Recurrent distal cholangiocarcinoma and humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy: report of a rare case and literature review.

A 61-year-old Japanese woman presented with epigastric pain and jaundice. Imaging showed the presence of primary distal cholangiocarcinoma (DCC). A subtotal stomach-preserving pancreaticoduodenectomy was performed, followed by chemotherapy using S-1. However, second-line chemotherapy with gemcitabine and cis-diamminedichloroplatinum was required for the treatment of hepatic metastasis of the DCC 3 months following the surgery. Nine months after the surgery, the serum calcium and parathyroid hormone-related peptide concentrations were high, at 16.5 mg/dL and 28.7 pmol/L, respectively, which suggested the presence of humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy (HHM) secondary to the DCC. Moreover, marked leukocytosis, with a white blood cell count of 40,400/µL, was also present. The patient died 11 months after the diagnosis of DCC. Because hypercalcemia of malignancy is associated with a poor prognosis, and HHM and leukocytosis caused by DCC are very rare, we have presented the present case in detail and provide a review of the existing literature.

Comparison of 2- and 4-week S-1 administration as adjuvant chemotherapy for advanced gastric cancer.

BACKGROUND: A 4-week administration of tegafur/gimeracil/oteracil (S-1) followed by a 2-week rest is the standard adjuvant chemotherapy for surgically resected advanced gastric cancer. This study aimed to evaluate the oncological feasibility of a 2-week S-1 administration followed by a 1-week rest, which is frequently applied in clinical practice to reduce toxicity and improve drug adherence. METHODS: We retrospectively enrolled patients with stage II/III gastric cancer who received S-1 adjuvant chemotherapy following radical gastrectomy from 2006 to 2016 in three institutions. Two-week and 4-week regimen cohorts were compared for relative dose intensity (RDI) as a primary outcome, and treatment completion rate, adverse event incidence, overall survival (OS), and relapse-free survival (RFS) as secondary outcomes. Confounders were adjusted for using propensity score matching (PSM). RESULTS: One hundred and thirty-four patients received the 2-week regimen and 121 patients received the 4-week regimen. Ninety-five patients were extracted from each group after PSM. The RDIs of S-1 in the 2-week and 4-week cohorts were 73.5 and 69.9%, respectively (p = 0.35), which were not significantly different. The treatment completion rate (54.7 vs. 53.7%, p = 1.0), incidence of grade ≥3 adverse events (7.4 vs. 12.6%, p = 0.33), 3-year OS (76.4 vs. 82.7%, p = 0.78), and 3-year RFS (71.3 vs. 73.4%, p = 0.70) did not significantly differ between both cohorts. CONCLUSIONS: The 2-week S-1 adjuvant chemotherapy could not improve drug adherence in terms of RDI, but its relapse rates were not significantly different compared with those of the 4-week regimen. The 2-week regimen might be considered as an option depending on the patient's status.

Remnant pancreatic volume as an indicator of poor prognosis in pancreatic cancer patients after resection.

BACKGROUND: Remnant pancreatic volume (RPV) is a well-known marker for short-term outcomes in pancreatic cancer patients after resection. However, in terms of the long-term outcomes, the significance of the RPV value remains unclear. Here, we address whether the RPV value is a predictor of the long-term outcomes in pancreatic cancer patients after resection by comparing various cancer-, patient-, and surgery-related prognostic factors and systemic inflammatory response markers in a retrospective cohort. METHODS: The RPV was measured on a three-dimensional (3D) image, revealing the actual pancreatic parenchymal remnant volume. Ninety-one patients who underwent pancreaticoduodenectomy were retrospectively enrolled. We divided the cohort into high- and low-RPV groups based on a cut-off value (>31.5 cm3, n = 66 and ≤31.5 cm3, n = 25, respectively). The median survival times (MSTs) were compared between the two groups. Using multivariate analysis, the RPV and other well-known prognostic factors were independently assessed. RESULTS: The MSTs (days) were significantly different between the two groups (high, 823 vs. low, 482, p = 0.001). Multivariate analysis identified the RPV (≤31.5 cm3) (hazard ratio [HR], 2.015; p = 0.011), lymph node metastasis (HR, 8.415; p = 0.002), lack of adjuvant chemotherapy (HR, 5.352; p < 0.001), stage III/IV disease (HR, 2.352; p = 0.029), and pathological fibrosis (HR, 1.771; p = 0.031) as independent prognostic factors. CONCLUSIONS: The present study suggests that the RPV value is also useful for predicting long-term outcomes in pancreatic cancer patients after resection.

