RESUMO
Heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) is a critically conserved molecular chaperone protein and promising therapeutic target for cancer treatment. In this study, platycodin D (PD), a saponin isolated from traditional Chinese herb Platycodonis Radix, was identified as a novel Hsp90 inhibitor. We verified that PD did not affect the ATPase activity of Hsp90. However, PD disrupted the co-chaperone interaction of Hsp90/cell division cycle protein 37 (Cdc37) and subsequently degraded multiple Hsp90 client proteins without the feedback increase of Hsp70. In different genotypes of non-small cell lung cancer cells, co-treatment with the mTOR inhibitor Everolimus and PD enhanced antiproliferation activity and apoptotic effect. The feedback survival signal upon mTOR inhibition was fully terminated by the co-administration with PD through reduced epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and insulin growth factor 1 receptor (IGF1R) expression, suppressed AKT activity, and reinforced 4E-BP1 inhibition. Our results not only identified PD as a novel Hsp90 inhibitor by disrupting the protein-protein interaction of Hsp90/Cdc37 complex, but also provided mechanistic insights into the ineffectiveness of mTOR inhibitors and identified therapeutic strategy for cancer treatment.
Assuntos
Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Proteínas de Ciclo Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Chaperoninas/efeitos dos fármacos , Proteínas de Choque Térmico HSP90/antagonistas & inibidores , Saponinas/toxicidade , Serina-Treonina Quinases TOR/antagonistas & inibidores , Triterpenos/toxicidade , Apoptose/efeitos dos fármacos , Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/tratamento farmacológico , Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/genética , Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , Receptores ErbB/antagonistas & inibidores , Everolimo/farmacologia , Humanos , Imunossupressores/farmacologia , Neoplasias Pulmonares/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias Pulmonares/genética , Proteína Oncogênica v-akt/antagonistas & inibidores , Receptor IGF Tipo 1 , Receptores de Somatomedina/antagonistas & inibidoresRESUMO
AIM: To discover neuroprotective compounds and to characterize the discovered active compound YQ138 as a novel GSK-3ß inhibitor. METHODS: Primary rat cerebellar granule cells (CGCs) were treated with glutamate, and cell viability was analyzed with MTT assay, which was used as in vitro model for screening neuroprotective compounds. Active compound was further tested in OGD- or serum deprivation-induced neuronal injury models. The expression levels of GSK-3ß downstream proteins (Nrf2, HO-1, NQO1, Tau and ß-catenin) were detected with Western blotting. For evaluating the neuroprotective effects in vivo, adult male rats were subjected to transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO), then treated with YQ138 (10 mg/kg, iv) at 2, 4 and 6 h after ischemia onset. RESULTS: From a compound library consisting of about 2000 potential kinase inhibitors, YQ138 was found to exert neuroprotective effects: pretreatment with YQ138 (0.1-40 µmol/L) dose-dependently inhibited glutamate-induced neuronal death. Furthermore, pretreatment with YQ138 (10 µmol/L) significantly inhibited OGD- or serum deprivation-induced neuronal death. Among a panel of seven kinases tested, YQ138 selectively inhibited the activity of GSK-3ß (IC50=0.52 nmol/L). Furthermore, YQ138 dose-dependently increased the expression of ß-catenin, and decreased the phosphorylation of Tau in CGCs. Moreover, YQ138 significantly increased the expression of GSK-3ß downstream antioxidative proteins Nrf2, HO-1, NQO1, GSH and SOD in CGCs. In rats with tMCAO, administration of YQ138 significantly decreased infarct volume, improved the neurological deficit, and increased the expression of Nrf2 and HO-1 and the activities of SOD and GSH in the cerebral cortex. CONCLUSION: A novel GSK-3ß inhibitor YQ138 effectively suppresses brain ischemic injury in vitro and in vivo.
