Revealing the BroÌ·nsted Acidic Nature of Penta-Coordinated Aluminum Species in Dealuminated Zeolite Y with Solid-State NMR Spectroscopy.

The inevitable dealumination process of zeolite Y is closely related to ultrastabilization, enhanced BroÌ·nsted acidity, and deactivation throughout its life cycle, producing complex aluminum and acidic hydroxyl species. Most investigations on dehydrated zeolites have focused on the BroÌ·nsted acidity of tetra-coordinated Al (Al(IV)) and Lewis acidity associated with tricoordinated Al (Al(III)) sites, which has left the penta-coordinated Al (Al(V)) in dealuminated zeolites scarcely discussed. This is largely due to the oversimplified view of detectable Al(V) as an exclusively extra-framework species with Lewis acidity. Here we report the formation of BroÌ·nsted acidic penta-coordinated Al species (Al(V)-BAS) in the dealumination process. Two-dimensional (2D) through-bond and multiquantum 1H-{27Al} correlation solid-state NMR experiments demonstrate the presence of a bridging Si-OH-Al(V) structure in dealuminated Y zeolites. Different from the conventional belief that water attack leads to the breaking of zeolite framework Al-O bonds in the initial stage of zeolite dealumination, the observed Al(V) as a dealumination intermediate is directly correlated with a BAS pair because of the direct dissociation of water on the framework tetrahedral aluminum (Al(IV)), thus bypassing the cleavage of Al-O bonds. 1H double-quantum solid-state NMR experiments and theoretical calculations provide further evidence for this mechanism, whereas pyridine adsorption experiments confirm stronger acidity of Al(V)-BASs than the traditional bridging hydroxyl groups associated with Al(IV). We were also able to detect the Al(V)-BAS site from dealuminated SSZ-13 zeolite with CHA topology, suggesting that its creation is not specific to the framework structure of zeolites.

Assessing the reliability of a novel cancer-specific multi-attribute utility instrument (FACT-8D) and comparing its validity to EQ-5D-5L in colorectal cancer patients.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the test-retest reliability of the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy - 8 Dimension (FACT-8D) for the first time, and to conduct a head-to-head comparison of the distribution properties and validity between the FACT-8D and EQ-5D-5L in Colorectal Cancer (CRC) Patients. METHODS: We conducted a longitudinal study on Chinese CRC patients, employing Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-General (FACT-G) and EQ-5D-5L at baseline, and FACT-G during follow-up (2-7 days from baseline). Utility scores for FACT-8D were derived from all available value sets (Australia, Canada and USA), while EQ-5D-5L scores were obtained from corresponding value sets for various countries. We assessed convergent validity using pairwise polychoric correlations between the FACT-8D and EQ-5D-5L; known-groups validity by discriminating participants' clinical characteristics, and effect size (ES) was tested; test-retest reliability for FACT-8D using kappa and weighted Kappa for choice consistency, and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and Bland-Altman method for utility consistency. RESULTS: Among the 287 patients with CRC at baseline, 131 were included in the retest analysis. The utility scores of FACT-8D were highly positively correlated with EQ-5D-5L across various country value sets (r = 0.65-0.77), and most of the dimensions of FACT-8D and EQ-5D-5L were positively correlated. EQ-5D-5L failed to discriminate known-groups in cancer stage across all value sets, whereas both were significant in FACT-8D (ES = 0.35-0.48, ES = 0.38-0.52). FACT-8D showed good test-retest reliability (Cohen's weighted Kappa = 0.494-0.722, ICC = 0.748-0.786). CONCLUSION: The FACT-8D can be used as a valid and reliable instrument for clinical evaluation of patients with CRC, outperforming EQ-5D-5L in differentiating clinical subgroups and showing promise for cancer practice and research.

Recently, the Multi-Attribute Utility in Cancer Consortium developed the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy − 8 Dimension (FACT-8D), a new cancer-specific multi-attribute utility instrument based on the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy - General (FACT-G). This addresses the FACT-G's limitation in directly generating utility values, which has broad application prospects in cost-utility analysis within the field of oncology. To our knowledge, this is the first study to examine the test-retest reliability of FACT-8D and to conduct a head-to-head comparison of its distribution properties and validity against the EQ-5D-5L in colorectal cancer (CRC) patients. The results indicate that FACT-8D is a valid and reliable instrument for clinical evaluation of CRC patients, demonstrating superior performance in differentiating between known clinical groups compared to the generic MAUI EQ-5D-5L, and is a promising instrument for use in cancer practice and research.