Three-dimensional reconstruction of the vascular arrangement including the inferior mesenteric artery and left colic artery in laparoscope-assisted colorectal surgery.

BACKGROUND: We performed three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction to investigate the vascular anatomy, including the inferior mesenteric artery (IMA), left colic artery (LCA), and inferior mesenteric vein (IMV), for laparoscope-assisted left-side colorectal surgery. Furthermore, we also examined the distances from the root of the IMA to the bifurcation of the LCA and to the IMV using 3D imaging. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed 46 patients who underwent laparoscope-assisted left-side colorectal surgery via 3D surgical reconstruction at Tsukuba Medical Center Hospital. The branching patterns among the IMA, LCA, and sigmoidal colic artery (SCA) in colon cancer could be classified into three groups (types A, B, and C): type A, in which both arteries (LCA and SCA) branch off from the same point of the IMA; type B, in which the common trunk of the LCA and SCA branches off from the IMA; and type C, in which the LCA and SCA branch off separately from the IMA. The shortest length from the root of the IMA to bifurcation of the LCA and SCA branches (D mm) or to the IMV (d mm) was measured by 3D imaging. RESULTS: The mean D mm and d mm for all cases were 39.4 ± 11.2 and 27.9 ± 9.21 mm, respectively. The D mm from the IMA root to the LCA or SCA branch in types A, B, and C was 37.8 ± 9.21, 40.5 ± 12.7, and 38.6 ± 10.2 mm, respectively. Similarly, the d mm from the IMA root to the IMV in types A, B, and C was 30.2 ± 11.3, 29.9 ± 7.27, and 25.2 ± 10.3 mm, respectively. CONCLUSION: The present 3D reconstruction technique was useful for determining the 3D vascular anatomical pattern including the relative positions of the IMA, SCA, and IMV during laparoscope-assisted left-side colorectal surgery.

[A Case of Advanced Gastric Cancer with a Complete Response to S-1 Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy in an Elderly Patient].

We report a case of advanced gastric cancer that responded completely to S-1 neoadjuvant chemotherapy. An 80-year-old female complained of nausea. A gastroscopy and CT scan revealed advanced gastric cancer with lymph node metastasis (cT4b [diaphragm], cN3a, cM0, cStage III C). S-1 (100 mg/body/day) was administered orally for 14 consecutive days followed by a 7-day interval. After 2 courses of monotherapy, we conducted a total gastrectomy with D2 lymph node dissection. Histological findings revealed that there were no cancer cells in either the primary tumor or the lymph nodes. This meant that the resected lesions were pathologic Grade 3. Our report suggests that S-1 may have a potent therapeutic effect as a neoadjuvant chemotherapy for advanced gastric cancer especially in older patients.

Long-term quality-of-life comparison of total gastrectomy and proximal gastrectomy by postgastrectomy syndrome assessment scale (PGSAS-45): a nationwide multi-institutional study.

BACKGROUND: Although proximal gastrectomy (PG) is widely accepted as a function-preserving operation for early upper-third gastric cancer, postoperative disorders, such as reflux or gastric stasis, have often been pointed out. From the perspective of postoperative disorder, the choice of total gastrectomy (TG) or PG for such cancers is still controversial. By using the newly developed Postgastrectomy Syndrome Assessment Scale (PGSAS)-45, the quality of life after TG and PG was compared. METHODS: The PGSAS-45 consists of 45 items composed of the SF-8 and GSRS scales and 22 new items. The main outcomes are measured by seven subscales (SS) covering symptoms, physical and mental component summary (SF-8), meals (amount and quality), ability to work, dissatisfaction for daily life, and change in body weight. A total of 2,368 eligible questionnaires were acquired from 52 institutions. From these, 393 patients with TG and 193 patients with PG were selected and compared. RESULTS: The PG was better than TG in terms of body weight loss (TG 13.8% vs. PG 10.9%; p = 0.003), necessity for additional meals (2.4 vs. 2.0; p < 0.001), diarrhea SS (2.3 vs. 2.0; p = 0.048), and dumping SS (2.3 vs. 2.0; p = 0.043). There were no differences in the other main outcome measures. CONCLUSIONS: Proximal gastrectomy appears to be valuable as a function-preserving procedure for early upper-third gastric cancer.

