The roles of dietary lipids and lipidomics in gut-brain axis in type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), one of the main types of Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs), is a systemic inflammatory disease characterized by dysfunctional pancreatic ß-cells and/or peripheral insulin resistance, resulting in impaired glucose and lipid metabolism. Genetic, metabolic, multiple lifestyle, and sociodemographic factors are known as related to high T2DM risk. Dietary lipids and lipid metabolism are significant metabolic modulators in T2DM and T2DM-related complications. Besides, accumulated evidence suggests that altered gut microbiota which plays an important role in the metabolic health of the host contributes significantly to T2DM involving impaired or improved glucose and lipid metabolism. At this point, dietary lipids may affect host physiology and health via interaction with the gut microbiota. Besides, increasing evidence in the literature suggests that lipidomics as novel parameters detected with holistic analytical techniques have important roles in the pathogenesis and progression of T2DM, through various mechanisms of action including gut-brain axis modulation. A better understanding of the roles of some nutrients and lipidomics in T2DM through gut microbiota interactions will help develop new strategies for the prevention and treatment of T2DM. However, this issue has not yet been entirely discussed in the literature. The present review provides up-to-date knowledge on the roles of dietary lipids and lipidomics in gut-brain axis in T2DM and some nutritional strategies in T2DM considering lipids- lipidomics and gut microbiota interactions are given.

Effects of nutritional status on serum fetuin-A level.

Fetuin-A is a glycoprotein structured molecule which is mostly released by the liver. As a multifunctional protein, fetuin-A has positive effects on health such as calcification, cardiovascular diseases and tumor development processes with various mechanisms, whereas it plays a negative role in the processes of obesity, diabetes and fatty liver disease. There are a large number of studies reporting that serum fetuin-A levels are affected by several dietary factors. It is reported in some of these studies that several nutrients increase fetuin-A release, while some others have adverse effects. It is put forward that some nutrients such as dairy products, curcumin, niacin, palmitate, coffee and alcohol consumption decrease fetuin-A level, and dietary omega-3 fatty acids intake may increase fetuin-A concentration. In addition, it is indicated that high blood glucose levels increase hepatic fetuin-A release by activating extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 enzymes and increased plasma free fatty acids do the same effect by increasing NF-KB activity. Despite these studies in the literature, there is not any review evaluating fetuin-A, chronic diseases and nutrition together. Therefore, in this study, the relationship between serum fetuin levels and some diseases and the effects of nutrients on fetuin A levels were investigated with possible mechanisms.

The Impacts of Acidophilic Lactic Acid Bacteria on Food and Human Health: A Review of the Current Knowledge.

The need to improve the safety/quality of food and the health of the hosts has resulted in increasing worldwide interest in acidophilic lactic acid bacteria (LAB) for the food, livestock as well as health industries. In addition to the use of acidophilic LAB with probiotic potential for food fermentation and preservation, their application in the natural disposal of acidic wastes polluting the environment is also being investigated. Considering this new benefit that has been assigned to probiotic microorganisms in recent years, the acceleration in efforts to identify new, efficient, promising probiotic acidophilic LAB is not surprising. One of these effots is to determine both the beneficial and harmful compounds synthesized by acidophilic LAB. Moreover, microorganisms are of concern due to their possible hemolytic, DNase, gelatinase and mucinolytic activities, and the presence of virulence/antibiotic genes. Hence, it is argued that acidophilic LAB should be evaluated for these parameters before their use in the health/food/livestock industry. However, this issue has not yet been fully discussed in the literature. Thus, this review pays attention to the less-known aspects of acidophilic LAB and the compounds they release, clarifying critical unanswered questions, and discussing their health benefits and safety.

Effects of fetuin-A with diverse functions and multiple mechanisms on human health.

Fetuin-A (Alfa 2-Heremans-Schmid) is a glycoprotein that is mainly synthesized by hepatocytes and then released into the bloodstream. While fetuin-A, a multifunctional protein, has inhibitory effects on health in the processes of calcification, mineralization, coronary artery calcification (CAC), and kidney stone formation by various mechanisms, it has such stimulatory effects as obesity, diabetes, and tumor progression processes. Fetuin-A produces these effects on the organism mainly by playing a role in the secretion levels of some inflammatory cytokines and exosomes, preventing unwanted calcification, inhibiting the autophosphorylation of tyrosine kinase, suppressing the release of adiponectin and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ), activating the toll-like receptor 4 (TLR-4), triggering the phosphatidylinositol 3 (PI3) kinase/Akt signaling pathway and cell proliferation, and mimicking the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-ß) receptor. In the present review, fetuin-A was examined in a wide perspective from the structure and release of fetuin-A to its effects on health.

Effects of vitamin E on neurodegenerative diseases: an update.

Vitamin E deficiency is associated with many neurological problems. Although the mechanisms of vitamin E action in neurodegenerative diseases are not clear, there are many possible mechanisms. Examples of such mechanisms are the protective effects of vitamin E against oxidative stress damage and its suppressive role in the expression of many genes involved in the development of neurodegeneration. Many studies have evaluated the relationship between vitamin E intake or vitamin E levels in body fluids and neurodegenerative diseases. Some studies concluded that vitamin E can play a protective role in neurodegeneration with respect to diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), stroke and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Vitamin E supplementation was also associated with risk factors for some neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we discuss the possible effects of vitamin E on the development and course of AD, PD, stroke and ALS, and the potential mechanisms involved.Vitamin E deficiency is associated with many neurological problems. Although the mechanisms of vitamin E action in neurodegenerative diseases are not clear, there are many possible mechanisms. Examples of such mechanisms are the protective effects of vitamin E against oxidative stress damage and its suppressive role in the expression of many genes involved in the development of neurodegeneration. Many studies have evaluated the relationship between vitamin E intake or vitamin E levels in body fluids and neurodegenerative diseases. Some studies concluded that vitamin E can play a protective role in neurodegeneration with respect to diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), stroke and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Vitamin E supplementation was also associated with risk factors for some neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we discuss the possible effects of vitamin E on the development and course of AD, PD, stroke and ALS, and the potential mechanisms involved.

