The influence of male HBV infection on sperm quality, embryonic development, and assisted reproductive outcomes.

STUDY QUESTION: What is the impact of male hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection on sperm quality, embryonic development, and assisted reproductive outcomes? SUMMARY ANSWER: Male HBV infection did not affect assisted reproductive outcomes, but HBV is capable of impairing human sperm and embryo formation in the early stages following fertilization. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY: HBV is found in germ cells and early embryos of patients with HBV. HBV may impair human sperm function via increasing reactive oxygen species. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION: We conducted a retrospective cohort study of 1581 infertile couples, including 496 male patients clinically confirmed to have hepatitis B infection, and a laboratory study of effects of HBV proteins on early embryos, using human embryonic stem cells (hESCs), human sperm, and golden hamster oocytes. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS: In total, 1581 infertile couples (24-40 years of age) who were admitted to a reproductive medicine center to undergo ART for the first time from January 2019 to November 2021 were selected as the study subjects. The case group was composed of 469 couples with hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)-seropositive men and seronegative women (368 for IVF and 101 for ICSI treatment). The negative control group was composed of 1112 couples where both men and women were seronegative for hepatitis B antigen. We divided these couples into three comparison groups (IVF/ICSI, IVF, and ICSI). IVF of human sperm and hamster oocytes was used to evaluate the influence of the HBV HBs protein on formation of 2-cell embryos. Mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) of hESCs was assayed via a fluorescence intensity system. Immunofluorescence staining of the phosphorylated histone H2A.X was applied to identify DNA damage to hESCs caused by the HBV X (HBx) protein. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE: Sperm concentration, total sperm number, and sperm with normal morphology were decreased in the couples with HBV-infected males in couples who were undergoing IVF/ICSI (male HBV(+) vs control: 469 vs 1112 individuals; sperm number, P < 0.01; normal sperm morphology, P < 0.01), IVF (368 vs 792; sperm number, P < 0.01; normal sperm morphology, P ≤ 0.05), and ICSI (101 vs 306; sperm number, P < 0.01; normal sperm morphology, P < 0.001). There was no significant difference in the number of embryo cleavages, blastocyst formation, biochemical pregnancy rate, clinical pregnancy rate, and live-birth rate between case and control groups. The 2PN fertilization rate in IVF/ICSI (P < 0.01) and ICSI (P < 0.05) couples, and the number of 2PN-fertilized oocytes in IVF (P < 0.001) couples were lower in couples with male HBV infection compared to control couples. HBV HBs protein reduced the MMP of human sperm and decreased 2-cell embryo formation in IVF of human sperm and zona-free-hamster oocyte. A reduction in fluorescence intensity and immunofluorescence staining of phosphorylated histone H2A.X indicated that HBx caused MMP impairment and DNA damage in human early embryonic cells, respectively. LARGE SCALE DATA: N/A. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION: HBV can be examined in samples of sperm or discarded IVF early embryos from HBsAg-seropositive men and seronegative women. The hESC model in vitro may not fully mimic the natural embryos in vivo. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS: This study furthers our understanding of the influence of male HBV infection on embryonic development. Our results suggest that a semen-washing process may be necessary for male patients with HBV undergoing ART to minimize the potential negative effects of HBV infection on the early embryo. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S): This work was funded by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China, grant numbers 81870432 and 81570567 to X.Z., 81571994 to P.S., and 81950410640, the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province, China (No. 2023A1515010660 to X.Z.), and the Li Ka Shing Shantou University Foundation (Grant No. L11112008). The authors have no conflicts of interest.