Gastrocolic fistula caused by transverse colon cancer: a case report.

BACKGROUND: A gastrocolic fistula is an unusual communication between the colon and the stomach. Although colon cancer is the most common malignant cause of gastrocolic fistula in the Western world, the incidence of gastrocolic fistula due to colon cancer is 0.3% in operated cases. CASE PRESENTATION: A 68-year-old man presented with anorexia, general malaise, weight loss, and vomiting of fecal matter. Investigations revealed that the patient had a large nonmetastatic splenic flexure tumor that was diagnosed as colon cancer and had invaded the stomach and pancreas. An upper gastrointestinal series confirmed a gastrocolic fistula. Left hemicolectomy, distal gastrectomy, distal pancreatectomy, and splenectomy were performed. Histology revealed transverse colon cancer, which was UICC stage (8th edition) pT4bN1bcM0 pStage IIIC. Adjuvant chemotherapy was not performed. There was no recurrence or metastasis one year after surgery. We reviewed 17 cases including our case of a gastrocolic fistula caused by colon cancer. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy was not given to any of the patients, and en bloc resections were conducted in all cases. Adjuvant chemotherapy was given to almost all of the patients. There was no recurrence or metastasis. CONCLUSIONS: For gastrocolic fistula caused by advanced colon cancer, secure en bloc surgical resection was the initial treatment in all 17 reported cases including the present case, and adjuvant chemotherapy may contribute to a better prognosis.

Evaluation of serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels as a prognostic factor in gastric cancer patients.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Although there are some reports of an adverse effect of low serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels on gastrointestinal cancers, the specific correlation between serum HDL-C levels and gastric cancer remains unknown. METHODS: Preoperative serum HDL-C levels were retrospectively examined in 184 patients who had undergone gastrectomy. The patients who had undergone gastrectomy were divided into two groups: the normal-HDL-C group and the low-HDL-C group. We examined the characteristics and outcomes of these two groups. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to investigate the association between serum HDL-C levels and gastric cancer. RESULTS: There was no significant difference between the groups in terms of the progression of gastric cancer. In the low-HDL-C group, lymphatic and vascular invasion was significantly increased. The prognosis of the patients in the normal-HDL-C group was significantly better than those in the low-HDL-C group. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, a positive correlation between low preoperative serum HDL-C levels and prognosis for gastric cancer was demonstrated. Serum HDL-C level may be a clinical prognostic factor for gastric cancer patients.

Modified Reinforced Staple Closure Technique Decreases Postoperative Pancreatic Fistula After Distal Pancreatectomy.

Postoperative pancreatic fistula (POPF) is a serious complication that can occur following distal pancreatectomy (DP). Recent studies demonstrated that the use of reinforced staplers with bioabsorbable mesh significantly reduced the incidence of POPF, although the safety and efficacy of this approach remain controversial. Therefore, we originally developed a modified closure technique that combines the use of a reinforced stapler with bioabsorbable mesh with suture closure of the main pancreatic duct. The aim of this study was to determine whether our closure technique is predictive of POPF after DP. Fifty-nine consecutive patients who underwent DP were retrospectively enrolled. Based on the closure technique, we divided the cohort into a suture group (group A; n = 39) and a modified closure group (group B; n = 20). Using multivariate analysis, surgical closure techniques, including our method, and other well-known POPF risk factors were independently assessed. Multivariate logistic regression analysis identified no pathological fibrosis (odds ratio [OR], 5.41; p < 0.01), body mass index (> 25 kg/m2) (OR, 3.01; p = 0.02), and pancreatic stump closure technique (group A) (OR, 2.04; p = 0.01) as independent risk factors for POPF. The present study indicated that our modified closure technique is an additional useful technique to reduce POPF after DP.

