Accuracy and Feasibility of Three-Dimensional Ultrasound Testing in Eye Clinic and Emergency Department Patients with Vision Complaints.

BACKGROUND: Ocular emergencies comprise 2-3% of emergency department (ED) visits, with retinal detachment requiring emergency surgery. Two-dimensional ultrasound is a rapid bedside tool but is highly operator dependent. OBJECTIVE: We determined three-dimensional ultrasound (3DUS) feasibility, acceptability, and usability in eye pathology detection using the ophthalmologist examination as reference standard. METHODS: We performed a prospective, blinded cohort study of a 3DUS-enabling device in 30 eye clinic and ED patients with visual symptoms and calculated 3DUS performance characteristics. Two expert readers interpreted the 3DUS images for pathology. All participants completed surveys. RESULTS: 3DUS sensitivity was 0.81, specificity 0.73, positive predictive value 0.54, negative predictive value 0.91, and likelihood ratio (LR)+/LR- 3.03 and 0.26, respectively. Novice and expert sonographers had "substantial" agreement in correct diagnosis of abnormal vs. normal (κ = 0.68, 95% confidence interval 0.48-0.88). Most patients indicated that 3DUS is fast, comfortable, helps them understand their problem, and improves provider interaction/care, and all sonographers agreed; 4/5 sonographers felt confident performing ultrasound. Expert readers correctly identified an abnormal eye in 83/120 scans (76%) and correct diagnosis in 72/120 scans (65%), with no statistical difference between novice (79%; 69%) and expert (72%; 61%) sonographers (p = 0.39, p = 0.55), suggesting reduced operator dependence. Reader diagnosis confidence and image quality varied widely. Image acquisition times were fast for novice (mean 225 ± 83 s) and expert (201 ± 51) sonographers, with fast expert reader interpretation times (225 ± 136). CONCLUSIONS: A 3DUS-enabling device demonstrates a sensitivity of 0.81 and specificity of 0.73 for disease detection, fast image acquisition, and may reduce operator dependence for detecting emergent retinal pathologies. Further technological development is needed to improve diagnostic accuracy in identifying and characterizing retinal pathology.

Comparison of intermittent versus continuous infusion antihypertensives in acute ischemic stroke.

BACKGROUND: The optimal approach to blood pressure (BP) management in acute ischemic stroke remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to determine if an intermittent (labetalol or hydralazine) or continuous infusion (nicardipine or clevidipine) antihypertensive strategy facilitated timelier alteplase administration. METHODS: Patients ≥18 years who presented to the emergency department (ED) between September 1, 2013 and August 31, 2020, received alteplase for acute ischemic stroke, and required BP management with an intravenous antihypertensive were included in this multicenter, retrospective cohort study. Exclusion criteria were initial administration of a non-study antihypertensive, initial study antihypertensive administration >2 hours prior to or any time following alteplase, or receipt of both an intermittent and continuous infusion antihypertensive prior to alteplase. The primary endpoint was the time from ED presentation to alteplase administration. RESULTS: During the study period, 122 patients received an intermittent antihypertensive and 57 patients received a continuous infusion antihypertensive. The median door-to-needle time was 53 minutes for patients who received an intermittent antihypertensive compared to 57 minutes for those who received a continuous infusion antihypertensive (p=0.17). Secondarily, the proportion of patients who achieved the BP target <185/110 mmHg within 15 minutes of initial antihypertensive administration and the incidence of adverse events were similar between treatment groups. In cost analysis, intermittent antihypertensives were less expensive than continuous infusion antihypertensives ($2.20 vs. $71.40). CONCLUSIONS: Among patients with acute ischemic stroke and uncontrolled BP, the initial use of an intermittent or continuous infusion antihypertensive did not significantly impact the time to alteplase administration.

Sequential implementation of the EQUIPPED geriatric medication safety program as a learning health system.

OBJECTIVES: To present the three-site EQUIPPED academic health system research collaborative, which engaged in sequential implementation of the EQUIPPED medication safety program, as a learning health system; to understand how the organizations worked together to build resources for program scale-up. DESIGN: Following the Replicating Effective Programs framework, we analyzed content from implementation teams' focus groups, local and cross-site meeting minutes and sites' organizational profiles to develop an implementation package. SETTING: Three academic emergency departments that each implemented EQUIPPED over three successive years. PARTICIPANTS: Implementation team members at each site participating in focus groups (n = 18), local meetings during implementation years, and cross-site meetings during all years of the projects. INTERVENTION(S): EQUIPPED provides Emergency Department providers with clinical decision support (education, order sets, and feedback) to reduce prescribing of potentially inappropriate medications to adults aged 65 years and older who received a prescription at time of discharge. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Implementation process components assembled through successive implementation. RESULTS: Each site had clinical and environmental characteristics to be addressed in implementing the EQUIPPED program. We identified 10 process elements and describe lessons for each. Lessons guided the compilation of the EQUIPPED intervention package or toolkit, including the EQUIPPED logic model. CONCLUSIONS: Our academic health system research collaborative addressing medication safety through sequential implementation is a learning health system that can serve as a model for other quality improvement projects with multiple sites. The network produced an implementation package that can be vetted, piloted, evaluated, and finalized for large-scale dissemination in community-based settings.

