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The evolution of functional classification (FT) is important for promoting competitive balance. Technological advances allow the objective monitoring of competitive demands that is required to manage and individualize workloads. Therefore, this study aimed to characterize external workload in all matches from the 2018/2019 season of the CPF7 Spanish National League and to compare demands based on the new FT (FT1, FT2 yFT3) in time-motion (locomotion and speed changes) and accelerometer-based workload (impacts). Statistical analysis was composed of one-way ANOVA with Bonferroni post-hoc and omega partial squared effect size. Differences were found among all FT in total distance, running, high-intensity, sprinting, very high accelerations and decelerations (FT3> FT2> FT1; p < .01; ωp2= 0.29-to-0.43); and with respect to the highest functional limitation (FT3 = FT2> FT1) in maximum sprinting, moderate-high accelerations and decelerations, total impacts and at very-low intensity (ωp2= 0.13-to-0.29). In conclusion, FT3 players presented a physical advantage with respect to FT2-FT1 players in competition, especially in high-intensity actions that are crucial in team-sports performance. The present results facilitate designing specific training workloads according to FT, players' disability and competition demands, being the first approach to characterize match demands with inertial devices based on the new FT.
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Desempenho Atlético , Paralisia Cerebral , Futebol Americano , Futebol , Humanos , Estações do Ano , Carga de TrabalhoRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: Pre-operative anemia has been associated with increased post-operative morbidity and mortality in elective cardiac surgery, but its association with post-operative mortality after open or endovascular surgery for critical limb ischemia (CLI) is not well established. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between pre-operative anemia and mortality in surgery for CLI. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective study of 403 consecutive patients (mean age = 73; 73% male) undergoing open (n = 191, 47%) or endovascular (n = 212, 53%) surgery for CLI between 2005 and 2013 was performed. Neither redo revascularization procedures (ipsilateral or contralateral) nor acute limb ischemia patients were included as new cases. RESULTS: The best cut off (receiver operating characteristic curve) that related pre-operative hemoglobin to mortality was 10 g/dL. The immediate (in hospital or < 30 days) mortality rate was 8% (32 patients), with no significant differences between open and endovascular surgery. Patients with a pre-operative hemoglobin <10 g/dl had a higher immediate mortality rate (17.7% vs. 5.1%), with a risk (OR), adjusted by age and prior myocardial infarction, of 3.9, 95% CI 1.8-8.4 (p = 0.001). The mean follow up of the cohort was 30 months (97% complete). Similarly, a pre-operative hemoglobin <10 g/dL was significantly associated with a lower 1 year (55 vs. 83%) and 5 year survival rate (21 vs. 53%) with an associated risk (HR) of 2.5, 95% CI 1.8-3.4 (p < 0.001) adjusted by age, previous myocardial infarction, chronic renal failure, stroke, diabetes mellitus, and ischemic ulcers. CONCLUSIONS: Pre-operative anemia is a risk factor for immediate and late mortality among patients with CLI, regardless of other risk factors and the type of revascularization technique. Prospective studies are needed to evaluate the potential effect of its treatment on survival outcomes.