Three-Dimensional Remnant Pancreatic Volumetry Predicts Postoperative Pancreatic Fistula in Pancreatic Cancer Patients after Pancreaticoduodenectomy.

BACKGROUND: Postoperative pancreatic fistula (POPF) is a serious complication that can occur following pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD). Recent studies suggest that remnant pancreatic volume (RPV) values from preoperative multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) are highly predictive of POPF. We performed three-dimensional (3D) surgical simulation of PD including RPV measurements. The aim of this study was to determine whether 3D-measured RPV is predictive of POPF after PD. METHODS: We used the SYNAPSE VINCENT® medical imaging system (Fujifilm Medical Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) to construct 3D images after integrating MDCT and magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography images. RPV was measured using this 3D image, which simulated actual intraoperative pancreatic parenchymal remnant volume. Ninety-one patients who underwent PD were retrospectively enrolled. Using multivariate analysis, RPV and other well-known POPF risk factors were independently assessed. RESULTS: Multivariate analysis identified high RPV values (hazard ratio [HR] = 8.41, p = 0.01), pancreatic duct diameter < 3.0 mm (HR = 5.48, p < 0.01), no pathological fibrosis (HR = 3.41, p < 0.01), and body mass index > 25 kg/m2 (HR = 1.53, p = 0.02) as independent risk factors for POPF. CONCLUSION: The present study indicates that preoperative 3D-measured RPV is predictive of POPF after PD.

Pathological complete response after preoperative chemotherapy including FOLFOX plus bevacizumab for locally advanced rectal cancer: A case report and literature review.

BACKGROUND: In Japan, the significance and efficacy of preoperative chemotherapy alone for locally advanced rectal cancer remain controversial. This case report presents the apparent effectiveness of preoperative FOLFOX plus bevacizumab as shown by pathological complete response (pCR). Additionally, we review the relevant literature and discuss the clinical management of locally advanced rectal cancer with preoperative chemotherapy. CASE PRESENTATION: A 59-year-old male presented with severe constipation, bloody stool and a loss of 10% of his body weight over 3 months. Preoperative examination revealed locally advanced rectal cancer with extensive invasion of the bladder wall and enlarged regional lymph nodes. Thus, this lesion was assigned a preoperative classification of T4bN2bM0 stage IIIC according to the 8th Union for International Cancer Control (UICC) guidelines. Therefore, the patient initially underwent an external loop colostomy of the transverse colon. Next, the patient received chemotherapy including FOLFOX plus bevacizumab. After 12 cycles of chemotherapy, the tumor size was markedly decreased, and all lymph node metastases had disappeared. Therefore, the patient underwent conventional resection of the rectum with D3 lymph node dissection and closure of the colostomy. Histopathological analysis of the resected specimen revealed that all lesions were fibrotic and devoid of any viable cancer cells. Thus, this lesion was assigned a final classification of ypT0N0M0 stage 0. CONCLUSIONS: We present the rare case of a patient with surgically resected locally advanced rectal cancer who demonstrated an impressive pCR with preoperative chemotherapy, which included FOLFOX plus bevacizumab.

Three-dimensional surgical simulation of the bile duct and vascular arrangement in pancreatoduodenectomy: A retrospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: We evaluated the usefulness of three-dimensional (3D) images for pancreatoduodenectomy (PD), including the classification of the bile duct and vascular arrangement, i.e., hepatic artery, inferior mesenteric vein (IMV) and left gastric vein (LGV). We evaluated the extent to which this simulation affected the perioperative outcomes of PD. METHODS: In all, 117 patients who underwent PD were divided into the without-3D (n = 53) and with-3D (n = 64) groups, and perioperative outcomes were compared. We evaluated the arrangement of the accessory bile duct and the hepatic artery (type I: the right hepatic artery arising from the superior mesenteric artery, type II: the left hepatic artery arising from the left gastric artery, type III: the most common pattern) and the confluence pattern of the LGV and the IMV [type i: portal vein (PV):splenic vein (SV), type ii: PV:superior mesenteric vein (SMV), type iii: SV:SV, and type iv: SV:SMV] between the two groups. RESULTS: Two patients had an accessory bile duct. The 3D images were classified as type I (n = 4), type II (n = 10), type III (n = 48) and other patterns (n = 2); type ii (n = 27) was the most frequent confluence pattern (p < 0.05). Intraoperative blood loss was reduced in the with-3D group (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: We propose that the 3D imaging technique is useful for preoperative assessment in PD.

The neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) predicts short-term and long-term outcomes in gastric cancer patients.

BACKGROUND: The preoperative neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) is a well-known prognostic marker for gastric cancer patients. However, the utility of the NLR in predicting short-term outcomes in gastric cancer patients remains unclear. Here, we investigated whether the preoperative NLR is a predictor of short-term outcomes in gastric cancer patients. METHODS: We retrospectively evaluated 154 consecutive gastric cancer patients. We compared the perioperative outcomes and median survival times (MSTs). In particular, for stage II/III (UICC, 7th edition) gastric cancer patients, we compared median disease-free survival time (MDFST) between the low- and high-NLR groups. RESULTS: Between the low-NLR group (n = 110) and the high-NLR group (n = 44), significant differences were observed in perioperative outcomes, including postoperative complications (3 (2.7%) vs. 5 (11.3%); p = 0.015), intraoperative blood loss (158 ± 168 g vs. 232 ± 433 g; p = 0.022), and intraoperative blood transfusions (0 vs. 3 (6.8%); p = 0.042). MSTs and MDFSTs were also significantly different (812 vs. 594 days, p = 0.04; and 848 vs. 475 days, p = 0.03, respectively). Multivariate analysis identified the NLR (hazard ratio [HR], 2.015; p = 0.004), Glasgow Prognostic Score (GPS) (HR, 1.533; p = 0.012), and presence of stage III/IV disease (HR, 5.488; p < 0.001), preoperative symptoms (HR, 3.412; p = 0.008), or postoperative complications (HR, 2.698; p < 0.001) as independent prognostic factors. CONCLUSIONS: We suggest that the preoperative NLR is an additional useful predictor of both long-term and short-term outcomes in gastric cancer patients.

Gastric adenocarcinoma of fundic gland mucosa type localized in the submucosa: A case report.

RATIONALE: Gastric adenocarcinoma of fundic gland type (GA-FG) is a new histological type of gastric cancer manifesting with differentiation into a fundic gland. Furthermore, gastric adenocarcinoma of fundic gland mucosa type (GA-FGM) is a tumor that shows differentiation into not only a fundic gland but also foveolar epithelium and a mucous gland. These tumors tend to invade the submucosal layer. However, no cases of these tumors being localized only in the submucosa have been reported. Here, we present a case of GA-FGM localized in the submucosa and describe the cytological features of this tumor. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of GA-FGM localized in the submucosa. PATIENT CONCERNS: A man in his early 70s was referred to our institution because of the detection of a gastric submucosal tumor during a health checkup. DIAGNOSES: Gastric adenocarcinoma of fundic gland mucosa type. INTERVENTIONS: Endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration (FNA), endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD), and total gastrectomy with lymph node dissection were performed. OUTCOMES: The FNA specimen showed epithelial cells with low-grade atypia. In the ESD specimen, adenocarcinoma showing a gastric fundic gland mucosa-like morphology was observed. Immunohistochemical analysis showed positive staining for pepsinogen I, H+/K+-adenosine triphosphatase, MUC6, and MUC5AC and negative staining for MUC2 and CD10, indicating tumor differentiation into fundic gland mucosa. Therefore, the tumor was diagnosed as GA-FGM, with localization in the submucosal layer. Total gastrectomy and lymph node dissection were performed because of the positive margins of the ESD specimen. Neither residual tumor nor lymph node metastasis was detected; however, many foci of heterotopic gastric glands (HGGs) were observed in the gastric wall, suggesting that GA-FGM arose from an HGG. After treatment, no recurrence was observed during a 1-year follow-up period. LESSONS: Various tumors may arise from HGGs. Furthermore, when an FNA specimen shows gastric fundic gland mucosa-like epithelial cells with weak atypia, the possibility of GA-FG and GA-FGM should be considered.

