were associated with low HDL-C disease and could play a role in platelet activation in cardiovascular disease. These results reveal the potential etiology of dyslipidemia in the Xinjiang Kazakh population and lay the foundation for further validation using large sample sizes.

External validation of three atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk equations in rural areas of Xinjiang, China.

BACKGROUND: To externally validate the Prediction for ASCVD Risk in China (PAR) risk equation for predicting the 5-year atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) risk in the Uyghur and Kazakh populations from rural areas in northwestern China and compare its performance with those of the pooled cohort equations (PCE) and Framingham risk score (FRS). METHODS: The final analysis included 3347 subjects aged 40-74 years without CVD at baseline. The 5-year ASCVD risk was calculated using the PAR, PCE, and FRS. Discrimination, calibration, and clinical usefulness of the three equations in predicting the 5-year ASCVD risk were assessed before and after recalibration. RESULTS: Of 3347 included subjects, 1839 were female. We observed 286 ASCVD events in within 5-year follow-up. All three risk equations had moderate discrimination in both men and women. C-indices of PAR, PCE, and FRS were 0.727 (95% CI, 0.725-0.729), 0.727 (95% CI, 0.725-0.729), and 0.740 (95% CI, 0.738-0.742), respectively, in men; the corresponding C-indices were 0.738 (95% CI, 0.737-0.739), 0.731 (95% CI, 0.730-0.732), and 0.761 (95% CI, 0.760-0.762), respectively, in women. PCE, PAR and FRS substantially underestimated the 5-year ASCVD risk in women by 70, 23 and 51%, respectively. However, PAR and FRS fairly predicted the risk in men and PAR was well calibrated. The calibrations of the three risk equations could be changed by recalibration. The decision curve analyses demonstrated that at the threshold risk of 5%, PCE was the most clinically useful in both men and women after recalibration. CONCLUSIONS: All three risk equations underestimated the 5-year ASCVD risk in women, while PAR and FRS fairly predicted that in men. However, the results of predictive performances for three risk equations are inconsistent, more accurate risk equations are required in the primary prevention of ASCVD aiming to this Uyghur and Kazakh populations.

Effect of metabolic syndrome on coronary heart disease in rural minorities of Xinjiang: a retrospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Metabolic syndrome is diagnosed by a cluster of risk factors that associated with an increased risk of coronary heart disease (CHD). We aimed to explore the impact of and interactions between individual metabolic syndrome components on the risk of CHD in Xinjiang. METHODS: The baseline population included 7635 participants. The degree to which the components increase the risk of CHD and the multiplicative interactions between them were assessed using hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Additive interactions were appraised by the relative excess risk due to interaction, synergy index (SI), and attributable proportion of interaction. RESULTS: A total of 304 CHD patients were enrolled from rural residents of Xinjiang. Elevated blood pressure (HR 1.81; 95% CI 1.35-2.44) and elevated fasting blood glucose (FBG) (HR 1.82; 95% CI 1.38-2.38) increased the risk of CHD after adjustment for confounding factors. We found a positive additive interaction (SI 1.14; 95% CI 0.51-2.51) between elevated blood pressure and elevated FBG, but none were significant. As the number of components increased, the risk of CHD increased. The combinations of [high triglycerides (TG) + low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) + elevated FBG + large waistline] (HR 4.26; 95% CI 1.43-12.73) and [elevated blood pressure + elevated FBG + low HDL-C + large waistline] (HR 1.82; 95% CI 1.38-2.38) increased the risk of CHD. CONCLUSIONS: We provide evidence that elevated blood pressure and elevated FBG are independent risk factors for CHD and it might be necessary to maintain the normal waistline for preventing CHD.

Nomogram Based on Cytokines for Cardiovascular Diseases in Xinjiang Kazakhs.