The multiple functions and mechanisms of osteopontin.

Osteopontin (OPN) is a highly phosphorylated glycophosphoprotein having acidic characteristics and rich in aspartic acid. OPN, a multifunctional protein, has important functions on cardiovascular diseases, cancer, diabetes and kidney stone diseases and in the process of inflammation, biomineralization, cell viability and wound healing. Osteopontin acts on organisms by playing a key role in secretion levels of interleukin-10 (IL-10), interleukin-12 (IL-12), interleukin-3 (IL-3), interferon-γ (IFN-γ), integrin αvB3, nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB), macrophage and T cells, regulating the osteoclast function and affecting CD44 receptors. The aim of the present review is to address majority of different functions of OPN protein which are known, suspected or suggested through the data obtained about this protein yet.

Can urine osteopontin levels, which may be correlated with nutrition intake and body composition, be used as a new biomarker in the diagnosis of nephrolithiasis?

BACKGROUND AND AIM: The nephrolithiasis has a multifactorial etiology resulting from the interaction of metabolic, genetic and environmental factors. Parameters such as nutrition and urinary osteopontin (OPN) level may affect kidney stone formation. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the correlation between urinary OPN level and kidney stone formation and effect of nutrition on OPN level in nephrolithiasis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study was conducted on 88 volunteers including 44 healthy individuals and 44 patients diagnosed with nephrolithiasis and aging between 20 and 65 years. Some serum parameters and urinary OPN levels of the individuals were analyzed. Several anthropometric measurements of the individuals were taken and calculated their body mass index. Additionally, 24-hour dietary recall and water intakes were recorded and the participants completed food-frequency questionnaire for the evaluation of their nutritional status. RESULTS: Urinary OPN (ng/mL) levels of patients were lower than that of control group (p<0.05). Dietary energy, carbohydrate, poly-unsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) and n-6 fatty acids intakes and urinary OPN levels of male patients were positively correlated (p<0.05). Additionally, there was a negative correlation between their urinary OPN (ng/mL) and serum creatinine (mg/dL) levels of female patients (p<0.05). Body weight, waist circumference, hip circumference and body muscle mass values of healthy males were positively correlated with their urinary OPN levels (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Results of the study showed that low urinary OPN levels were correlated with increased kidney stone risk, and dietary habits can affect urinary OPN level.

The potential effects of dietary food and beverage intakes on the risk of kidney stone formation / Os efeitos potenciais da ingestão dietética de alimentos e bebidas sobre o risco de formação de cálculos renais

ABSTRACT Objective To determine the effect of nutritional habits on kidney stone formation and recurrence. Methods This study was conducted on 44 healthy individuals and 44 patients diagnosed with nephrolithiasis and aging between 20 and 65 years. Participants shared their salt consumption habits, daily fluid consumption amounts and general information about themselves in a questionnaire form. In addition, food and beverage consumption frequencies of participants were recorded through a food frequency questionnaire. Results Salt consumption frequencies of patients are higher than that of healthy individuals in both genders (p<0.05). It was found out that male individuals in the patient group salt dishes without tasting more frequently (p<0.05). Daily total water consumption of both genders in patient group is lower than that of healthy individuals (p<0.05). Meat consumption of male patients (51.6±31.35g/day) was found to be higher than that of healthy group (34.1±22.58g/day) (p<0.05). Additionally, individuals in the patient group consume less stinging nettle, corn, plum, loquat, orange juice and lemonade than healthy individuals (p<0.05). Conclusion Results of the study showed that total fluid intake, salt consumption habits, and vegetable, fruit and beverage consumption may be correlated with stone formation risk and nutrition habits may affect stone recurrence.

RESUMO Objetivo Determinar o efeito de hábitos nutricionais na formação e recorrência de cálculos renais. Métodos Este estudo foi realizado em 44 indivíduos saudáveis e 44 pacientes com diagnóstico de nefrolitíase e envelhecimento entre 20 e 65 anos. Os participantes compartilharam seus hábitos de consumo de sal, quantidades diárias de consumo de líquidos e informações gerais sobre si mesmos em um questionário. Além disso, as frequências de consumo de alimentos e bebidas dos participantes foram registradas por meio de um questionário de frequência alimentar. Resultados As frequências de consumo de sal dos pacientes são maiores que as de indivíduos saudáveis em ambos os sexos (p<0,05). Verificou-se que os indivíduos do sexo masculino no grupo de pacientes salgam os pratos sem degustar com maior frequência (p<0,05). O consumo diário total de água de ambos os sexos no grupo de pacientes é menor que o dos indivíduos saudáveis (p<0,05). O consumo de carne de pacientes do sexo masculino (51,6±31,35g/dia) foi maior que o do grupo saudável (34,1±22,58g/dia) (p<0,05). Além disso, indivíduos do grupo de pacientes consomem menos urtiga, milho, ameixa, nêspera, suco de laranja e limonada do que indivíduos saudáveis (p<0,05). Conclusão Os resultados do estudo mostraram que a ingestão total de líquidos, os hábitos de consumo de sal e o consumo de vegetais, frutas e bebidas podem estar correlacionados com o risco de formação de pedra e os hábitos de nutrição podem afetar a recorrência da pedra.