Collision tumor consisting of a colorectal adenocarcinoma and dissemination of a gastric adenocarcinoma.

BACKGROUND: Collision tumors, composed of histologically distinct tumor types, are rare entities, especially in the colorectum, and corresponding evidence-based clinical management or treatment strategies are poorly defined. This is the first report of a collision tumor composed of two histologically distinct adenocarcinomas. CASE PRESENTATION: A 78-year-old male showed severe anemia and a 10% body weight loss over 1 month. Preoperative examination revealed T3N1M0 stage IIIA gastric cancer and T3N0M0 stage IIA rectal cancer. Distal gastrectomy and rectectomy with regional lymph node dissection were performed. Immunohistochemistry revealed two distinct adenocarcinomas with gland duct structures - a colorectal adenocarcinoma and a disseminated gastric adenocarcinoma - that had collided to form an invasive tumor on the serosal surface of the anterior rectum wall. CONCLUSION: This extremely rare case of a collision tumor supports that precise immunohistochemical identification of all tumor components is needed for guiding decisions affecting overall prognosis, adjuvant treatment and survival.

[Informed consent for patients with pancreatic cancer].

Pancreatic cancer is an intractable malignancy with the poorest prognosis among digestive tract cancers. It is important when we obtain informed consent (IC) from patients with pancreatic cancer and their families to convey sufficiently that pancreatic cancer is intractable and provide support to help patients maintain a positive attitude toward treatment. Although the efficacy of chemo (radiation) therapy in pancreatic cancer is still unclear, the progress of various clinical trials on postoperative adjuvant therapy centered on gemcitabine hydrochloride, and chemo (radiation) therapy for unresectable tumors has raised expectations in recent years. To enable each individual patient to select the optimal treatment based on his or her personal outlook on life, it is important to obtain IC in good faith through the accurate diagnosis of pancreatic cancer and the use of the latest treatment information.

Hepatic sarcoidosis mimicking cholangiocellular carcinoma: A case report and literature review.

INTRODUCTION: Sarcoidosis is a multisystem disease characterized by the presence of non-caseating granulomas in affected organs. Almost 70% of patients with a sarcoidosis reaction have hepatic involvement. However, evidence-based clinical management or treatment strategies for hepatic sarcoidosis are poorly defined. Here, we present a case of a resected hepatic sarcoidosis patient. Additionally, we review the relevant hepatic sarcoidosis literature and discuss the clinical management of hepatic sarcoidosis. PRESENTATION OF CASE: A 20-mm liver tumor of segment 8 was incidentally detected in a 64-year-old female. Radiological images resembled the enhancement pattern of cholangiocellular carcinoma. Thus, this lesion was assigned a preoperative classification of pT1N0M0 stage I according to the 7th Union for International Cancer Control guidelines. The patient underwent a partial liver resection. Histologically, the tumor contained sarcoidosis lesions indicated by a conglomerate of epithelioid granulomas with giant cells. These histopathological findings were consistent with the diagnosis of hepatic sarcoidosis. DISCUSSION: Histopathological examination has been established as the definitive diagnostic tool for hepatic sarcoidosis. Therefore, liver biopsy or surgical resection of a liver tumor should be considered in cases that are difficult to preoperatively distinguish from malignant tumors. CONCLUSION: We present the case of a patient with surgically resected hepatic sarcoidosis that was difficult to preoperatively distinguish from cholangiocellular carcinoma.

The impact of three-dimensional reconstruction on laparoscopic-assisted surgery for right-sided colon cancer.