Influence of Vitamin D supplementation on reproductive outcomes of infertile patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Low vitamin D status has been associated with an increased risk for infertility. Recent evidence regarding the efficacy of vitamin D supplementation in improving reproductive outcomes is inconsistent. Therefore, this systematic review was conducted to investigate whether vitamin D supplementation could improve the reproductive outcomes of infertile patients and evaluate how the parameters of vitamin D supplementation affected the clinical pregnancy rate. METHODS: We searched seven electronic databases (CNKI, Cqvip, Wanfang, PubMed, Medline, Embase, and Cochrane Library) up to March 2022. Randomized and cohort studies were collected to assess the reproductive outcomes difference between the intervention (vitamin D) vs. the control (placebo or none). Mantel-Haenszel random effects models were used. Effects were reported as odds ratio (OR) and their 95% confidence interval (CI). PROSPERO database registration number: CRD42022304018. RESULTS: Twelve eligible studies (n = 2352) were included: 9 randomized controlled trials (RCTs, n = 1677) and 3 cohort studies (n = 675). Pooled results indicated that infertile women treated with vitamin D had a significantly increased clinical pregnancy rate compared with the control group (OR: 1.70, 95% CI: 1.24-2.34; I2 = 63%, P = 0.001). However, the implantation, biochemical pregnancy, miscarriage, and multiple pregnancy rates had no significant difference (OR: 1.86, 95% CI: 1.00-3.47; I2 = 85%, P = 0.05; OR: 1.49; 0.98-2.26; I2 = 63%, P = 0.06; OR: 0.98, 95% CI: 0.63-1.53; I2 = 0%, P = 0.94 and OR: 3.64, 95% CI: 0.58-11.98; I2 = 68%, P = 0.21). The improvement of clinical pregnancy rate in the intervention group was influenced by the vitamin D level of patients, drug type, the total vitamin D dosage, the duration, administration frequency, and daily dosage of vitamin D supplementation. The infertile women (vitamin D level < 30 ng/mL) treated with the multicomponent drugs including vitamin D (10,000-50,000 IU or 50,000-500,000 IU), or got vitamin D 1000-10,000 IU daily, lasting for 30-60 days could achieve better pregnancy outcome. CONCLUSION: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first meta-analysis systematically investigated that moderate daily dosing of vitamin D supplementation could improve the clinical pregnancy rate of infertile women and reported the effects of vitamin D supplementation parameters on pregnancy outcomes. A larger sample size and high-quality RCTs are necessary to optimize the parameters of vitamin D supplementation to help more infertile patients benefit from this therapy.

Effects of Hepatitis C Virus Infection on Human Sperm Chromosomes.

BACKGROUND: To determine the degree of chromosomal aberrations in the sperm of men with hepatitis C. METHODS: 36 subjects (20 in the healthy control group and 16 in the HCV infection group [genotype 1b]) were recruited. The cause of viral transmission was unknown in all patients. Sperm samples from the subjects were used for interspecies in vitro fertilization of zona-free golden hamster ova. The frequencies of spermatozoan aberrations were compared between the healthy control group and the HCV infection group. RESULTS: A total of 280 sperm chromosome complements were studied, including 129 complements from the 16 donors in the HCV infection group and 151 from the healthy control group. Of the 129 analyzable sperm metaphase spreads in the HCV infection group, 14 (10.85%) complements contained chromosomal aberrations, which was significantly higher than the number (9/151, 5.96%) in the healthy control group (p < 0.01). Moreover, in the HCV infection group, chromosomes frequently showed anomalies such as stickiness, clumping, and failure to stain, which prevented their analysis. CONCLUSIONS: HCV infection has mutagenic effects on the chromosomes in sperm and may lead to extensive heredi-tary effects owing to genetic alterations and/or chromosomal aberrations. In addition, there is the possibility of vertical transmission of HCV via the germ line.

Research on the Vertical Transmission of Hepatitis C Gene from Father-to-child via Human Sperm.

BACKGROUND: The aim was to develop a better experimental model which could facilitate further studies assessing the vertical HCV gene transmission via human spermatozoa, and verify the possibility of father-to-child transmission of the HCV gene. METHODS: The recombinant plasmid pIRES2-EGFP-HCV C was constructed. Fluorescence in situ hybridization was performed to detect the integration of the HCV C gene in human sperm genome and in zygote's pronucleus. RESULTS: Successful construction of recombinant plasmid pIRES2-EGFP-HCV C was confirmed by restriction mapping, PCR, and sequencing. Positive HCV C DNA signals were observed in sperm heads, human sperm chromosomes and two-cell embryos in transfected samples. No positive signal was found in normal control and HCV infected groups. CONCLUSIONS: The recombinant plasmid pIRES2-EGFP-HCV C was successfully constructed. The HCV C gene was able to pass through the sperm membrane and integrate into the sperm genome. Human sperm carrying the HCV C gene was able to achieve normal fertilization. The replication of the sperm-mediated HCV C gene was synchronized with that of the host genome. Our results provide direct evidence for vertical transmission of the HCV C gene from father-to-child via human sperm.