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Anemia/mortalidade , Procedimentos Endovasculares/mortalidade , Isquemia/terapia , Doença Arterial Periférica/terapia , Procedimentos Cirúrgicos Vasculares/mortalidade , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Anemia/sangue , Anemia/complicações , Anemia/diagnóstico , Área Sob a Curva , Biomarcadores/sangue , Distribuição de Qui-Quadrado , Estado Terminal , Procedimentos Endovasculares/efeitos adversos , Feminino , Hemoglobinas/metabolismo , Humanos , Isquemia/complicações , Isquemia/diagnóstico , Isquemia/mortalidade , Isquemia/cirurgia , Estimativa de Kaplan-Meier , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Análise Multivariada , Razão de Chances , Doença Arterial Periférica/complicações , Doença Arterial Periférica/diagnóstico , Doença Arterial Periférica/mortalidade , Doença Arterial Periférica/cirurgia , Valor Preditivo dos Testes , Modelos de Riscos Proporcionais , Curva ROC , Estudos Retrospectivos , Fatores de Risco , Fatores de Tempo , Resultado do Tratamento , Procedimentos Cirúrgicos Vasculares/efeitos adversosRESUMO
The recent biological invasion of box tree moth Cydalima perspectalis on Buxus trees has a major impact on European boxwood stands through severe defoliation. This can hinder further regrowth and threaten survival of populations. In a mesocosm approach and controlled larval density over a 2-month period, responses of B. sempervirens essential and specialized metabolites were characterized using metabolomics, combining 1H-NMR and LC-MS/MS approaches. This is the first metabolome depiction of major Buxus responses to boxwood moth invasion. Under severe predation, remaining green leaves accumulate free amino acids (with the noticeable exception of proline). The leaf trans-4-hydroxystachydrine and stachydrine reached 10-13% and 2-3% (DW), while root content was lower but also modulated by predation level. Larval predation promoted triterpenoid and (steroidal) alkaloid synthesis and diversification, while flavonoids did not seem to have a relevant role in Buxus resistance. Our results reveal the concomitant responses of central and specialized metabolism, in relation to severity of predation. They also confirm the potential of metabolic profiling using 1H-NMR and LC-MS to detect re-orchestration of metabolism of native boxwood after severe herbivorous predation by the invasive box-tree moth, and thus their relevance for plant-insect relationships and ecometabolomics.
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Conventional plastics have become a major environmental concern due to their persistence and accumulation in marine ecosystems. The development of potential degradable polymers (PBP), such as polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) and polylactic acid (PLA), has gained attention as an alternative to mitigate plastic pollution, since they have the potential to biodegrade under certain conditions, and their production is increasing as replacement of conventional polyolefins. This study aimed to assess and compare the toxicity of leachates of pre-compounding PBP (PLA and the PHA, polyhydroxybutyrate-covalerate (PHBv)) and polypropylene (PP) on five marine planktonic species. A battery of standard bioassays using bacteria, microalgae, sea urchin embryos, mussel embryos and copepod nauplii was conducted to assess the toxicity of leachates from those polymers. Additionally, the presence of chemical additives in the leachates was also verified through GC-MS and LC-HRMS analysis. Results showed that PHBv leachates exhibited higher toxicity compared to other polymers, with the microalgae Rhodomonas salina, being the most sensitive species to the tested leachates. On the other hand, PP and PLA generally displayed minimal to no toxicity in the studied species. Estimated species sensitivity distribution curves (SSD) show that PHBv leachates can be 10 times more hazardous to marine plankton than PP or PLA leachates, as demonstrated by the calculated Hazardous Concentration for 5 % of species (HC5). Qualitative chemical analysis supports the toxicological results, with 80 % of compounds being identified in PHBv leachates of which 2,4,6-trichlorophenol is worth mentioning due to the deleterious effects to aquatic biota described in literature. These findings underscore the fact that whereas environmental persistence can be targeted using PBP, the issue of chemical safety remains unsolved by some alternatives, such as PHBv. Gaining a comprehensive understanding of the toxicity profiles of PBP materials through a priori toxicological risk assessment is vital for their responsible application as alternatives to conventional plastics.
Assuntos
Plâncton , Poluentes Químicos da Água , Poluentes Químicos da Água/toxicidade , Plâncton/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Polímeros/toxicidade , Poliésteres/toxicidade , Testes de Toxicidade Aguda , Organismos Aquáticos/efeitos dos fármacos , Biodegradação AmbientalRESUMO
A Schrödinger equation may be unitarily transformed into dynamical equations in different interaction pictures which describe a common physical process, i.e., the same underlying interactions and dynamics. In contrast to this standard scenario, other relations are also possible, such as a common interaction-picture dynamical equation corresponding to several Schrödinger equations that represent different physical processes. This may enable us to design alternative and feasible experimental routes for operations that are a priori difficult or impossible to perform. The power of this concept is exemplified by engineering Hamiltonians that improve the performance or make realizable several shortcuts to adiabaticity.