Assuntos
Isquemia Encefálica/tratamento farmacológico , Encéfalo/efeitos dos fármacos , Ácido Glutâmico/metabolismo , Glicogênio Sintase Quinase 3 beta/antagonistas & inibidores , Fator 2 Relacionado a NF-E2/metabolismo , Fármacos Neuroprotetores/uso terapêutico , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/uso terapêutico , Transdução de Sinais/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Encéfalo/citologia , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Encéfalo/patologia , Isquemia Encefálica/metabolismo , Isquemia Encefálica/patologia , Células Cultivadas , Glicogênio Sintase Quinase 3 beta/metabolismo , Masculino , Simulação de Acoplamento Molecular , Neurônios/efeitos dos fármacos , Neurônios/metabolismo , Neurônios/patologia , Fármacos Neuroprotetores/farmacologia , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/farmacologia , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-DawleyRESUMO
AIM: Compound 10b is a hybrid molecule of edaravone and a ring-opening derivative of 3-n-butylphthalide (NBP). The aim of this study was to examine the effects of compound 10b on brain damage in rats after focal cerebral ischemia. METHODS: SD rats were subjected to 2-h-middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). At the onset of reperfusion, the rats were orally treated with NBP (60 mg/kg), edaravone (3 mg/kg), NBP (60 mg/kg)+edaravone (3 mg/kg), or compound 10b (70, 140 mg/kg). The infarct volume, motor behavior deficits, brain water content, histopathological alterations, and activity of GSH, SOD, and MDA were analyzed 24 h after reperfusion. The levels of relevant proteins in the ipsilateral striatum were examined using immunoblotting. RESULTS: Administration of compound 10b (70 or 140 mg/kg) significantly reduced the infarct volume and neurological deficits in MCAO rats. The neuroprotective effects of compound 10b were more pronounced compared to NBP, edaravone or NBP+edaravone. Furthermore, compound 10b significantly upregulated the protein levels of the cytoprotective molecules Bcl-2, HO-1, Nrf2, Trx, P-NF-κB p65, and IκB-α, while decreasing the expression of Bax, caspase 3, caspase 9, Txnip, NF-κB p65, and P-IκB-α. CONCLUSION: Oral administration of compound 10b effectively attenuates rat cerebral ischemia injury.
Assuntos
Antioxidantes/uso terapêutico , Antipirina/análogos & derivados , Benzofuranos/uso terapêutico , Encéfalo/efeitos dos fármacos , Infarto da Artéria Cerebral Média/tratamento farmacológico , Fármacos Neuroprotetores/uso terapêutico , Animais , Antipirina/uso terapêutico , Apoptose/efeitos dos fármacos , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Encéfalo/patologia , Edaravone , Infarto da Artéria Cerebral Média/metabolismo , Infarto da Artéria Cerebral Média/patologia , Masculino , NF-kappa B/metabolismo , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Transdução de Sinais/efeitos dos fármacos , Água/metabolismoRESUMO
For local treatment of ulcerative colitis, a new azoreductase driven prodrug CDDO-AZO from bardoxolone methyl (CDDO-Me) and 5-aminosalicylate (5-ASA) was designed, synthesized and biologically evaluated. It is proposed that orally administrated CDDO-AZO is stable before reaching the colon, while it can also be triggered by the presence of azoreductase in the colon to fragment into CDDO-Me and 5-ASA, generating potent anti-colitis effects. Superior to olsalazine (OLS, a clinically used drug for ulcerative colitis) and CDDO-Me plus 5-ASA, CDDO-AZO significantly attenuated inflammatory colitis symptoms in DSS-induced chronic colitis mice, which suggested that CDDO-AZO may be a promising anti-ulcerative colitis agent.
Assuntos
Colite , Mesalamina/farmacologia , Ácido Oleanólico/análogos & derivados , Pró-Fármacos , Animais , Colite/induzido quimicamente , Colite/tratamento farmacológico , Camundongos , Nitrorredutases , Ácido Oleanólico/farmacologiaRESUMO
Cisplatin is one of the most used first-line anticancer drugs for various solid tumor therapies. However, cisplatin-based chemotherapy can induce tumor cells to secrete excessive prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) catalyzed by cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), which, in turn, counteracts its chemotherapeutic effect and further accelerates tumor metastasis. Here, we report a carrier-free self-delivered nanoprodrug based on platinum (II) coordination bonding coupled with tolfenamic acid (Tolf) (named Tolfplatin). Tolfplatin can spontaneously assemble into uniformly sized nanoparticles (NPs) with a high drug-loading capacity. Compared with cisplatin, Tolfplatin NPs can facilitate cellular uptake, significantly decrease PGE2 secretion by COX-2 inhibition, which further downregulate tumorous anti-apoptotic and metastasis-associated proteins, thereby efficiently inducing apoptotic cell death and significantly inhibit tumor metastasis in vitro and in vivo. Therefore, as the carrier-free nanoprodrug, Tolfplatin NPs are promising anti-tumoral agents to inhibit tumor proliferation and metastasis by enriching the function and promoting the anti-tumor activity of cisplatin.