Chinese utility weights for the EORTC cancer-specific utility instrument QLU-C10D.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to provide Chinese utility weights for the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Utility Measure-Core 10 Dimensions (EORTC QLU-C10D) which is a preference-based cancer-specific utility instrument derived from the EORTC QLQ-C30. METHODS: We conducted an online survey of the general population in China, with quota sampling for age and gender. Each respondent was asked to complete a discrete choice experimental survey consisting of 16 randomly selected choice sets. The conditional logit model and mixed logit model were used to analyze respondents' preferences, and the goodness of fit of the model was tested. RESULTS: A total of 2003 respondents were included in the analysis. Utility decrements within dimensions were typically monotonic. Monotonic inconsistency issues in the Fatigue, Sleep, and Nausea dimensions were normalized by monotonicity correction. Physical functioning, Pain, and Role functioning were associated with the greatest utility weights, with the smallest decrements being in Bowel problems and Emotional functioning. The utility value for the worst health state was 0.083, i.e. slightly higher than being dead. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides the first China-specific set of value for the QLU-C10D based on societal preferences of the Chinese adult general population. The value set can be used as a cancer-specific scoring system for economic evaluations of new oncology therapies and technologies in China.

1. This study provides the first China-specific set of value for the QLU-C10D based on societal preferences of the Chinese adult general population. 2. The value set can be used as a cancer-specific scoring system for economic evaluations of new oncology therapies and technologies in China.

Critical role of minor eggcase silk component in promoting spidroin chain alignment and strong fiber formation.

Natural spider silk with extraordinary mechanical properties is typically spun from more than one type of spidroin. Although the main components of various spider silks have been widely studied, little is known about the molecular role of the minor silk components in spidroin self-assembly and fiber formation. Here, we show that the minor component of spider eggcase silk, TuSp2, not only accelerates self-assembly but remarkably promotes molecular chain alignment of spidroins upon physical shearing. NMR structure of the repetitive domain of TuSp2 reveals that its dimeric structure with unique charged surface serves as a platform to recruit different domains of the main eggcase component TuSp1. Artificial fiber spun from the complex between TuSp1 and TuSp2 minispidroins exhibits considerably higher strength and Young's modulus than its native counterpart. These results create a framework for rationally designing silk biomaterials based on distinct roles of silk components.

Biological Roles of Lipids in Rice.

Lipids are organic nonpolar molecules with essential biological and economic importance. While the genetic pathways and regulatory networks of lipid biosynthesis and metabolism have been extensively studied and thoroughly reviewed in oil crops such as soybeans, less attention has been paid to the biological roles of lipids in rice, a staple food for the global population and a model species for plant molecular biology research, leaving a considerable knowledge gap in the biological roles of lipids. In this review, we endeavor to furnish a current overview of the advancements in understanding the genetic foundations and physiological functions of lipids, including triacylglycerol, fatty acids, and very-long-chain fatty acids. We aim to summarize the key genes in lipid biosynthesis, metabolism, and transcriptional regulation underpinning rice's developmental and growth processes, biotic stress responses, abiotic stress responses, fertility, seed longevity, and recent efforts in rice oil genetic improvement.

Effects of Active Ingredients in Alcoholic Beverages and Their De-Alcoholized Counterparts on High-Fat Diet Bees: A Comparative Study.

The mechanisms by which alcohol, alcoholic beverages, and their de-alcoholized derivatives affect animal physiology, metabolism, and gut microbiota have not yet been clarified. The polyphenol, monosaccharide, amino acid, and organic acid contents of four common alcoholic beverages (Chinese Baijiu, beer, Chinese Huangjiu, and wine) and their de-alcoholized counterparts were analyzed. The research further explored how these alcoholic beverages and their non-alcoholic versions affect obesity and gut microbiota, using a high-fat diet bee model created with 2% palm oil (PO). The results showed that wine, possessing the highest polyphenol content, and its de-alcoholized form, particularly when diluted five-fold (WDX5), markedly improved the health markers of PO-fed bees, including weight, triglycerides, and total cholesterol levels in blood lymphocytes. WDX5 treatment notably increased the presence of beneficial microbes such as Bartonella, Gilliamella, and Bifidobacterium, while decreasing Bombilactobacillus abundance. Moreover, WDX5 was found to closely resemble sucrose water (SUC) in terms of gut microbial function, significantly boosting short-chain fatty acids, lipopolysaccharide metabolism, and associated enzymatic pathways, thereby favorably affecting metabolic regulation and gut microbiota stability in bees.