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In recent months, much of the scientific efforts have focused on research on SARSCoV-2 infection and its consequences in humans. Still, many aspects remain unknown. It is known that the damage caused by SARS-CoV-2 is multifactorial and that its extension goes beyond lung inflammation and the acute phase, with the appearance of numerous complications and sequelae. To date, knowledge about the usefulness of 18F-FDG-PET/CT in the acute phase has been limited to the incidental detection of SARS-CoV-2 unsuspected pneumonia. Recent studies have been appearing collecting the findings of 18F-FDG-PET/CT in long COVID-19 or persistent COVID-19 state as well as the alterations caused after mass vaccination of the population in the metabolic studies. This work aims to review the existing literature focusing on these three issues and to briefly present our own preliminary experience.
Assuntos
COVID-19/complicações , COVID-19/diagnóstico por imagem , Fluordesoxiglucose F18 , Tomografia por Emissão de Pósitrons combinada à Tomografia Computadorizada , Compostos Radiofarmacêuticos , Humanos , Tomografia por Emissão de Pósitrons combinada à Tomografia Computadorizada/métodosRESUMO
In recent months, much of the scientific efforts have focused on research on SARSCoV-2 infection and its consequences in humans. Still, many aspects remain unknown. It is known that the damage caused by SARS-CoV-2 is multifactorial and that its extension goes beyond lung inflammation and the acute phase, with the appearance of numerous complications and sequelae. To date, knowledge about the usefulness of 18F-FDG-PET/CT in the acute phase has been limited to the incidental detection of SARS-CoV-2 unsuspected pneumonia. Recent studies have been appearing collecting the findings of 18F-FDG- PET/CT in long COVID-19 or persistent COVID-19 state as well as the alterations caused after mass vaccination of the population in the metabolic studies. This work aims to review the existing literature focusing on these three issues and to briefly present our own preliminary experience.
Assuntos
COVID-19 , COVID-19/complicações , COVID-19/diagnóstico por imagem , Fluordesoxiglucose F18 , Humanos , Tomografia por Emissão de Pósitrons combinada à Tomografia Computadorizada , Compostos Radiofarmacêuticos , SARS-CoV-2 , Síndrome de COVID-19 Pós-AgudaRESUMO
Specialization of some plants on seed-eating pollinators is intriguing, especially when co-pollinators exclusively feeding on nectar are also present. We examined the stability of the morphological specialization of Trollius europaeus (L.) globeflowers with respect to Chiastocheta (Pokorny) flies by artificially opening the flowers. In the montane and subalpine environments studied, other visitors contributed 2% and 28% of all the visits, respectively, and visited open flowers nearly eight times more often than closed flowers, but in both environments their contribution to pollination did not compensate for Chiastocheta aversion against open phenotypes. Net seed set (female success) was slightly higher (+4%) and pollen export (male success) was much higher (+85%) for closed than open flowers. Selection in favour of the closed phenotype was even more intense in patches where open phenotypes were most common, precluding the evolution of open flowers in the study populations.