Mutations and CpG islands among hepatitis B virus genotypes in Europe.

BACKGROUND: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotypes have a distinct geographical distribution and influence disease progression and treatment outcomes. The purpose of this study was to investigate the distribution of HBV genotypes in Europe, the impact of mutation of different genotypes on HBV gene abnormalities, the features of CpG islands in each genotype and their potential role in epigenetic regulation. RESULTS: Of 383 HBV isolates from European patients, HBV genotypes A-G were identified, with the most frequent being genotype D (51.96%) in 12 countries, followed by A (39.16%) in 7 countries, and then E (3.66%), G (2.87%), B (1.57%), F (0.52%) and C (0.26%). A higher rate of mutant isolates were identified in those with genotype D (46.7%) followed by G (45.5%), and mutations were associated with structural and functional abnormalities of HBV genes. Conventional CpG island I was observed in genotypes A, B, C, D and E. Conventional islands II and III were detected in all A-G genotypes. A novel CpG island IV was found in genotypes A, D and E, and island V was only observed in genotype F. The A-G genotypes lacked the novel CpG island VI. "Split" CpG island I in genotypes D and E and "split" island II in genotypes A, D, E, F and G were observed. Two mutant isolates from genotype D and one from E were found to lack both CpG islands I and III. CONCLUSIONS: HBV genotypes A-G were identified in European patients. Structural and functional abnormalities of HBV genes were caused by mutations leading to the association of genotypes D and G with increased severity of liver disease. The distribution, length and genetic traits of CpG islands were different between genotypes and their biological and clinical significances warrant further study, which will help us better understand the potential role of CpG islands in epigenetic regulation of the HBV genome.

A case report of iliopsoas abscess and literature review.

RATIONALE: Iliopsoas abscess is a rare acute medical condition. It usually occurs because of the spread of infection from adjacent structures and hematogenous spread. Clinical features include fever, backache, radiating nerve root pain, and leg weakness. When sepsis occurs, prompt recognition is required to initiate appropriate antimicrobial therapy and surgical drainage. PATIENT CONCERNS: A 65-year-old male presented to the outpatient department with a 2-day history of lower back, hip, and leg pain, for which analgesics were administered. During hospitalization, he experienced deterioration, becoming febrile, hypoxic, hypotensive, tachycardiac, and delirious. INTERVENTIONS: The patient was then intubated and ventilated. His family reported an additional history of acupuncture for back pain, which sustained an inflamed wound on his right forearm. Abdominal computed tomography was performed, which confirmed bilateral iliopsoas abscess without involvement of intra-abdominal organs. A preliminary report of blood culture revealed Gram-positive cocci. Echocardiography showed vegetation on the aortic valve, and moderate aortic regurgitation was sustained. He was started on vancomycin along with piperacillin-tazobactam. Ultrasound-guided percutaneous drainage was inserted into the bilateral abscess. Pus and blood yielded methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus. He remained septic. The repeat computed tomography showed the right abscess enlarged. A repeated echocardiogram showed that the vegetation increased. Further incision and surgical drainage were performed with continuous wash-out. OUTCOME: His condition improved after management and he was discharged to a regional hospital for ongoing care. CONCLUSION: Prompt diagnosis and surgical treatment are essential to improve patient outcomes. The unique aspect of this case is the persistence of the methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus infection. Centralized surgical services are pivotal in conjunction with robust antimicrobial regimens. LESSON: This case reinforces the importance of high clinical suspicion of an unknown source of sepsis.

Association between dietary intake of niacin and stroke in the US residents: evidence from national health and nutrition examination survey (NHANES) 1999-2018.