Dietary regulation of the SIgA-gut microbiota interaction.

Gut microbiota (GM) is essential for host health, and changes in the GM are related to the development of various diseases. Recently, secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA), the most abundant immunoglobulin isotype in the intestinal mucosa, has been found to play an essential role in controlling GM. SIgA dysfunction can lead to changes in the GM and is associated with the development of various GM-related diseases. Although in early stage, recent studies have shown that assorted dietary interventions, including vitamins, amino acids, fatty acids, polyphenols, oligo/polysaccharides, and probiotics, can influence the intestinal SIgA response and SIgA-GM interaction. Dietary intervention can enhance the SIgA response by directly regulating it (from top to bottom) or by regulating the GM structure or gene expression (from bottom to top). Furthermore, intensive studies involving the particular influence of dietary intervention on SIgA-binding to the GM and SIgA repertoire and the precise regulation of the SIgA response via dietary intervention are still exceedingly scarce and merit further consideration. This review summarizes the existing knowledge and (possible) mechanisms of the influence of dietary intervention on the SIgA-GM interaction. Key issues are considered, and the approaches in addressing these issues in future studies are also discussed.

Characteristics of health-state utilities used in cost-effectiveness analyses: a systematic review of published studies in Asia.

INTRODUCTION: Cost-utility analysis (CUA) is the preferred form of economic evaluation in many countries. As one of the key data inputs in cost-utility models, health state utility (HSU) has a crucial impact on CUA results. In the past decades, health technology assessment has been expanding rapidly in Asia, yet research examining the methodology and process used to generate cost-effectiveness evidence is scarce. The aim of this study was to examine the reporting of the characteristics of HSU data used in CUAs in Asia and how the characteristics have changed over time. METHODS: A systematic literature search was performed to identify published CUA studies targeting Asian populations. Information was extracted for both the general characteristics of selected studies and the characteristics of reported HSU data. For each HSU value identified, we extracted data for four key characteristics, including 1) estimation method; 2) source of health-related quality of life (HRQoL) data; 3) source of preference data; and 4) sample size. The percentage of nonreporting was calculated and compared over two time periods (1990-2010 vs 2011-2020). RESULTS: A total of 789 studies were included and 4,052 HSUs were identified. Of these HSUs, 3,351 (82.7%) were from published literature and 656 (16.2%) were from unpublished empirical data. Overall, the characteristics of HSU data were not reported in more than 80% of the studies. Of HSUs whose characteristics were reported, most of them were estimated using the EQ-5D (55.7%), Asian HRQoL data (91.9%), and Asian health preferences (87.7%); 45.7% of the HSUs was estimated with a sample of 100 or more individuals. All four characteristics showed improvements after 2010. CONCLUSION: Over the past two decades, there has been a significant increase in CUA studies targeting Asian populations. However, HSU's characteristics were not reported in most of the CUA studies, making it difficult to evaluate the quality and appropriateness of the HSUs used in those cost-effectiveness studies.

A head-to-head comparison of the measurement properties of EQ-5D-3L and EQ-5D-5L in Chinese family caregivers of cancer patients.

BACKGROUND: Although both EQ-5D-3L(3L) and EQ-5D-5L(5L) have demonstrated good measurement properties in several patient populations, there is currently limited evidence comparing the measurement properties of 3L and 5L in family caregivers (FCs) of cancer patients. PURPOSE: This study aimed to compare the measurement properties of 3L and 5L in a sample of family caregivers of cancer patients. METHODS: A consecutive sample of FCs of cancer patients recruited from three tertiary hospitals were invited to complete the two versions of the EQ-5D in two rounds of interviews. We compared i) the ceiling effect using the McNemar's test, ii) test-retest reliability using intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and Cohen's Kappa, iii) convergent validity using Spearman's rank correlation coefficient, iv) known-group validity using F-statistic, v) and discriminant capacity using ordinal logistic regression. RESULTS: A total of 416 FCs completed the baseline questionnaire and 120 caregivers completed the follow-up questionnaire. Ceiling effects were smaller in 5L (12.5%) than in 3L (20.7%). The convergent validity (r = 0.344-0.771), known-groups validity (Fratio5L/3L = 2.06-4.09), discriminant capacity (ES = 0.341-0.396), and test-retest reliability (ICC = 0.725) of the 5L were slightly better than those of the 3L in China. CONCLUSION: The current study found both 3L and 5L to be suitable for use by FCs of cancer patients. However, 5L showed superior measurement properties compared to 3L and therefore could be the preferred instrument when EQ-5D data of cancer patients FCs is required.