Assuntos
Dípteros , Ecossistema , Flores/anatomia & histologia , Polinização , Ranunculaceae/anatomia & histologia , Animais , Evolução Biológica , Corantes Fluorescentes , França , Oviposição , Fenótipo , Sementes/crescimento & desenvolvimentoRESUMO
Inertial devices allow for obtaining a large amount of information related to external load during official competitions. The study aimed to analyse fatigue in different functional classification players of a Football 7-a-side for people with cerebral palsy or acquired brain injury team, considering the movements, speed changes and impacts during the 2020 Spanish National League matches (n = 12). The analyzed independent variables were the different functional classifications (FC) of the players, FC1, FC2 and FC3, and also time. Regarding the dependent variables, kinematic objective external load (displacements and speed changes), and neuromuscular objective external load (impacts) were considered. This study is an empirical investigation that follows an associative and descriptive analysis, ANOVA test, and a Bonferroni post hoc test (multiple comparisons) were carried out between the external load variables based on FC and time. The results show differences between FC1 for people with greater functional limitation to FC3, and athletes with less functional limitation depending on the time of the match. FC2 players presented greater competitive demands in specific moments of the match than FC3 athletes because of the requirements of the competition. Furthermore, evaluating different FC players with inertial devices in official competitions provides useful information regarding the demands of Fa7PC players, which is fundamental for daily training tasks management and injury risk prevention in Fa7PC. The large number of variables associated with inertial devices data collection during training sessions and official competitions in Fa7PC allows us to understand the demands of CP players, as well as how to make decisions during the games and training process, namely for reducing the injury risk. (AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Adulto Jovem , Paralisia Cerebral/fisiopatologia , Comportamento Competitivo , Futebol/fisiologia , Esportes para Pessoas com Deficiência , EspanhaRESUMO
The objectives of this study were to describe the personality traits of Portuguese skydivers and to study the differences in the 5 dimensions of personality traits: Neuroticism, Extraversion, Openness to Experience, Agreeableness and Conscientiousness. The variables were: experience, sex and age. One hundred and fourteen skydivers participated. We used the NEO-FFI questionnaire. The statistical tests used were the Chi-square, Pearson's correlation coefficient and multivariate data analysis (MANCOVA). The results show that the skydivers presented higher values in the Extraversion and Conscientiousness dimensions, and lower in the Neuroticism dimension. The multivariate analysis identified statistically significant differences in the Conscientiousness dimension based on experience, with the more experienced skydivers obtaining higher scores, although the effect size was small. The skydivers did not present significant differences, which allows us to conclude that they form a homogeneous group, with similar personality traits. (AU)
Los objetivos de este estudio fueron describir los rasgos de personalidad de los practicantes de paracaidismo portugueses y estudiar las diferencias en las 5 dimensiones del rasgo de personalidad: Neuroticismo, Extraversión, Apertura a la Experiencia, Amabilidad y Responsabilidad. Las variables fueron: experiencia, sexo y edad. Participaron 114 paracaidistas. Usamos el cuestionario NEO-FFI. Las pruebas estadísticas usadas fueran el Chi-cuadrado el coeficiente de correlación de Pearson y análisis multivariado de datos (MANCOVA). Los resultados muestran que los paracaidistas presentaron valores más altos en la dimensión Extroversión y Responsabilidad, y menores en la dimensión Neuroticismo. El análisis multivariado identifica diferencias estadísticamente significativas en la dimensión Responsabilidad en función de la experiencia, obteniendo puntuaciones más altas para los paracaidistas más experimentados, aunque el tamaño del efecto sea pequeño. Los paracaidistas no presentaron diferencias significativas, lo que nos permite concluir que se trata de un grupo homogéneo, con rasgos de personalidad similares. (AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adulto Jovem , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Idoso , Aviação , Personalidade/classificação , Portugal , Inquéritos e Questionários , Distribuição de Qui-Quadrado , Análise MultivariadaRESUMO