Objective: This study aims to explore the association between niacin intake and stroke within a diverse, multi-ethnic population. Methods: A stringent set of inclusion and exclusion criteria led to the enrollment of 39,721 participants from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Two interviews were conducted to recall dietary intake, and the USDA's Food and Nutrient Database for Dietary Studies (FNDDS) was utilized to calculate niacin intake based on dietary recall results. Weighted multivariate logistic regression was employed to examine the correlation between niacin and stroke, with a simultaneous exploration of potential nonlinear relationships using restricted cubic spline (RCS) regression. Results: A comprehensive analysis of baseline data revealed that patients with stroke history had lower niacin intake levels. Both RCS analysis and multivariate logistic regression indicated a negative nonlinear association between niacin intake and stroke. The dose-response relationship exhibited a non-linear pattern within the range of dietary niacin intake. Prior to the inflection point (21.8 mg) in the non-linear correlation between niacin intake and stroke risk, there exists a marked decline in the risk of stroke as niacin intake increases. Following the inflection point, the deceleration in the decreasing trend of stroke risk with increasing niacin intake becomes evident. The inflection points exhibit variations across diverse populations. Conclusion: This investigation establishes a negative nonlinear association between niacin intake and stroke in the broader American population.

Integration of hepatitis B virus into patients' sperm genome and its clinical risks.

BACKGROUND: Like the coronavirus disease 2019, the hepatitis B virus is also wreaking havoc worldwide, which has infected over 2 billion people globally. Using an experimental animal model, our previous research observed that the hepatitis B virus genes integrated into human spermatozoa can replicate and express after being transmitted to embryos. However, as of now, this phenomenon has not been confirmed in clinical data from patients. OBJECTIVES: To explore the integration of the hepatitis B virus into patients' sperm genome and its potential clinical risks. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty-eight patients with chronic hepatitis B virus infection were categorized into two groups: Test Group-1 comprised 23 patients without integration of hepatitis B virus DNA within the sperm genome. Test Group-2 comprised 25 patients with integration of hepatitis B virus DNA within the sperm genome. Forty-eight healthy male donors were included as control. The standard semen parameter analysis, real-time polymerase chain reaction, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, sperm chromatin structure assay, fluorescence in situ hybridization, and immunofluorescence assays were utilized. RESULTS: The difference in the median copy number of hepatitis B virus DNA per mL of sera between Test Group-1 and Group-2 was not statistically significant. In Test Group-2, the integration rate of hepatitis B virus DNA was 0.109%, which showed a significant correlation with the median copy number of hepatitis B virus DNA in motile spermatozoa (1.18 × 103 /mL). Abnormal semen parameters were found in almost all these 25 patients. The integrated hepatitis B virus S, C, X, and P genes were detected to be introduced into sperm-derived embryos through fertilization and retained their function in replication, transcription, and translation. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that hepatitis B virus infection can lead to sperm quality deterioration and reduced fertilization capacity. Furthermore, viral integration causes instability in the sperm genome, increasing the potential risk of termination, miscarriage, and stillbirth. This study identified an unconventional mode of hepatitis B virus transmission through genes rather than virions. The presence of viral sequences in the embryonic genome poses a risk of liver inflammation and cancer.

Diversity recovery and probiotic shift of gastric microbiota in functional dyspepsia patients after Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy.

The effects of Helicobacter pylori eradication on gastric mucosa-colonizing microbes in patients with functional dyspepsia (FD) remain unclear. Here, we explored microbial variation induced by H. pylori infection and eradication treatment in FD patients. Gastric microbial abundance and diversity were significantly reduced in the H. pylori-infected FD patients. Eradication treatment increased alpha and beta diversity of gastric mucosa-colonizing microbes, and promoted the expansion of several probiotic microbes, such as Leuconostoc mesenteroides, which exhibited a matched antagonistic performance against H. pylori. Significant variation was observed in gastric mucosa-colonizing microbes between H. pylori-positive and H. pylori-negative FD patients. Eradication treatment induced microbial diversity recovery and may provide sufficient nutrition and space for probiotic microbes, such as Leuconostoc mesenteroides.

Corrigendum: Diversity recovery and probiotic shift of gastric microbiota in functional dyspepsia patients after Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1288920.].

Human Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cells Encapsulated with Pluronic F-127 Enhance the Regeneration and Angiogenesis of Thin Endometrium in Rat via Local IL-1ß Stimulation.