Comparative and phylogenetic analyses of mitochondrial genomes in Elateridae (Coleoptera: Elateroidea).

The click-beetles (Elateridae) are a species-rich beetle family that is easily recognizable. They are distributed in all zoogeographical regions with over 11,000 species. Comparative studies of the structural characteristics of mitochondrial genomes (mitogenomes), as well as phylogenetic relationships of click-beetles, can improve our understanding of mitogenomic evolution. In this study, we determined four mitogenomes from Elateridae by next-generation sequencing. The four mitogenomes were 16,005 to 16,930 bp in length with 37 typical genes and a control region (A + T-rich region). Combined with previously reported elaterid mitogenomes, all PCGs initiate with either the standard start codon of ATN or TTG. According to the nonsynonymous/synonymous mutation ratio (Ka/Ks) of all PCGs, the highest and the lowest evolutionary rates were found for atp8 and cox1, respectively. Among the control regions of the four mitogenomes, several different patterns and numbers of tandem repeats were identified, which was the primary cause of the length variation in control regions. Phylogenetic analyses were conducted based on 13 protein-coding genes and two ribosomal RNA genes from 33 species of Elateridae and two outgroups. The Bayesian inference and maximum likelihood trees had an identical topological structure. The monophyly of Cardiophorinae, Agrypninae and Elaterinae was recovered with high support in all topologies, and the Tetralobinae was placed as the earliest branch in the Elateridae. Expanding the availability of mitogenomic and genomic data from a broader range of click-beetles could provide more clarity on the disputed relationships among subfamilies within Elateridae.

Formation of vinylphenolic pyranoanthocyanins by selected indigenous yeasts displaying high hydroxycinnamate decarboxylase activity during mulberry wine fermentation and aging.

The color of mulberry wine is difficult to maintain since the main chromogenic substances, anthocyanins, are severely degraded during fermentation and aging. This study selected Saccharomyces cerevisiae I34 and Wickerhamomyces anomalus D6, both displaying high hydroxycinnamate decarboxylase (HCDC) activity (78.49% and 78.71%), to enhance the formation of stable vinylphenolic pyranoanthocyanins (VPAs) pigments during mulberry wine fermentation. The HCDC activity of 84 different strains from eight regions in China was primarily screened via the deep well plate micro fermentation method, after which the tolerance and brewing characteristics were evaluated via simulated mulberry juice. The two selected strains and a commercial Saccharomyces cerevisiae were then inoculated individually or sequentially into the fresh mulberry juice, while the anthocyanin precursors and VPAs were identified and quantified via UHPLC-ESI/MS. The results showed that the HCDC-active strains facilitated the synthesis of stable pigments, cyanidin-3-O-glucoside-4-vinylcatechol (VPC3G), and cyanidin-3-O-rutinoside-4-vinylcatechol (VPC3R), highlighting its potential for enhancing color stability.

Research progress regarding the effect and mechanism of dietary phenolic acids for improving nonalcoholic fatty liver disease via gut microbiota.

Phenolic acids (PAs), a class of small bioactive molecules widely distributed in food and mainly found as secondary plant metabolites, present significant advantages such as antioxidant activity and other health benefits. The global epidemic of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is becoming a serious public health problem. Existing studies showed that gut microbiota (GM) dysbiosis is highly associated with the occurrence and development of NAFLD. In recent years, progress has been made in the study of the relationship among PA compounds, GM, and NAFLD. PAs can regulate the composition and functions of the GM to promote human health, while GM can increase the dietary sources of PAs and improve its bioavailability. This paper discussed PAs, GM, and their interrelationship while introducing several representative dietary PA sources and examining the absorption and metabolism of PAs mediated by GM. It also summarizes the effect and mechanisms of PAs in improving and regulating NAFLD via GM and their metabolites. This helps to better evaluate the potential preventive effect of PAs on NAFLD via the regulation of GM and expands the utilization of PAs and PA-rich food resources.

Research progress on the application of different controlling strategies to minimizing ethyl carbamate in grape wine.