El propósito de este estudio fue diseñar y validar un instrumento para la evaluación del conocimiento declarativo y procedimental en un deporte de invasión como el baloncesto en el contexto escolar. En el proceso de validación participaron 15 jueces expertos. El instrumento estuvo formado por 34 ítems distribuidos en dos bloques, declarativo y procedimental. Responde al siguiente tipo de preguntas: ¿Qué es?, ¿Sirve para?, ¿Qué se consigue?, ¿Cuál es? y ¿Cómo se realiza? La validez de contenido se calculó mediante el coeficiente V de Aiken y sus intervalos de confianza. Para la consistencia interna se empleó el coeficiente α de Cronbach. Ninguna de las preguntas que componen el test de conocimiento declarativo y procedimental fue eliminada al superar el valor crítico exacto (V≥.74). La consistencia interna de las preguntas fue excelente (α=.95). Por tanto, el instrumento es válido y fiable para la evaluación del conocimiento en el baloncesto escolar. (AU)
The purpose of this study has been the design and validation of an instrument for the evaluation of declarative and procedural knowledge in an invasion sport such as basketball in the school context. 15 expert judges participated in the validation process. The instrument consisted of 34 items distributed in two blocks, declarative and procedural. Answers the following type of questions: Is it useful for?, What is it ?, What is achieved ?, Which one is it? In addition, how is it done? Content validity was calculated using Aiken's V coefficient and its confidence intervals. Cronbach's α coefficient was used for internal consistency. None of the questions that make up the declarative and procedural knowledge test were eliminated by exceeding the exact critical value (V≥.74). The internal consistency of the questions was excellent (α=.95). Therefore, the instrument is valid and reliable for the evaluation of knowledge in school basketball. (AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Conhecimento , Basquetebol , Instituições Acadêmicas , Intervalos de ConfiançaRESUMO
This study aimed to identify internal and external workload demands in professional referees, and to analyse the influence of the situational variables Game Period and Game Action. Three professional referees of the highest category were monitored during a national elite game. WIMU PRO inertial devices were used for workload monitoring via microtechnology, ultra-wide band and heart rate (HR) telemetry. The referees worked at around 82%HRMAX and spent 75% of the time at walking-jogging speed (0-12km/h). Game Action influenced the external workload (total distance and per intensities, impacts, player load, maximum and mean speed) while Game Period influenced the internal load (HRMEAN, HRMAX, %HRMAX and per intensities). Workload quantification in competition and the evaluation of the effect of situational variables are essential for setting up performance profiles and designing individual programmes that improve the training of basketball referees. (AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adulto , Basquetebol , Carga de Trabalho , Estudos Transversais , Telemetria , Microtecnologia , Desempenho Físico FuncionalRESUMO
The purpose of this study was to design and validate an observation instrument for the analysis of the performance parameters related to the smash in padel. Eleven experts, who had to meet four of the five inclusion criteria, participated in the process. Aiken's V coefficient and confidence intervals were used to calculate content validity and Cronbach's α coefficient to analyze reliability. The adequacy and writing of the eighteen items initially designed were evaluated. Four variables were eliminated due to obtaining values <.87 in Aiken's V coefficient for adequacy. The rest of the variables were modified in their wording, according to the qualitative evaluations of the experts, or were considered correct. The reliability of the instrument was acceptable, (α=.82). The OASP instrument is very new, as it is of interest for analyzing the use and effectiveness of the padel smash. (AU)