BACKGROUND: This study involved the development of a predictive 5-year morbidity nomogram for cardiovascular diseases (CVD) in Xinjiang Kazakhs based on cytokine levels. METHODS: The nomogram was based on a baseline survey of the town of Nalati in the Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture of Xinjiang from 2009 to 2013. By 2016, we had monitored 1508 people for a median time of 5.17 years and identified CVD events in the study population by collecting case information from local hospitals. The study population was divided into the training (n = 1005) and validation cohorts (n = 503) in a 2 : 1 ratio. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) was used to verify the predictive accuracy of the nomogram. The result was assessed in a validation cohort. RESULTS: At the end of the study, the incidence of CVD in Xinjiang Kazakhs was found to be 11.28%. We developed a new nomogram to predict the 5-year incidence of CVD based on age, interleukin-6 (IL-6), and adiponectin (APN) levels, diastolic blood pressure, and dyslipidemia. The AUC for the predictive accuracy of the nomogram was 0.836 (95% confidence interval: 0.802-0.869), which was higher than that for IL-6 and APN. These results were supported by validation studies. CONCLUSIONS: The nomogram model can more directly assess the risk of CVD in Kazakhs and can be used for CVD risk assessment.

Use of Blood Lipid Indicators as a Screening Tool of Insulin Resistance among Individuals in Low-Income Country Sides of China: A Multiethnic Region Study.

OBJECTIVE: This study is aimed at evaluating the diagnostic value of blood lipid indicators (BLIs) for insulin resistance (IR) among major ethnic groups in Xinjiang, China, to identify the most valuable indicators and appropriate cut-off points for each ethnic group and to lay the foundation for the early detection, diagnosis, and treatment of metabolic diseases in remote rural areas. METHODS: Overall, 418 Uygurs, 331 Kazakhs, and 220 Hans were randomly included in our study. The homeostasis model assessment was the gold standard for identifying IR. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to evaluate the diagnostic value, and the nomogram was utilized to analyze the predictive value. The size of the area under the curve (AUC) reflected the accuracy of screening and prediction. RESULTS: Differences in races were observed in terms of IR and BLIs, and the Kazakhs had the highest IR level at 5.27 mmol/L. The correlation between IR and BLIs differed among the three races. For the Kazakhs and Hans, all BLIs, except total cholesterol (TC), were correlated to IR. However, for the Uygurs, only the triglyceride (TG) level, TG/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) ratio, and TC/HDL-C ratio were associated with IR. After further adjustment of confounding factors, these indicators were still correlated to IR. BLIs that independently correlated to IR in the three nationalities had a certain diagnostic value for IR. In terms of the AUC size, the TG level was the highest in Uygurs, the TG/HDL-C ratio was the highest for Kazakhs and Hans, and the corresponding best cut-off points for IR were 1.515, 1.230, and 1.495 mmol/L, respectively. In addition, for each race, when the indicators with a certain diagnostic value were combined, the diagnostic value for IR was higher. CONCLUSION: BLIs had a certain diagnostic value for IR and could be used as a screening tool for IR among Uygurs, Kazakhs, and Hans in Xinjiang. These findings are extremely important for the prevention and treatment of IR and metabolic diseases in remote rural areas.

[Trend in the prevalence of prostate cancer in Shihezi, Xinjiang from 2009 to 2017].

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the trend in the prevalence and mortality of prostate cancer in Shihezi, Xinjiang from 2009 to 2017 and provide some evidence for the prevention and control of the malignance. METHODS: We collected the data on the cancer registries in the Shihezi area between 2009 and 2017, calculated the incidence and mortality rates of prostate cancer, and analyzed the annual percent change (APC) and prevalence trend of the disease. RESULTS: The crude incidence rate, age-standardized incidence rate by Chinese standard population (ASIRC), age-standardized incidence rate by world standard population (ASIRW) and cumulative incidence rate of prostate cancer (in 0－74-year-olds) in Shihezi between 2009 and 2017 were 16.94, 10.33, 8.98 and 2.29 per 100 000, respectively. The crude mortality rate, age-standardized mortality rate by Chinese standard population (ASMRC), age-standardized mortality rate by world standard population (ASMRW) and cumulative incidence rate (in 0－74-year-olds) were 9.03, 5.39 and 4.72 and 0.49 per 100 000, respectively. Both the incidence and mortality rates showed an increasing trend from 2009 to 2017, with an APC of 16.69% (P < 0.05) and 19.71% (P < 0.05), respectively. From 2011 to 2017, the increase rates of incidence and mortality of prostate cancer in the >60-year-olds were 86.20% and 89.30%, with the peak values shifted from the 70－74 to the 80－84 years old males. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence and mortality of prostate cancer in Shihezi showed an increasing trend from 2009 to 2017, chiefly in the males aged over 60 years, with the peak value moving towards an older age.