Ethyl carbamate (EC) is a probable carcinogenic compound commonly found in fermented foods and alcoholic beverages and has been classified as a category 2A carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). Alcoholic beverages are one of the main sources of EC intake by humans. Therefore, many countries have introduced a standard EC limit in alcoholic beverages. Wine is the second largest alcoholic beverage in the world after beer and is loved by consumers for its rich taste. However, different survey results showed that the detection rate of EC in wine was almost 100%, while the maximum content was as high as 100 µg/L, necessitating EC content regulation in wine. The existing methods for controlling the EC level in wine mainly include optimizing raw fermentation materials and processes, using genetically engineered strains, and enzymatic methods (urease or urethanase). This review focused on introducing and comparing the advantages, disadvantages, and applicability of methods for controlling EC, and proposes two possible new techniques, that is, changing the fermentation strain and exogenously adding phenolic compounds. In the future, it is hoped that the feasibility of this prospect will be verified by pilot-scale or large-scale application to provide new insight into the regulation of EC during wine production. The formation mechanism and influencing factors of EC in wine were also introduced and the analytical methods of EC were summarized.

Disulfiram-loaded hollow copper sulfide nanoparticles show anti-tumor effects in preclinical models of colorectal cancer.

Colorectal cancer is one of the most common malignancies causing the majority of cancer-related deaths. There is an urgent need to develop new anticancer modalities. Recently, efforts have been made to turn clinically approved drugs into anticancer agents in specific tumor microenvironments via NPs. Disulfiram (DSF) as an effective copper (Cu2+)-dependent anti-tumour drug, which has been more widely used in antitumor research. Here, we constructed a novel therapeutic nanoplatforms, DSF@CuS, by encapsulating DSF in hollow CuS NPs to enable in situ chemoselective activation of DSF and hyperthermal amplified chemotherapy. The anticancer effect of DSF was enhanced by the thermal energy generated under NIR irradiation through the intrinsic photothermal conversion of CuS. As a result, significant apoptosis was induced in vitro, and tumor elimination was achieved in vivo. Collectively, DSF@CuS combined with photothermal therapy can significantly promote the apoptosis of CT26 colorectal cancer cells both in vitro and in vivo, providing a potential theoretical agent for the treatment of colorectal cancer.

Gut dysbiosis during early life: causes, health outcomes, and amelioration via dietary intervention.

The colonization and maturation of gut microbiota (GM) is a delicate and precise process, which continues to influence not only infancy and childhood but also adulthood health by affecting immunity. However, many perinatal factors, including gestational age, delivery mode, antibiotic administration, feeding mode, and environmental and maternal factors, can disturb this well-designed process, increasing the morbidity of various gut dysbiosis-related diseases, such as type-1-diabetes, allergies, necrotizing enterocolitis, and obesity. In this review, we discussed the early-life colonization and maturation of the GM, factors influencing this process, and diseases related to the disruption of this process. Moreover, we focused on discussing dietary interventions, including probiotics, oligosaccharides, nutritional supplementation, and exclusive enteral nutrition, in ameliorating early-life dysbiosis and diseases related to it. Furthermore, possible mechanisms, and shortcomings, as well as potential solutions to the drawbacks of dietary interventions, were also discussed.

Research progress on intervention effect and mechanism of protocatechuic acid on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has become a surge burden worldwide due to its high prevalence, with complicated deterioration symptoms such as liver fibrosis and cancer. No effective drugs are available for NALFD so far. The rapid growth of clinical demand has prompted the treatment of NAFLD to become a research hotspot. Protocatechuic acid (PCA) is a natural secondary metabolite commonly found in fruits, vegetables, grains, and herbal medicine. It is also the major internal metabolites of anthocyanins and other polyphenols. In the present manuscript, food sources, metabolic absorption, and efficacy of PCA were summarized while analyzing its role in improving NAFLD, as well as the mechanism involved. The results indicated that PCA could ameliorate NAFLD by regulating glucose and lipid metabolism, oxidative stress and inflammation, gut microbiota and metabolites. It was proposed for the first time that PCA might reduce NAFLD by enhancing the energy consumption of brown adipose tissue (BAT). However, the PCA administration mode and dose for NAFLD remain inconclusive. Fresh insights into the specific molecular mechanisms are required, while clinical trials are essential in the future. This review provides new targets and reasoning for the clinical application of PCA in the prevention and treatment of NAFLD.

A Faster and More Accurate Iterative Threshold Algorithm for Signal Reconstruction in Compressed Sensing.