Thin endometrium (< 7 mm) could cause low clinical pregnancy, reduced live birth, increased spontaneous abortion, and decreased birth weight. However, the treatments for thin endometrium have not been well developed. In this study, we aim to determine the role of Pluronic F-127 (PF-127) encapsulation of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (hUC-MSCs) in the regeneration of thin endometrium and its underlying mechanism. Thin endometrium rat model was created by infusion of 95% ethanol. Thin endometrium modeled rat uterus were treated with saline, hUC-MSCs, PF-127, or hUC-MSCs plus PF-127 separately. Regenerated rat uterus was measured for gene expression levels of angiogenesis factors and histological morphology. Angiogenesis capacity of interleukin-1 beta (IL-1ß)-primed hUC-MSCs was monitored via quantitative polymerase chain reaction (q-PCR), Luminex assay, and tube formation assay. Decreased endometrium thickness and gland number and increased inflammatory factor IL-1ß were achieved in the thin endometrium rat model. Embedding of hUC-MSCs with PF-127 could prolong the hUC-MSCs retaining, which could further enhance endometrium thickness and gland number in the thin endometrium rat model via increasing angiogenesis capacity. Conditional medium derived from IL-1ß-primed hUC-MSCs increased the concentration of angiogenesis factors (basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGF), and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)). Improvement in the thickness, number of glands, and newly generated blood vessels could be achieved by uterus endometrium treatment with PF-127 and hUC-MSCs transplantation. Local IL-1ß stimulation-primed hUC-MSCs promoted the release of angiogenesis factors and may play a vital role on thin endometrium regeneration.

Hepatitis B virus surface protein induces sperm dysfunction through the activation of a Bcl2/Bax signaling cascade triggering AIF/Endo G-mediated apoptosis.

BACKGROUND: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) was found to exist in semen and male germ cells of patients with chronic HBV infection. Our previous studies demonstrated that HBV surface protein (HBs) could induce sperm dysfunction by activating a calcium signaling cascade and triggering caspase-dependent apoptosis. However, the relationship between sperm dysfunction caused by HBs and caspase-independent apoptosis has not been investigated. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effects of HBs exposure on sperm dysfunction by activating caspase-independent apoptosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Spermatozoa were exposed to HBs at concentrations of 0, 25, 50, and 100 µg/mL for 3 h. Flow cytometry, qRT-PCR, immunofluorescence assay, ELISA, and zona-free hamster oocyte penetration assays were performed. RESULTS: With increasing concentrations of HBs, various parameters of the spermatozoa changed. The number of Bcl2-positive cells declined and that of both Bax-positive cells and Apaf-1-positive cells increased. The transcription level of Bcl2 increased and that of both Bax and Apaf-1 declined. The average levels of AIF and Endo G declined in mitochondria and increased in the cytoplasm and nucleus. The sperm DNA fragmentation index increased. The mean percentages of live spermatozoa declined and that of both injured and dead spermatozoa increased; and the sperm penetration rate declined. For the aforementioned parameters, the differences between the test and the control groups were statistically significant. CONCLUSION: HBs exposure can activate the Bax/Bcl2 signaling cascade that triggers AIF/Endo G-mediated apoptosis, resulting in sperm DNA fragmentation, sperm injury, and death, and a decrease in the sperm fertilizing capacity. This new knowledge will help to evaluate the negative impact of HBV on male fertility in HBV-infected patients.

Host microRNAs regulate expression of hepatitis B virus genes during transmission from patients' sperm to embryo.

Human sperm nucleus contains diverse RNA populations. This study aimed to screen and identify host microRNAs (miRs) that regulate gene expression of hepatitis B virus (HBV) during transmission from patients' sperm to sperm-derived embryos. Using microarrays, 336 miRs were found to be differentially expressed. After validation using real-time quantitative RT-PCR (RT-qPCR), four miRs were selected as targets. Using RT-qPCR and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, when patients' sperm were treated with mimics (or inhibitors) specific for hsa-miR-19a-3p and hsa-miR-29c-3p, the S gene transcription in sperm and translation in sperm-derived embryos was downregulated (or upregulated). There were significant differences in transcriptional and translational levels of the S gene between the test and control groups. These findings suggest that hsa-miR-19a-3p and hsa-miR-29c-3p significantly suppressed expression of the S gene, offering potential therapeutic targets for treating patients with HBV infection, and further reducing the negative impact of HBV infection on sperm fertilizing capacity.