El propósito de este estudio fue diseñar y validar un instrumento de observación para el análisis de las características del remate relacionadas con el rendimiento en pádel. En el proceso participaron once expertos, los cuales debían cumplir cuatro de los cinco criterios de inclusión. El coeficiente V de Aikene intervalos de confianza se utilizaron para calcular la validez de contenido y el coeficiente 𝛼de Cronbach para analizar la fiabilidad. Se evaluó la adecuación y redacción de los dieciocho ítems diseñados inicialmente. Se eliminaron cuatro variables por obtener valores <.87 en el coeficiente V de Aikenen la adecuación. El resto de las variables fueron modificadas en su redacción, según las valoraciones cualitativas de los expertos, o se consideraron correctas. La fiabilidad del instrumento fue aceptable, (𝛼=.82). El instrumento OASP es muy novedoso, pues resulta de interés para analizar el uso y la eficacia del remate en pádel. (AU)
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Humanos , Esportes com Raquete , Desempenho Atlético , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Avaliação de Programas e Instrumentos de Pesquisa , AtletasRESUMO
El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar el efecto edad relativa en el baloncesto brasileño durante un período de 15 años mediante la investigación de posibles variables intervinientes. Se analizaron 10856 registros de deportistas de los campeonatos de selección estatales U15, U17, U22 y la liga profesional de 2004 a 2018. Se analizaron la fecha de nacimiento, la altura, la posición en el juego, la región geográfica y el rendimiento del equipo. El efecto edad relativa está presente desde el nivel U15 hasta el nivel de alto rendimiento. Se observó que el efecto edad relativa difiere según la región y la posición del juego. Para concluir, el efecto de la edad relativa es un fenómeno evidente en el baloncesto brasileño desde la Sub15 hasta la liga profesional. Varía según la región geográfica del equipo y la posición del jugador. Esta tendencia se ha perpetuado a lo largo de los años. (AU)
The aim of this study was to analyses the relative age effect in Brazilian basketball over a 15-year period by investigating possible intervening variables. 10,856 records of athletes from youth selection championships U15, U17, U22 and the professional league from 2004 to 2018 were analysed. The birth date, height, game position, geographic region, and team performance were analysed. We observed that the relative age effect is present from the U15 to the high-performance level. It was observed that relative age effect differs depending on region and game position. To conclude the RAE is an evident phenomenon in Brazilian basketball from the U15 up to the professional league. It varies according to the geographic region of the team and the player position. This trend has perpetuated over the years. (AU)
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Humanos , Basquetebol , Atletas , Brasil , Desempenho Físico Funcional , Estudos ProspectivosRESUMO
Toxicity of polyethylene microplastics (PE-MP) of size ranges similar to their natural food to zooplanktonic organisms representative of the main taxa present in marine plankton, including rotifers, copepods, bivalves, echinoderms and fish, was evaluated. Early life stages (ELS) were prioritized as testing models in order to maximize sensitivity. Treatments included particles spiked with benzophenone-3 (BP-3), a hydrophobic organic chemical used in cosmetics with direct input in coastal areas. Despite documented ingestion of both virgin and BP-3 spiked microplastics no acute toxicity was found at loads orders of magnitude above environmentally relevant concentrations on any of the invertebrate models. In fish tests some effects, including premature or reduced hatching, were observed after 12 d exposure at 10 mg L-1 of BP-3 spiked PE-MP. The results obtained do not support environmentally relevant risk of microplastics on marine zooplankton. Similar approaches testing more hydrophobic chemicals with higher acute toxicity are needed before these conclusions could be extended to other organic pollutants common in marine ecosystems. Therefore, the replacement of these polymers in consumer products must be carefully considered.
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Polietileno/toxicidade , Poluentes Químicos da Água/toxicidade , Zooplâncton/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Invertebrados/efeitos dos fármacos , Tamanho da Partícula , Testes de Toxicidade AgudaRESUMO
A new D3h-symmetry tris-N-heterocyclic carbene ligand has been prepared and coordinated to iridium and gold. The ligand contains an electron-poor hexaazatriphenylene core; thus, the resulting tris-NHC ligand is a poor electron donor. The tris-Au(i) complex was tested in the hydroamination of terminal alkynes and in the three-component Strecker reaction.