Grape Seed Proanthocyanidin Extract Inhibits Human Esophageal Squamous Cancerous Cell Line ECA109 via the NF-κB Signaling Pathway.

Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma is the most common type of squamous cell carcinoma. Grape seed proanthocyanidin extract (GSPE) is considered to exhibit anticancer activity against several different types of cancer. We aimed to determine whether GSPE inhibited esophageal squamous cancerous cells and the possible involvement of NF-κB in this process. The human esophageal squamous cancer cell line ECA109 was treated with GSPE (0-80 µg/mL) and BAY11-7082 (10 µmol/L) for 12, 24, and 48 h. The MTT assay was used to determine cell proliferation; alterations in cell apoptosis were detected by flow cytometry; levels of inflammatory factors interleukin-6 and cyclooxygenase-2 and apoptotic proteins Bax/Bcl-2 were measured by ELISA; qRT-PCR and western blots were used to examine the activation of caspase-3 and NF-κB signaling. GSPE inhibited the proliferation of ECA109 cells and induced cellular apoptosis in a time- and dose-dependent manner. ELISA results showed that GSPE and BAY11-7082 reduced the secretion of inflammatory cytokines interleukin-6 and cyclooxygenase-2. The results of PCR and western blotting indicated that GSPE and BAY11-7082 activated caspase-3 and attenuated the activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway. GSPE induced apoptosis in ECA109 cells and inhibited ECA109 cell proliferation via a reduction in the secretion of inflammatory cytokines. This mechanism may be related to the attenuation of NF-κB activity and the sensitization of caspase-3.

Interactions of six SNPs in APOA1 gene and types of obesity on low HDL-C disease in Xinjiang pastoral area of China.

BACKGROUND: This study aims to investigate association between six single nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs) in APOA1 gene and types of obesity with the risk of low level HDL-C in the pastoral area of northwest China. METHODS: A total of 1267 individuals including 424 patients with low HDL-C disease and 843 health subjects were analyzed based on matched for age, sex. SNPShot technique was used to detect the genotypes of rs670, rs5069, rs5072, rs7116797, rs2070665 and rs1799837 in APOA1 gene. The relationship between above six SNPs and types of obesity with low HDL-C disease was analyzed by binary logistic regression. RESULTS: Carriers with rs670 G allele were more likely to get low HDL-C disease (OR = 1.46, OR95%CI: 1.118-1.915; P = 0.005); The genotypic and allelic frequencies of rs5069, rs5072, rs7116797, rs2070665, rs1799837 revealed no significant differences between cases and controls (P < 0.05); with reference to normal weight, Waist circumference (WC), Waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) individuals, respectively, general obesity measured by BMI had 2.686 times (OR95%CI: 1.695-4.256; P < 0.01), abdominal obesity measured by WC had 1.925 times (OR95%CI: 1.273-2.910; P = 0.002) and abdominal obesity measured by WHR had 1.640 times (OR95%CI: 1.114-2.416; P = 0.012) risk to get low HDL-C disease; APOA1 rs670 interacted with obesity (no matter general obesity or abdominal obesity) on low HDL-C disease. CONCLUSIONS: APOA1 gene may be associated with low HDL-C disease in the pastoral area of northwest China; obesity was the risk factor for low HDL-C disease; the low HDL-C disease is influenced by APOA1, obesity, and their interactions.

Trends in cancer mortality among the elderly in China, 2005-2035.

BACKGROUND: With the appearance and aggravation of the aging society, cancer has become one of the major problems that threaten the life and health of Chinese residents seriously. OBJECTIVE: To explore the cancer epidemiological characteristics among the elderly in China from 2005 to 2016, and to provide strategies for cancer prevention and treatment. METHODS: Stratified analysis was conducted on the cancer mortality data of the elderly aged ≥60 years in China, which were selected from the Chinese Cancer Registry Annual Report. Joinpoint regression model was used to calculted average annual percentage change (AAPC) to estimate the time trends. Age-period-cohort (APC) model was used to explore the age, period and birth cohort effect on the risk of cancer death. Bayesian age-period-cohort (BAPC) model was used to predict trends in cancer mortality among elderly by gender and region to 2035. RESULTS: 2005-2016, cancer mortality in the elderly in China showed a decreasing trend (AAPC = -1.2%, P<0.001). Cancer mortality in rural areas was higher than that in urban areas, but the urban-rural difference gradually narrowed (t = 6.1, P<0.01). The APC model showed that cancer mortality increased with age. The relative risk (RR) for the period effect decreased. RR was lower for the later- born cohort than that for the earlier-born cohort in rural areas. Lung cancer mortality ranked first in both male and female, and showed an increasing trend among female in the 60-64, 80-84 and ≥85 age groups (AAPC60-64 = 1.0%, AAPC80-84 = 0.8%, AAPC≥85 = 2.0%, all P<0.05). By 2035, cancer mortality for the elderly was predicted to decline nationally, by sex and in rural areas, while rising in urban areas. CONCLUSION: Cancer mortality in the elderly in China showed a decreasing trend from 2005 to 2016, but it was still higher than the world average. Early cancer screening is important, especially in the elderly male and in rural areas.