Assuntos
Antineoplásicos , Neoplasias da Mama , Nanopartículas , Anti-Inflamatórios/uso terapêutico , Antineoplásicos/uso terapêutico , Neoplasias da Mama/tratamento farmacológico , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Cisplatino/uso terapêutico , Feminino , Humanos , PlatinaRESUMO
To search for potent anti-ischemic stroke agents, a series of tetramethylpyrazine (TMP)/resveratrol (RES) hybrids 6a-t were designed and synthesized. These hybrids inhibited adenosine diphosphate (ADP)- or arachidonic acid (AA)-induced platelet aggregation, among them, 6d, 6g-i, 6o and 6q were more active than TMP. The most active compound 6h exhibited more potent anti-platelet aggregation activity than TMP, RES, as well as positive control ticlopidine (Ticlid) and aspirin (ASP). Furthermore, 6h exerted strong antioxidative activity in a dose-dependent manner in rat pheochromocytoma PC12 cells which were treated with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) or hydroxyl radical (·OH). Importantly, 6h significantly protected primary neuronal cells suffered from oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) injury, comparable to an anti-ischemic drug edaravone (Eda). Together, our findings suggest that 6h may be a promising candidate warranting further investigation for the intervention of ischemic stroke.
Assuntos
Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Isquemia Encefálica/tratamento farmacológico , Fármacos Neuroprotetores/farmacologia , Agregação Plaquetária/efeitos dos fármacos , Pirazinas/farmacologia , Resveratrol/farmacologia , Animais , Antioxidantes/química , Estrutura Molecular , Fármacos Neuroprotetores/química , Células PC12 , Pirazinas/química , Coelhos , Ratos , Resveratrol/químicaRESUMO
Glaucoma is a disease that causes irreversible blindness. Reducing intraocular pressure (IOP) is the main treatment at present. Nitric oxide (NO), an endogenous gas signaling molecule, can increase aqueous humor outflow facility, inhibit aqueous humor production thereby reducing IOP, as well as regulate eye blood flow and protect the optic nerve. Therefore, NO donating anti-glaucoma drugs have broad research prospects. In this review, we summarize NO-mediated therapy for glaucoma, and the state of the art of some NO donating molecules, including latanoprostene bunod in market and some other candidate compounds, for the intervention of glaucoma, as well as prospects and challenges ahead in this field.
Assuntos
Glaucoma/tratamento farmacológico , Pressão Intraocular/efeitos dos fármacos , Óxido Nítrico/química , Óxido Nítrico/farmacologia , Humanos , Estrutura MolecularRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Pemetrexed (PMT) is a multitargeted antifolate agent that is used for treating patients with Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC). However, patients have presented clinical responses of drug resistance to PMT. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to explore the underlying mechanisms of PMT resistance in NSCLC cells. METHODS: PMT-resistant NCI-H460/PMT cells were established by treating with PMT in a concentrationescalation manner. MTT assay and colony formation were performed to detect cell proliferation. Immunofluorescence was used to detect the expression of Ki-67. Transwell assay was performed to measure cell migration ability. qPCR and Western blot were used to detect the mRNA and protein expression levels of indicated genes. Small interfering RNAs (siRNA) were used to knockdown ATP binding cassette subfamily B member 1 (ABCB1) and Thymidylate Synthase (TYMS). RESULTS: This study showed that compared with the parental cells, the NCI-H460/PMT cells displayed weakened proliferation and enhanced cell mobility. In addition, the NCI-H460/PMT cells demonstrated cellular senescence, which might result in PMT resistance. The NCI-H460/PMT cells exhibited cross-resistance to other chemotherapeutics, including fluorouracil, paclitaxel, doxorubicin, etoposide and gemcitabine, possibly because of the upregulated expression of ABCB1. However, the ABCB1 knockdown by siRNA failed to eradicate PMT resistance. Moreover, TYMS, a target of PMT, was obviously upregulated in the resistant cells. The genetic silence of TYMS partially abrogated PMT resistance, suggesting that the overexpression of TYMS was a key resistant mechanism of PMT. CONCLUSION: The overexpression of TYMS was an important resistance mechanism of PMT for KRAS-mutated NCI-H460 cells. Cross-resistance to other chemotherapeutics should be considered in addressing PMT resistance.