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O Special Olympics Portugal é uma das principais organizações nacionais para o desenvolvimento do desporto para atletas com deficiência intelectual. Os treinadores desempenhem um papel relevante no desenvolvimento dos atletas, sendo os estilos de decisão e planificação aspetos essenciais para adequar o treino às necessidades especificas dos atletas. Estas prerrogativas são pouco exploradas cientificamente quanto aos treinadores deste tipo de atletas. O estudo tem como objetivo identificar os estilos de decisão e planificação do treinador do Special Olympics Portugal. Pretende ainda analisar a relação da formação formal e não formal com os estilos de decisão e planificação. A investigação é descritiva e de corte transversal dos treinadores do Special Olympics Portugal, com a participação de 50 sujeitos. Foram utilizados dois questionários: o Questionário dos Estilos de Decisão no Desporto e o Questionário dos Estilos de Planificação no Desporto. Os resultados revelam que os treinadores do Special Olympics Portugal possuem um amplo espetro de estilos de atuação no treino, predominando os estilos de decisão democrático e planificação flexível. Esta situação implica que os treinadores desta área são mais reflexivos, necessitando de adaptar as suas metodologias para trabalhar com os atletas e procurar novas soluções, de forma a adaptarem o treino às necessidades efetivas dos desportistas. (AU)
Special Olympics Portugal is one of the main national organizations for the development of sport for athletes with intellectual disabilities. Coaches play a relevant role in the development of athletes, and the decision and planning styles are essential aspects to adapt the training to the athletes' specific needs. These prerogatives are scientifically little explored related with the coaches of this type of athletes. The study aims to identify the decision and planning styles of the Special Olympics Portugal coaches. It also intends to analyze the relationship of formal and non-formal training with the decision and planning styles. The research is descriptive and cross-sectional of the Special Olympics Portugal coaches, with the participation of 50 subjects. Two questionnaires were used: the Questionnaire of Decision Styles in Sport and the Questionnaire ofPlanning Styles in Sport. The results show that the Special Olympics Portugal coaches have a wide spectrum of styles of action in training, predominantly the democratic decision style and flexible planning. This situation implies that the coaches in this area are more reflective, and need to adapt their methodologies to work with the athletes and seek new solutions, in order to adapt the training to the effective needs of the athletes. (AU)
Special OlympicsPortugal es una de las principales organizaciones nacionales para el desarrollo del deporte para atletas con discapacidad intelectual. Los entrenadores desempeñan un papel relevante en el desarrollo de los deportistas, siendo los estilos de decisión y planificación aspectos esenciales para adaptar el entrenamiento a las necesidades específicas de los deportistas. Estas prerrogativas están poco exploradas científicamente sobre los entrenadores de este tipo de atletas. Este estudio pretende identificar los estilos de decisión y planificación de los entrenadores de Special Olympics Portugal. También pretende analizar la relación entre la formación formal y no formal con los estilos de decisión y planificación. La investigación fue descriptiva y transversal, con la participación de 50 s entrenadores de Special Olympics Portugal. Se utilizaron dos cuestionarios: el Cuestionario de Estilos de Decisión en el Deporte y el Cuestionario de Estilos de Planificación en el Deporte. Los resultados muestran que los entrenadores de Special Olympics Portugal tienen un amplio espectro de estilos de actuación en el entrenamiento, predominando los estilos de decisión democrático y de planificación flexible. Esta situación implica que los entrenadores de este ámbito profesional son más reflexivos, necesitando adaptar sus metodologías para trabajar con estos deportistas especiales y buscar nuevas soluciones, con el fin de adaptar el entrenamiento a las necesidades efectivas de los deportistas. (AU)
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Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adulto Jovem , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Esportes para Pessoas com Deficiência , Deficiência Intelectual , Esportes , Inquéritos e Questionários , Estudos Transversais , Portugal , OrganizaçõesRESUMO
La implementación de estrategias efectivas de control de carga en el entrenamiento es primordial para mejorar el rendimiento. El objetivo fue caracterizar las demandas soportadas durante un microciclo competitivo de un equipo profesional de baloncesto femenino y su interacción con la competición. Diez jugadoras se equiparon con un dispositivo inercial y una banda de frecuencia cardíaca. Se analizó la carga soportada por las jugadoras durante el entrenamiento y la competición mediante variables de Carga Externa: (i) Distancia recorrida, (ii) Distancia recorrida a alta intensidad, (iii) Playerload, (iv) Saltos, (v) Aceleraciones y Deceleraciones, y (vi) Velocidad máxima y media; y variables de Carga Interna: (i) Frecuencia cardíaca media y máxima, (ii) Zonas de % Frecuencia Cardíaca Máxima. Se analizaron diferencias entre el entrenamiento y la competición mediante un análisis ANOVA, observando que la competición fue la condición más exigente en todas las variables estudiadas a excepción de los saltos por minuto. (AU)