Fast iterative soft threshold algorithm (FISTA) is one of the algorithms for the reconstruction part of compressed sensing (CS). However, FISTA cannot meet the increasing demands for accuracy and efficiency in the signal reconstruction. Thus, an improved algorithm (FIPITA, fast iterative parametric improved threshold algorithm) based on mended threshold function, restart adjustment mechanism and parameter adjustment is proposed. The three parameters used to generate the gradient in the FISTA are carefully selected by assessing the impact of them on the performance of the algorithm. The developed threshold function is used to replace the soft threshold function to reduce the reconstruction error and a restart mechanism is added at the end of each iteration to speed up the algorithm. The simulation experiment is carried out on one-dimensional signal and the FISTA, RadaFISTA and RestartFISTA are used as the comparison objects, with the result that in one case, for example, the residual rate of FIPITA is about 6.35% lower than those three and the number of iterations required to achieve the minimum error is also about 102 less than that of FISTA.

Indigenous Saccharomyces cerevisiae Could Better Adapt to the Physicochemical Conditions and Natural Microbial Ecology of Prince Grape Must Compared with Commercial Saccharomyces cerevisiae FX10.

Indigenous Saccharomyces cerevisiae, as a new and useful tool, can be used in fermentation to enhance the aroma characteristic qualities of the wine-production region. In this study, we used indigenous S. cerevisiae L59 and commercial S. cerevisiae FX10 to ferment Prince (a new hybrid variety from Lion Winery) wine, detected the basic physicochemical parameters and the dynamic changes of fungal communities during fermentation, and analyzed the correlations between fungal communities and volatile compounds. The results showed that the indigenous S. cerevisiae L59 could quickly adapt to the specific physicochemical conditions and microbial ecology of the grape must, showing a strong potential for winemaking. Compared with commercial S. cerevisiae FX10, the wine fermented by indigenous S. cerevisiae L59 contained more glycerol and less organic acids, contributing to a rounder taste. The results of volatile compounds indicated that the indigenous S. cerevisiae L59 had a positive effect on adding rosy, honey, pineapple and other sweet aroma characteristics to the wine. Overall, the study we performed showed that selection of indigenous S. cerevisiae from the wine-producing region as a starter for wine fermentation is conducive to improving the aroma profile of wine and preserving the aroma of the grape variety.

Mulberry Ethanol Extract and Rutin Protect Alcohol-Damaged GES-1 Cells by Inhibiting the MAPK Pathway.

Mulberry extract has been proven to have the effect of resisting alcohol damage, but its mechanism is still unclear. In this study, the composition of mulberry ethanol extract (MBE) was identified by LC-MS/MS and the main components of MBE were ascertained by measuring. Gastric mucosal epithelial (GES-1) cells were used to elucidate the mechanism of MBE and rutin (the central part of MBE) helped protect against alcohol damage. The results revealed that phenolics accounted for the majority of MBE, accounting for 308.6 mg/g gallic acid equivalents and 108 substances were identified, including 37 flavonoids and 50 non-flavonoids. The treatment of 400 µg/mL MBE and 320 µM rutin reduced early cell apoptosis and the content of intracellular reactive oxygen species, malondialdehyde and increased glutathione. The qPCR results indicated that the MBE inhibits the expression of genes in the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, including p38, JNK, ERK and caspase-3; rutin inhibits the expression of p38 and caspase-3. Overall, MBE was able to reduce the oxidative stress of GES-1 cells and regulated apoptosis-related genes of the MAPK pathway. This study provides information for developing anti-ethanol injury drugs or functional foods.

FedHGCDroid: An Adaptive Multi-Dimensional Federated Learning for Privacy-Preserving Android Malware Classification.

With the popularity of Android and its open source, the Android platform has become an attractive target for hackers, and the detection and classification of malware has become a research hotspot. Existing malware classification methods rely on complex manual operation or large-volume high-quality training data. However, malware data collected by security providers contains user privacy information, such as user identity and behavior habit information. The increasing concern for user privacy poses a challenge to the current malware classification scheme. Based on this problem, we propose a new android malware classification scheme based on Federated learning, named FedHGCDroid, which classifies malware on Android clients in a privacy-protected manner. Firstly, we use a convolutional neural network and graph neural network to design a novel multi-dimensional malware classification model HGCDroid, which can effectively extract malicious behavior features to classify the malware accurately. Secondly, we introduce an FL framework to enable distributed Android clients to collaboratively train a comprehensive Android malware classification model in a privacy-preserving way. Finally, to adapt to the non-IID distribution of malware on Android clients, we propose a contribution degree-based adaptive classifier training mechanism FedAdapt to improve the adaptability of the malware classifier based on Federated learning. Comprehensive experimental studies on the Androzoo dataset (under different non-IID data settings) show that the FedHGCDroid achieves more adaptability and higher accuracy than the other state-of-the-art methods.