Management and treatment of animal bites.

Animal bites account for 1% of ED visits and more than $50 million in healthcare costs annually in the United States. Managing bite wounds can be challenging and providers must consider the patient's tetanus status, species of animal inflicting the bite, and infection risk. This article describes treatment and care of bites and when rabies prophylaxis is indicated.

Recognizing and treating patients with envenomations.

Venomous spiders and snakes are found throughout the United States, and clinicians often encounter patients with suspected spider or snakebites. Due to the significant morbidity and mortality that can be related to a particular envenomation, clinicians must be able to recognize the species of spiders and snakes that are capable of delivering a venomous bite. Through proper species identification, recognition of the specific signs and symptoms that specific venom produces, and understanding the treatment guidelines for the envenomation, clinicians can properly diagnosis, treat, and manage patients with venomous bites.

Evaluating postoperative fever.

Fever is one of the most common postoperative complications seen in medical and surgical settings. Clinicians taking care of these patients need to be able to differentiate between a normal physiologic response to surgery and one that may be pathologic. Pathologic causes should be further separated into infectious and noninfectious causes. A systematic approach to febrile postoperative patients can help clinicians make better use of resources, limit costly workups, and improve patient outcomes.