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Rheumatoid arthritis （RA）， as an autoimmune disease， is mainly characterized by persistent synovitis. It often involves multiple joints symmetrically and can lead to joint deformity， joint function loss， and even disability in severe cases. The pathogenesis of RA is complex， and the prevention and treatment are complicated. Therefore， it is difficult to cure the disease completely. Previous studies have validated important targets and mechanisms for the prevention and treatment of RA， including the nuclear factor-κB （NF-κB） signaling pathway that controls the inflammatory process， nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 （Nrf2）/heme oxygenase-1 （HO-1） signaling pathway that regulates oxidative stress， inhibits inflammation， and maintains cell homeostasis， Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway that plays a key role in cell growth， differentiation， apoptosis， and inflammatory response， anti-inflammatory， anti-oxidation， and silent information regulator 1 （SIRT1） signaling pathway that regulates synovial cells， anti-inflammatory adenylate-activated protein kinase （AMPK） signaling pathway that regulates energy metabolism， and hypoxia-inducible factor-1α （HIF-1α）/vascular endothelial growth factor （VEGF） signaling pathway related to angiogenesis in RA. At the same time， many studies have confirmed that traditional Chinese medicine prevents and treats RA by regulating the above signaling pathways and exerting their related effects， indicating the advantages of traditional Chinese medicine such as multiple regulatory pathways， long-term effects， and less adverse reactions. In this paper， by consulting many research reports， the role of the above-mentioned signaling pathways in RA was clarified， and the latest research results of traditional Chinese medicine intervention in the above-mentioned signaling pathways in the prevention and treatment of RA in recent years were summarized in detail. This paper aims to promote the in-depth study of the pathogenesis of RA and its treatment with traditional Chinese medicine， provide a scientific basis for the rational application of traditional Chinese medicine， and offer useful enlightenment for the development of new drugs and clinical practice for the treatment of RA in the future.
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Tendon-bone healing is a complex biological process. Multiple signaling pathways are involved in tendon-bone healing， including transforming growth factor-β signaling pathway， bone morphogenetic protein signaling pathway， Wnt signaling pathway， fibroblast growth factor signaling pathway and nuclear transcription factor-κB signaling pathway. This paper summarizes the research status of traditional Chinese medicine regulating related signaling pathways to promote tendon-bone healing. It is found that a variety of traditional Chinese medicine monomers or herbal extracts （such as baicalein， icariin， total flavonoids of Drynaria fortunei， parthenolide， total saponins of Panax notoginseng， etc.） and traditional Chinese medicine compounds （such as Taohong siwu decoction， Liuwei dihuang pill， Xujin jiegu liquid， etc.） can promote bone formation， anti-inflammatory， anti-oxidation， by regulating the above signaling pathways， thereby effectively promoting tendon-bone healing.
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Osteoarthritis (OA) is a common chronic degenerative disease, and its condition tends to worsen with age. The pathogenesis of OA is complex, and many risk factors can lead to the occurrence of OA. Iron is one of the essential trace elements in the body, and its metabolic balance is extremely important to human health. Iron overload is closely related to the occurrence and development of OA. Excessive iron deposition in joint tissue can easily lead to lesions of articular cartilage and synovium, as well as affect subchondral bone reconstruction and lead to the occurrence of OA. The author reviewed the relevant research literature in recent years, and reviewed the mechanism of iron overload in the occurrence and development of OA, in order to provide new ideas and directions for the research and diagnosis and treatment of OA.
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BACKGROUND:Modern research shows that Drynaria can delay celldegeneration and reduce the incidence of osteoarthritis. OBJECTIVE:To observe the proliferation and differentiation of rabbit bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells induced by different dosages of Drynaria freeze-dried powder, and to explore the optimum induction concentration. METHODS:Rabbit bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells were isolated and cultured in vitro by density gradient centrifugation and adherence screening methods, and then divided into blank group, positive control group (transforming growth factorβ1), high-, middle-, low-dosage Drynaria groups (0.4 mg, 0.1 mg, 5μg). Passage 3 cells were selected and cultured in different media. After 1 week, cellviability was detected by MTT method, and expression of type II col agen by immunohistochemical method. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Both transforming growth factorβ1 and Drynaria could improve the proliferation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells, and the increase in cellproliferation was ranked as fol ows:positive control group>low-dosage group>middle-dosage group>high-dosage group>blank group. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells were differentiated into chondrocytes under induction of transforming growth factorβ1 and Drynaria, and induced cells significantly expressed type II col agen. The expression of type II col agen was ranked as fol ows:positive control group>low-dosage group>middle-dosage group>high-dosage group>blank group. These findings suggest that Drynaria can promote the proliferation and differentiation of rabbit bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells, and the optimal dosage is 5μg.
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Aim To study toxic effect of cyclophosphamide on the embryonic cerebral and skeleton development of rats.Methods The pregnant rats were randomly divided into control group and experimental group(5,10,15,20 mg?kg-1 body wt).The experimental group was given cyclophosphamide and control group was given normal saline(sc)d 8~10 after becoming pregnant,and all rats were cut open the belly under anesthesia with ether at d 20 of gestation,the effects of cyclophosphamide on the embryonic body,four limbs form,cerebral and skeleton development of rat were observed.Results The embryos of 5 mg?kg-1 group were normal;the aqueduct of midbrain and left and right lateral ventricle expanded,cerebral hemisphere,lumbar vertebrae,rib,metacarpal bone were hypoplasia of embryos of 10 mg?kg-1 group and the symptoms of 15 mg?kg-1 group were graver than those of 10 mg?kg-1 group;20 mg?kg-1 group did not form embryos.Conclusion Cyclophosphamide has significant toxic effect on the embryonic cerebral and skeleton development of rats.