Assuntos
Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Resistencia a Medicamentos Antineoplásicos/efeitos dos fármacos , Pemetrexede/farmacologia , Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , Sobrevivência Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Ensaios de Seleção de Medicamentos Antitumorais , Humanos , Estrutura Molecular , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas p21(ras)/antagonistas & inibidores , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas p21(ras)/genética , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas p21(ras)/metabolismo , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Células Tumorais CultivadasRESUMO
Hypoxia, which occurs in most cancer cases, disrupts the efficacy of anticarcinogens. Fortunately, hypoxia itself is a potential target for cancer treatment. Hypoxia-activated prodrugs (HAPs) can be selectively activated by reductase under hypoxia. Some promising HAPs have been already achieved, and many clinical trials of HAPs in different types of cancer are ongoing. However, none of them has been approved in clinic to date. From the studies on HAPs began, some achievements are obtained but more challenges are put forward. In this paper, we reviewed the research progress of HAPs to discuss the strategies for HAPs development. According to the research status and results of these studies, administration pattern, reductase activity, and patient selection need to be taken into consideration to further improve the efficacy of existing HAPs. As the requirement of new drug research and development, design of optimal preclinical models and clinical trials are quite important in HAPs development, while different drug delivery systems and anticancer drugs with different mechanisms can be sources of novel HAPs.
Assuntos
Neoplasias/tratamento farmacológico , Oxirredutases/metabolismo , Pró-Fármacos/uso terapêutico , Hipóxia Celular , Ensaios Clínicos como Assunto , Aprovação de Drogas , Desenvolvimento de Medicamentos , Drogas em Investigação/farmacologia , Drogas em Investigação/uso terapêutico , Humanos , Neoplasias/metabolismo , Pró-Fármacos/farmacologiaRESUMO
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has attracted growing attention in the field of cancer therapy due to its non-invasive intervention and initiation of antitumor immune responses by use of non-toxic photosensitizers (PS) and topical light irradiation. However, inherent hypoxia and immunosuppression mediated by checkpoints in tumors severally impair the efficacy of PDT and PDT-induced immunity. Herein, a multi-functional nanoplatform is rationally constructed by fluorinated polymer nanoparticle saturated with oxygen in advance, which simultaneously encapsulated PS (Ce6) and an indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) inhibitor (NLG919). In particular, the tumor hypoxic microenvironment is obviously relieved and much more reactive oxygen species (ROS) is generated by fluorinated nanoparticle compared with alkylated polymer nanoparticle as a control in vitro and in vivo, this is mainly because the fluorinated polymers are endowed with high oxygen carrying capacity which also contributed to the relief of hypoxia. Meanwhile, compared to PDT alone, the co-encapsulation of IDO inhibitor and PS can further greatly enhance efficacy for inhibiting the growth of primary and abscopal tumors via enhanced T cell infiltration. This study can provide a convenient and practical strategy for enhancing the therapeutic effect of PDT and relieving immune suppression, in turn affording clinical benefits for cancer treatment.