Predictive serum markers for unexplained infertility in child-bearing aged women.

PROBLEM: Unexplained infertility (UI) represents about 25%-40% of all infertility and is a formidable obstacle for successful pregnancy for child-bearing aged women. However, up to now, there is no reliable method to predict this condition with high accuracy, thereby hindering early management of this condition. METHOD OF STUDY: Our prospective study consists of 84 child-bearing aged women that were clinically diagnosed UI. Forty-four matched healthy fertility (HF) women were served as controls. We examined the profiles of 25 hormones and cytokines that were likely related to pathogeneses and molecular pathways involved in UI with the technique of protein array. The samples were randomly stratified 7:3 into a training set and a testing set. We used the SMOTEboost model with 10 serum proteins in a clinical verification study to identify UI cases. RESULTS: The predictor had an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of 0.788 with 24 serum protein features. The predictive performance in terms of AUC of the model with the top 10 important serum proteins in the clinical verification study to classify UI cases was 0.809. Three most significantly differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were prolactin, monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1), and leptin. CONCLUSION: Examination of serum-based protein profile changes could help to identify child-bearing aged women at risk of UI. This would enable early detection and facilitate development of clinical strategies to treat UI and guide their planned parenthood. It may also give clues to pathogeneses of the condition of test subjects.

Mitochondrial DNA and genomic DNA ratio in embryo culture medium is not a reliable predictor for in vitro fertilization outcome.

To investigate the ratio of mitochondrial DNA to genomic DNA (mt/gDNA) in embryo culture medium as a possible predictor for embryonic development and pregnancy outcome, we collected a total of 93 embryo biopsy specimens from 52 women at the corresponding Day 3 (D3) and Day 5 (D5) embryo culture medium of in vitro fertilization. With the multiple annealing and looping-based amplification cycles method of next-generation sequencing for whole genome amplification, we examined the karyotype of the biopsy samples and the mt/gDNA ratio in the culture medium. Results showed that the ratio of mt/gDNA had an upward trend with decreasing trophectoderm levels with no significant difference. At the same time, from D3 to D5, the mt/gDNA ratio in the medium of embryos that failed to become blastocysts showed an upward trend, and the mt/gDNA ratio of medium from embryos that reached blastulation with successful pregnancy showed a decreasing trend, but the differences were not statistically significant. We conclude that there is a certain correlation between mt/gDNA ratio and early embryonic development, but it does not reach a level that can be used as a clinical predictor.

Preimplantation Genetic Screening with Spent Culture Medium/Blastocoel Fluid for in Vitro Fertilization.

Preimplantation genetic screening (PGS) detects chromosomal aneuploidy from DNA extracted from trophectodermal biopsy of the embryos before implantation. Although a controlled study showed no difference in pregnancy rates between this invasive cell biopsy technique and a non-biopsied control group, the potential long-term damage by the current PGS method has not be completely ruled out. We therefore tested a less-invasive protocol which utilizes spent culture medium combining with blastocoel fluid (ECB) to assess chromosomal aneuploidy. We compared the new protocol with the currently employed trophectodermal biopsy method against chromosomal information obtained from the remaining embryo. We found that the new technique generated information about aneuploidy that was not entirely identical to obtained from the biopsied trophectoderm or the remaining embryo. As the origins of the DNA extracted from the three sample types were not the same, the significance and interpretation of each result would have its own meaning. The possible implications derived from the ECB results as well as those from cell biopsy were discussed. The effectiveness of this new approach in selecting the best embryo for uterine implantation awaits further long term evaluation.

Transcription and regulation of hepatitis B virus genes in host sperm cells.