The status and influencing factors of lung ventilation function in employees exposed to dust in enterprises of the XPCC, China.

Background: Occupational health is closely related to harmful factors in the workplace. Dust is the primary contributing factor causing impaired lung ventilation function among employees with dust exposure, and their lung ventilation function may also be influenced by other factors. We aimed at assessing the status and influencing factors of lung ventilation function among employees exposed to dust in the enterprises of the Eighth Division located in the Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps (XPCC), China. Methods: Employees exposed to dust in enterprises of the Eighth Division located in the XPCC in 2023 were selected as the subjects of this cross-sectional study. Their lung ventilation function indicators were extracted from health examination records, and an on-site electronic questionnaire survey was conducted among them. Binary logistic regression analyses were conducted to evaluate the factors influencing lung ventilation function. Results: According to the fixed value criteria, the abnormal rates of forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1), forced vital capacity (FVC), and FEV1/FVC were 31.6, 1.4, and 0.4%, respectively. The lower limit of normal (LLN) criteria could overestimate the rate of abnormal lung ventilation function. Several factors were related to impaired lung ventilation function, including gender, age, education level, marital status, body mass index (BMI), smoking status, physical activity, the type of dust, industry, enterprise scale, occupation, length of service, working shift, monthly income, and respiratory protection. Conclusions: A relatively low abnormal rate of lung ventilation function was observed among employees exposed to dust in enterprises of the Eighth Division, XPCC, and their lung ventilation function was associated with various factors. Effective measures should be taken urgently to reduce the effects of adverse factors on lung ventilation function, thereby further protecting the health of the occupational population.

Global burden of maternal disorders attributable to malnutrition from 1990 to 2019 and predictions to 2035: worsening or improving?

Background and aims: Maternal malnutrition is a major global public health problem that can lead to serious maternal diseases. This study aimed to analyze and predict the spatio-temporal trends in the burden of maternal disorders attributable to malnutrition, and to provide a basis for scientific improvement of maternal malnutrition and targeted prevention of maternal disorders. Methods: Data on maternal disorders attributable to malnutrition, including number of deaths, disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), population attributable fractions (PAFs), age-standardized mortality rates (ASMRs), and age-standardized DALY rates (ASDRs) were obtained from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 to describe their epidemiological characteristics by age, region, year, and type of disease. A log-linear regression model was used to calculate the annual percentage change (AAPC) of ASMR or ASDR to reflect their temporal trends. Bayesian age-period-cohort model was used to predict the number of deaths and mortality rates to 2035. Results: Global number of deaths and DALYs for maternal disorders attributable to malnutrition declined by 42.35 and 41.61% from 1990 to 2019, with an AAPC of -3.09 (95% CI: -3.31, -2.88) and -2.98 (95% CI: -3.20, -2.77) for ASMR and ASDR, respectively. The burden was higher among younger pregnant women (20-29 years) in low and low-middle socio-demographic index (SDI) regions, whereas it was higher among older pregnant women (30-39 years) in high SDI region. Both ASMR and ASDR showed a significant decreasing trend with increasing SDI. Maternal hemorrhage had the highest burden of all diseases. Global deaths are predicted to decline from 42,350 in 2019 to 38,461 in 2035, with the ASMR declining from 1.08 (95% UI: 0.38, 1.79) to 0.89 (95% UI: 0.47, 1.31). Conclusion: Maternal malnutrition is improving globally, but in the context of the global food crisis, attention needs to be paid to malnutrition in low SDI regions, especially among young pregnant women, and corresponding measures need to be taken to effectively reduce the burden of disease.