Assuntos
Hipóxia/terapia , Fotoquimioterapia/métodos , Animais , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Humanos , Hipóxia/metabolismo , Imidazóis/química , Imidazóis/uso terapêutico , Isoindóis/química , Isoindóis/uso terapêutico , Oxigênio/metabolismo , Fármacos Fotossensibilizantes/química , Polímeros/química , Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio/metabolismo , Microambiente Tumoral/fisiologiaRESUMO
Vesicles possessing poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) chains on their surface have been described as a blood-persistent drug delivery system with potential applications for intravenous drug administration. In this research with different molecular weights (400-10,000g/mol) of PEG, a series of Chol-PEG(m) conjugates were generated by the DCC (N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide, DCC)/(4-dimethylaminopyridine, 4-DMAP) esterification method, and confirmed by FT-IR and (1)H NMR spectrum. Then their properties in aqueous solution were studied by electron microscopy images, associative behavioral and systematic tensiometric studies over a wide concentration range. In order to elucidate the application of this Chol-PEG(m) in vesicles, conventional nonionic surfactant vesicles (niosomes) composed of span 60 and cholesterol were prepared and the influence of various hydrophilic chains of the Chol-PEG(m) conjugates was investigated. Results indicated that all the niosomes prepared, with or without Chol-PEG(m) composition were similar in micrograph with diameter between 120 nm and 180 nm. The fixed aqueous layer thickness (FALT) around niosomes increased as Chol-PEG(m) chain length increase, particularly in the Chol-PEG(10,000) modified niosomes with 9.33+/-0.67 nm. In vitro release experiments indicated that release rate of nimodipine from Chol-PEG(m) modified niosomes was enhanced. Chol-PEG(m) modified niosomes showed greater accumulative release than that of plain niosomes over a period of 24 h. These studies have shed some light on the suitability of Chol-PEG(m) containing niosome preparation.
Assuntos
Colesterol/química , Polietilenoglicóis/química , Tensoativos/química , Colesterol/síntese química , Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura , Microscopia Eletrônica de Transmissão , Polietilenoglicóis/síntese química , Reologia , Tensão Superficial , ViscosidadeRESUMO
The present study was designed to synthesize 2-Cyano-3, 12-dioxooleana-1, 9(11)-en-28-oate-13ß, 28-olide (1), a lactone derivative of oleanolic acid (OA) and evaluate its anti-inflammatory activity. Compound 1 significantly diminished nitric oxide (NO) production and down-regulated the mRNA expression of iNOS, COX-2, IL-6, IL-1ß, and TNF-α in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. Further in vivo studies in murine model of LPS-induced acute lung injury (ALI) showed that 1 possessed more potent protective effects than the well-known anti-inflammatory drug dexamethasone by inhibiting myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, reducing total cells and neutrophils, and suppressing inflammatory cytokines expression, and thus ameliorating the histopathological conditions of the injured lung tissue. In conclusion, compound 1 could be developed as a promising anti-inflammatory agent for intervention of LPS-induced ALI.
Assuntos
Lesão Pulmonar Aguda/tratamento farmacológico , Anti-Inflamatórios/administração & dosagem , Ácido Oleanólico/administração & dosagem , Lesão Pulmonar Aguda/genética , Lesão Pulmonar Aguda/imunologia , Animais , Anti-Inflamatórios/síntese química , Líquido da Lavagem Broncoalveolar/imunologia , Ciclo-Oxigenase 2/genética , Ciclo-Oxigenase 2/imunologia , Feminino , Humanos , Interleucina-1beta/genética , Interleucina-1beta/imunologia , Interleucina-6/genética , Interleucina-6/imunologia , Lipopolissacarídeos/efeitos adversos , Pulmão/efeitos dos fármacos , Pulmão/imunologia , Macrófagos/efeitos dos fármacos , Macrófagos/imunologia , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Neutrófilos/efeitos dos fármacos , Neutrófilos/imunologia , Ácido Oleanólico/análogos & derivados , Ácido Oleanólico/síntese química , Peroxidase/genética , Peroxidase/imunologia , Células RAW 264.7 , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/genética , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/imunologiaRESUMO
Considering that high levels of nitric oxide (NO) exert anti-cancer effect and the derivatives of oleanolic acid (OA) have shown potent anti-cancer activity, new O2-vinyl diazeniumdiolate-based NO releasing derivatives (5a-l, 11a-l) of OA were designed, synthesized, and biologically evaluated in the present study. These derivatives could release different amounts of NO in liver cells. Among them, 5d, 5i, 5j, 11g, 11h, and 11j released more NO in SMMC-7721 cells and displayed stronger proliferative inhibition against SMMC-7721 and HepG2 cells than OA and other tested compounds. The most active compound 5j showed almost 20-fold better solubility than OA in aqueous solution, released larger amounts of NO in liver cancer cells than that in normal ones, and exhibited potent anti-hepatocellular carcinoma activity but little effect on the normal liver cells. The inhibitory activity against the cancer cells was significantly diminished upon addition of an NO scavenger, suggesting that NO may contribute, at least in part, to the activity of 5j.