The implementation of effective load control strategies in training is essential to improve performance. The purpose of this study was to carry out a first approach to monitoring load with a professional women's basketball team. Ten players were equipped with an inertial device and a heart rate band during one microcycle. The load supported by the players during training and competition was analysed by External Load variables: (i) Distance performed, (ii) Distance performed at high intensity, (iii) PlayerLoad, (iv) Jumps, (v) Accelerations and Decelerations, (vi) Peak and average speed; and Internal Load variables: (i) Average and peak heart rate, (ii) Zones of % peak Heart Rate. Differences among training and competition were analysed through ANOVA analysis. The competition was the most demanding condition in all the variables studied except jumps per minute. (AU)
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Humanos , Feminino , Adulto Jovem , Adulto , 34628 , Basquetebol , Atletas , Condicionamento Físico Humano , Análise de Variância , Estudos TransversaisRESUMO
Una de las principales necesidades de los entrenadores es conocer si sus procesos de entrenamiento reúnen los requisitos planificados. Para ello, los objetivos de esta investigación fueron evaluar cómo Variables Pedagógicas y de Carga Externa afectaban al entrenamiento y describir las diferencias según la metodología empleada. Esta investigación se clasificó como estudio empírico con metodología descriptiva y gran validez ecológica. Se analizaron un total de 664 tareas realizadas por dos equipos de baloncesto. Los resultados demostraron que existen diferencias significativas en todas las variables excepto el Tipo de Contenido y el Grado de Oposición en función del entrenador. Por tanto, se concluyó que la metodología influye en el diseño de las tareas, provocando diferencias en las Variables Pedagógicas y de Carga Externa. Estas diferencias provocan que el jugador entrenado bajo una metodología alternativa soporte mayor carga de entrenamiento, repercutiendo en una mejor adaptación a la competición y obteniendo mejores resultados. (AU)
One of the main needs of coaches is to know if their training processes meet the planned requirements. Therefore, the objectives of this research were to evaluate how Pedagogical and External Load Variables affect training, and to describe the differences according to the training methodology used by two teams. This work is classified as an empirical study with descriptive, observational, categorical and quantitative methodology. A total of 664 tasks performed by two basketball teams were analyzed. The results showed that there are significant differences in most of the variables analyzed according to the coach. Therefore, it was concluded that the methodology influences the design of the tasks, causing differences in the Pedagogical and External Load Variables. These differences cause the player trained under an alternative methodology to support a greater training load, resulting in a better adaptation to the competition and obtaining better results. (AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Basquetebol , Educação Física e Treinamento , Ensino , Estudos Retrospectivos , Epidemiologia Descritiva , 34600RESUMO
El objetivo del presente trabajo consistió en analizar las relaciones existentes entre los parámetros de carga interna (objetiva y subjetiva) y externa. La muestra estuvo compuesta por un total de 15 partidos disputados en el Eurobasket femenino U-16, donde participaron un total de nueve árbitros (6 masculinos y 3 femeninos). Las variables analizadas de carga interna fueron la frecuencia cardiaca y la percepción subjetiva de esfuerzo. Las variables de carga externa se dividieron en cinemáticas y neuromusculares, medidas a través de dispositivos inerciales. Los resultados explican que existen relaciones entre los valores de carga interna objetiva y carga externa, así como entre las variables de carga externa. En cambio, no existen relaciones entre la carga interna subjetiva y las variables de carga interna y externa objetiva, exceptuando el PowerMetabolic. Estos resultados demuestran que la competición y el nivel de los árbitros influyen en gran medida en las variables subjetivas. (AU)
The aim of the present paper consists in analysing the relations between internal (objective and subjective) and external load parameters. The sample was composed of a total of 15 matches played in the womens U16 Eurobasket championship, in which a total of nine referees (6 men and 3 women) participated. The internal load variables analysed were heart rate and the subjective rating of perceived exertion. The external load variables were divided into kinematic and neuromuscular variables, measured using inertial devices. The results show that there are associations between the values of objective internal load and external load, as well as between the variables of external load. In contrast, there is no relation between internal subjective load and the variables of objective internal and external load, except regarding Metabolic Power. These results indicate that the competition and the level of the referees greatly influence the subjective variables. (AU)