To investigate whether transcription of hepatitis B virus (HBV) gene occurs in human sperm, total RNA was extracted from sperm of patients with chronic HBV infection (test-1), from donor sperm transfected with a plasmid containing the full-length HBV genome (test-2), and from nontransfected donor sperm (control), used as the template for reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Positive bands for HBV DNA were observed in the test groups but not in the control. Next, to identify the role of host genes in regulating viral gene transcription in sperm, total RNA was extracted from 2-cell embryos derived from hamster oocytes fertilized in vitro by HBV-transfected (test) or nontransfected (control) human sperm and successively subjected to SMART-PCR, suppression subtractive hybridization, T/A cloning, bacterial amplification, microarray hybridization, sequencing and the Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) search to isolate differentially expressed genes. Twenty-nine sequences showing significant identity to five human gene families were identified, with chorionic somatomammotropin hormone 2 (CSH2), eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4 gamma 2 (EIF4G2), pterin-4 alpha-carbinolamine dehydratase 2 (PCBD2), pregnancy-specific beta-1-glycoprotein 4 (PSG4) and titin (TTN) selected to represent target genes. Using real-time quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR), when CSH2 and PCBD2 (or EIF4G2, PSG4 and TTN) were silenced by RNA interference, transcriptional levels of HBV s and x genes significantly decreased (or increased) (P < 0.05). Silencing of a control gene in sperm did not significantly change transcription of HBV s and x genes (P > 0.05). This study provides the first experimental evidence that transcription of HBV genes occurs in human sperm and is regulated by host genes.

CpG methylation participates in regulation of hepatitis B virus gene expression in host sperm and sperm-derived embryos.

AIM: This study was undertaken to investigate relationship between hepatitis B virus (HBV) CpG methylation and HBV gene transcription in sperm and sperm-derived embryos. METHODS: HBV-infected patient sperm and HBV plasmid-transfected donor sperm were subjected to interspecific in vitro fertilization, methylation-specific PCR, bisulfite sequencing PCR, reverse transcription PCR and real-time quantitative PCR. RESULTS: Positive methylation bands for CpG islands II and III in the HBV genome were observed in patient sperm but not in controls, and methylation percentages of CpG sites varied among different patient sperm samples. After fertilization, CpG sites were highly demethylated in embryos. Transcriptional levels of HBV X and S genes increased with decrease in CpG site methylation percentages. CONCLUSION: HBV CpG sites can be methylated in patient sperm before maturation. Methylation of CpG islands II and III participates in transcriptional regulation of HBV X and S genes, respectively, in sperm and sperm-derived embryos.

Host genes regulate transcription of sperm-introduced hepatitis B virus genes in embryo.

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) can invade the male germline, and sperm-introduced HBV genes could be transcribed in embryo. This study was to explore whether viral gene transcription is regulated by host genes. Embryos were produced by in vitro fertilization of hamster oocytes with human sperm containing the HBV genome. Total RNA extracted from test and control embryos were subjected to SMART-PCR, SSH, microarray hybridization, sequencing and BLAST analysis. Twenty-nine sequences showing significant identity to five human gene families were identified, with CSH2, EIF4G2, PCBD2, PSG4 and TTN selected to represent target genes. Using qRT-PCR, when CSH2 and PCBD2 (or EIF4G2, PSG4 and TTN) were silenced by RNAi, transcriptional levels of HBV s and x genes decreased (or increased). This is the first report that host genes participate in regulation of sperm-introduced HBV gene transcription in embryo, which is critical to prevent negative impact of HBV infection on early embryonic development.

[Study on the antipyretic, analgesic effects of qingkailing freeze-dried powder for injection and its antipyretic mechanism].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the antipyretic, analgesic effects of Qingkailing Freeze-Dried Powder for Injection (QI) and its mechanism of the antipyretic effect. METHODS: The rabbit model of 2, 4-dinitrophenol-induced fever and the rat model of endotoxin-induced fever were established and the body temperatures were observed. Radioimmunoassay was adopted to detect the levels of IL-1beta and cAMP in the hypothalamus of rats. The analgesic effects were tested by hot-plate and writhing reaction method. RESULTS: QI showed marked antipyretic effects on the 2,4-dinitrophenol-induced fever and the endotoxin-induced fever. At the same time, QI remarkably decreased the contents of IL-beta and cAMP in the hypothalamus. QI also remarkably reduced the frequency of acetic acid-induced writhing and delaied the time of licking rear feet. CONCLUSION: QI has antipyretic, analgesic effects. Its mechanism of the antipyretic effects on rats may be inhibiting the production of IL-1beta and accordingly decreasing cAMP in the hypothalamus.