[[Changes in household composition and structure in Kagoshima village, 1955-1987]].

PIP: The authors explore household and family characteristics in traditional Japan. Data from a village in southwestern Japan for the period 1955-1987 indicate that the predominant household structure in the past was the nuclear rather than the extended family.^ieng

[Changes in population and household structure in a Yamagata village, 1955-1987].

PIP: Changes in population and household structure are examined for a Japanese village for the period 1955-1987. Findings reveal that the percentage of husband-wife-only households decreased due to an increase in the number of elderly people residing with their children.^ieng

[[Marital status life tables for Japan: 1975, 1980, 1985, and 1990]].

PIP: Marital status life tables are presented for Japan for the years 1975, 1980, 1985, and 1990. The tables show marital status by sex at each year of age up to age 90.^ieng

[On the reliability of population projections].

PIP: Keyfitz' idea of Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) found in his "The Limits of Population Forecasting" is applied to the Population Projections published by Institute of Population Problems in Japan in 1986. UN and US population projections in connection with RMSE are also presented in comparison. Japanese population projections presented here consist of 8 sets: I (1950), II (1955), III (1958), IV (1962), V (1968), VI (1973), VII (1975) and VIII (1980). Each set consists of projected annual increase rate (ri) for each year of the projected period of 10 years and the 15th year; actual annual increase (Ri) for the corresponding periods; difference between the two (di). The 10-year period (62-72) and the 15-year period (60-75) in IV, 4 and 8 year periods (68-72; 68-76) in V saw the greatest di because of the return of Okinawa to Japan. Ri for the above period without the Okinawan population was used for the calculation of di (b) and RMSE (b) in Table 4. RMSE in Japanese population projections was much smaller than those of UN and US, which means the projection is reliable. It was also found that the longer the projection period was, the larger RMSE tended to be. This was true of US projections. When the difference between high and medium variants and medium and low variants are about the same as RMSE, projections may be said to be reliable. The Japanese population projections in the future should include high and low variants of survival rate as well as those of birth rate. The smaller the population increase rate is, the smaller RMSE is, and the greater the accuracy of projections is.^ieng

[A study of population change and household structure in a Yamagata village, 1955-1985].

PIP: The authors study the changes in population and household structure in one village in japan over a period of 30 years. They examine the reasons for the formation and dissolution of households, and the transitions within specific village households from one type to another.^ieng

[[Changes in household structure: a comparative study of Izumo and Iwami in Shimane prefecture]].

PIP: This is a comparative analysis of changes in household structure in two districts of Japan's Shimane prefecture over the past 30 years.^ieng

[The timing of sons and daughters leaving their parents' household].

PIP: The age at which children leave home is analyzed using results of a survey undertaken in three Japanese cities in 1980. Differences by duration of marriage and by socioeconomic characteristics of the households are noted.^ieng

[A study on family types and the employment status of married women in Japan].

PIP: Japanese society post World War II has experienced a largescale transformation in the field of woman's lifestyle, especially in women's labor force participation and role within the household. Many of the studies have pointed out that family structure has changed significantly from being an extended family to becoming a nuclear family and that women's labor force participation rates have increased during middle age. The aims of this study are to identify such general statements and to find out a variation of women's lifestyle and family structure among subpopulations by using sample survey data. We have conducted The Women's Life Style Survey dated June 1980. Samples have been drawn from married women ages 20-59 among 6 Japanese subpopulations. It has been recognized that 2 type of family structure among the middle age population exists in urban and rural areas. There are simple family structures as defined by the nuclear family and there are more complex family structures. The 1st typically appears in urban areas where grown children establish their own independent households. The 2nd, the extended family, is seen typically in the rural areas where the proportion of households with parents is significantly high. It means that 1 of the grown children in the family at least lives with parents after marriage. In looking at the labor force participation for married women, the lowest rates are seen for those age 25-34 and relatively high participation rates for those age 35 and over. The highest labor participation rates appeared among women age 40-44 and 45-49. Age pattern of labor participation is strongly related to the stage of the wife's life cycle as they move away from childbearing and childrearing. The transformed employment status appears mainly in married women in urban areas with a nuclear family structure. On the other hand, higher labor rates of participation appeared in the rural areas where most of the women belong to the household with parents. Moreover, there are almost no differences between women's ages. The variation of employee status for married women is apparent. Some remain full-time workers despite the life stage they are in; others enter the labor market as part-time workers when they attain middle age. The change in women's lifestyle appears due to the increase in labor force participation of middle-aged women as part-time workers. (author's modified)^ieng

[Fertility projections by the actual cohort method].

PIP: Fertility trends in Japan are compared by the actual cohort method. Recent trends in fertility rates in Japan are discussed and a table presents data on such rates collected from 1950-1984. The findings show that fertility rates in Japan have decreased by more than 50% during this 25-year period (from 3.65-1.81). Observations are offered about trends in 1st marriage and fertility rates based on the cohort method and includes various charts and tables illustrating such trends in both rates by cohort. A graph comparing estimated fertility rates by age with actual rates indicates that the estimated rates are considerably higher than the actual rates for the 25-30 age group, whereas for the under 25 age group, the estimated rates are slightly lower. Projected fertility rates are given by year based on the cohort method, in a table indicating total fertility rate (TFR) projections for Japan from 1975-2000. According to these estimated projections, total fertility rates will increase from 1.81-1.90 between 1984-1990 and finally reach 1.97 in the year 2000.^ieng

[An application of the nuptiality model developed by Coale and McNeil].

PIP: An application of 1 nuptiality model is presented. Its subject population includes Japanese males and females. This nuptiality model was applied to the Japanese subject population. There is an estimation of its parameters based on data according to years. Several tables and figures illustrating these applications are constructed, including 2 charts giving marriage rates in Japan based on the 15-19 year old female cohort in 1920 and 1965. The nuptiality model is well suited to the 15-19 year old female cohort for the period before the world wars; however, it is inappropriate when applied to the same cohort for the postwar period in Japan. The same is true for both the 1-year and the 5-year cohorts. However, when this nuptiality model is inappropriate, a combination of the data on marriage rates can solve this problem by reversing the situation, thus allowing the model to be applied effectively to the 15-19 year old female cohort for the postwar period.^ieng

The production of antraquinones in callus cultures of Cassia tora.

Callus cultures were extablished from the seedlings of Cassia tora on a chemically defined medium supplemented with 2, 4-D and kinetin. A phytochemical investigation of callus tissues demonstrated the presence of chrysophanol, emodin, physcion, and an unidentified pigment, all of which are contained in the seeds of the original plant. The maximum content of antraquinones on a fresh weight basis was 0.334 percent, which is higher than the content of total anthraquinones in the dry seeds. Furthermore, it was shown that the production of these compounds is influenced by the concentrations of auxin and cytokinin supplied to the culture medium.

[Major findings of the first national survey on the family in Japan, 1993].

PIP: The authors report the principal results of a 1993 Japanese survey on the family, based on an analysis of data collected from 6,083 women. Information is provided on family living arrangements in rural and urban areas; support received from family members, by age and rural or urban area; husband's participation in housework and childcare; wife's expectations of husband; gender roles; economic burdens for the aged population; and family roles and relationships. (SUMMARY IN ENG)^ieng

[Population projections for Japan: 1996-2100].

PIP: Population projections are presented for Japan up to the year 2100.^ieng