The role of subcutaneous ketorolac for pain management.

This Hospital Pharmacy feature is extracted from Off-Label Drug Facts, a publication available from Wolters Kluwer Health. Off-Label Drug Facts is a practitioner-oriented resource for information about specific drug uses that are unapproved by the US Food and Drug Administration. This new guide to the literature enables the health care professional or clinician to quickly identify published studies on off-label uses and determine if a specific use is rational in a patient care scenario. References direct the reader to the full literature for more comprehensive information before patient care decisions are made. Direct questions or comments regarding Off-Label Drug Uses to jgeneral@ku.edu.

Promoting breast cancer screening among Asian American women: the Asian grocery store-based cancer education program.

Asian American women's historically low breast cancer mortality rate has remained constant as rates decreased for all other races. From 2000 to 2004, a randomized controlled trial explored the Asian grocery store-based breast cancer education program's impact on Chinese, Filipino, Korean, and Vietnamese women (n = 1,540). Women aged 40 and older and non-adherent for annual screening mammograms were more likely to schedule a mammogram after receiving the breast cancer education program than women randomized to the prostate cancer program (X (2) = 3.85, p = 0.05). With the right program ingredients, late adopters of breast cancer screening can be prompted to change.

Cardiopulmonary Emergencies in Older Adults.

Older adults are susceptible to serious illnesses, including atrial fibrillation, congestive heart failure, pneumonia, and pulmonary embolism. Atrial fibrillation is the most common arrhythmia in this age group and can cause complications such as thromboembolic events and stroke. Congestive heart failure is the most common cause of hospital admission and readmission in the older adult population. Older adults are at higher risk for pulmonary embolism because of age-related changes and comorbidities. Pneumonia is also prevalent and is one of the leading causes of death.

Early prescribing outcomes after exporting the EQUIPPED medication safety improvement programme.

Enhancing quality of prescribing practices for older adults discharged from the Emergency Department (EQUIPPED) aims to reduce the monthly proportion of potentially inappropriate medications (PIMs) prescribed to older adults discharged from the ED to 5% or less. We describe prescribing outcomes at three academic health systems adapting and sequentially implementing the EQUIPPED medication safety programme.EQUIPPED was adapted from a model developed in the Veterans Health Administration (VA) and sequentially implemented in one academic health system per year over a 3-year period. The monthly proportion of PIMs, as defined by the 2015 American Geriatrics Beers Criteria, of all medications prescribed to adults aged 65 years and older at discharge was assessed for 6 months preimplementation until 12 months postimplementation using a generalised linear time series model with a Poisson distribution.The EQUIPPED programme was translated from the VA health system and its electronic medical record into three health systems each using a version of the Epic electronic medical record. Adaptation occurred through local modification of order sets and in the generation and delivery of provider prescribing reports by local champions. Baseline monthly PIM proportions 6 months prior to implementation at the three sites were 5.6% (95% CI 5.0% to 6.3%), 5.8% (95% CI 5.0% to 6.6%) and 7.3% (95% CI 6.4% to 9.2%), respectively. Evaluation of monthly prescribing including the twelve months post-EQUIPPED implementation demonstrated significant reduction in PIMs at one of the three sites. In exploratory analyses, the proportion of benzodiazepine prescriptions decreased across all sites from approximately 17% of PIMs at baseline to 9.5%-12% postimplementation, although not all reached statistical significance.EQUIPPED is feasible to implement outside the VA system. While the impact of the EQUIPPED model may vary across different health systems, results from this initial translation suggest significant reduction in specific high-risk drug classes may be an appropriate target for improvement at sites with relatively low baseline PIM prescribing rates.

Depressive symptoms in late life: associations with apathy, resilience and disability vary between young-old and old-old.

OBJECTIVE: Prior research has found that disability and apathy are associated with late-life depression. However, the effect of age on these associations in "late-life," an ambiguous term encompassing all individuals typically older than 60 years, has not been examined. We investigated the association of depression with disability, apathy and resilience across the age range of late-life. METHODS: One hundred and five community-dwelling elderly with moderate levels of disability were assessed using the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS), Hardy-Gill Resilience Scale, Starkstein Apathy Scale and IADL/ADL questionnaire. Multiple regression analysis was used to assess relationships between depression, disability, apathy and resilience, stratified by age (<80 vs. >80). RESULTS: In the <80 year old subject group, resilience, apathy and disability scores (partial type III R(2) = 11.1%, 10.4% and 12.8%, respectively) equally contributed to the variability of GDS score. In contrast, in the >80 year old subject group, apathy (partial type III R(2) = 18.7%) had the greatest contribution to GDS score. CONCLUSIONS: In elderly persons under age 80, resilience, apathy and disability all have relatively equal contributions to depression scores, whereas in those over age 80, depression is most highly correlated with apathy. These data suggest that depressive symptoms in elderly persons have different clinical features along the age spectrum from young-old to old-old.