INTRODUCTION: During laparoscopic-assisted colorectal surgery (LACS) for right-sided colon cancer patients, we performed three-dimensional (3D) surgical simulation to investigate vascular anatomy, including the ileocolic artery (ICA), right colic artery (RCA) and superior mesenteric vein (SMV). AIM: We also used 3D imaging to examine the shortest distance from the root of the ileocolic vein (ICV) to the gastrocolic trunk (GCT). MATERIAL AND METHODS: We analyzed 46 right-sided colon cancer patients who underwent 3D-simulated LACS. We also examined a control group of 20 right-sided colon cancer patients who underwent LACS without 3D imaging. Patients who received such assessments were classified into the following two groups based on the vessel arrangement patterns of the ICA and SMV: the type A group, in which the ICA crosses anterior to the SMV, and the type B group, in which the ICA crosses posterior to the SMV. The shortest length from the root of the ICV to the GCT (D mm) was measured via 3D imaging. Patient characteristics and perioperative outcomes for these three groups were compared. RESULTS: The mean D mm for all cases was 29.2 ±5.21 mm. Mean D mm values for the type A and type B groups were 27.8 ±4.21 and 30.5 ±5.53 mm, respectively. Intraoperative blood loss was lower in the type A group (41.8 ±27.5 g) and the type B group (44.5 ±31.6 g) than that in the control group (86.8 ±27.5 g) (p = 0.013). CONCLUSIONS: 3D imaging was useful for understanding anatomical relationships during LACS.

The Impact of Laparoscopic-assisted Colorectal Surgery Using 3-dimensional Reconstruction for Highly Obese Patients With Colorectal Cancer.

OBJECTIVES: During laparoscopic-assisted colorectal surgery (LACS), precise recognition of the anatomic variations and relationships among tumor and vessels is required. However, in highly obese patients, it is more difficult to grasp the surgical anatomy due to the presence of dense mesenteric fat tissue. We utilized a 3-dimensional (3D) reconstructed image for preoperative simulation and intraoperative navigation for LACS. In this study, we examined the correlation between patient obesity and 3D-simulated perioperative outcomes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed 124 patients who underwent LACS using 3D surgical simulation at Tsukuba Medical Center Hospital. We sequentially divided our cohort into 2 groups: patients with a low body mass index (BMI<25 kg/m, n=60) and patients with a high BMI (BMI ≥25 kg/m, n=64). Patient characteristics and perioperative outcomes, including conversion rate, postoperative complications, operating time, intraoperative blood loss, and length of postoperative hospital stay, were compared for these 2 groups. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in patient background between the 2 groups.We found it more difficult to grasp the surgical anatomy, including vessel arrangement, for high-BMI patients than for low-BMI patients because of the dense mesenteric fat tissue in high-BMI patients. There were no significant differences between the 2 groups with respect to perioperative outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: The utilized reconstructed 3D images were useful for understanding anatomic relationships, including vessel arrangement, during LACS, particularly in highly obese patients.

Three-dimensional reconstruction of vascular arrangement including the hepatic artery and left gastric vein during gastric surgery.

BACKGROUND: During gastric surgery, precise recognition of the anatomical variations and relationships among gastric tumors and vessels, including the hepatic artery (HA) and left gastric vein (LGV), is required. We utilized a three-dimensional (3D) reconstructed image as a preoperative simulation for gastric surgery. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed 84 patients who underwent gastrectomy at Tsukuba Medical Center Hospital. This cohort was sequentially divided into a without-3D group (n = 42) and with-3D group (n = 42), and the perioperative outcomes were compared. The 3D image could be used to classify the HA or LGV arrangement pattern. RESULTS: Regarding the HA arrangement, the right HA of 1 patient (2.3 %) was arising from the superior mesenteric artery, the left HA of 8 patients (19 %) was arising from the left gastric artery, 29 patients (69 %) presented a normal rearrangement, and 4 patients (9.5 %) exhibited other arrangements. The analysis of the LGV arrangement revealed that the LGV in 15 patients (36 %) was located on the dorsal side of the common HA, the LGV in 5 patients (12 %) was located on the ventral side of the common HA, the LGV in 12 patients (29 %) was found on the ventral side of the splenic artery, the LGV in 6 patients (14 %) was located on the dorsal side of the splenic artery, and 4 patients (9.5 %) presented other arrangements. The intraoperative blood loss in the without-3D and with-3D groups was 276 ± 430 and 157 ± 170 g, respectively (p = 0.027). CONCLUSIONS: The 3D reconstruction technique was useful for understanding and sharing anatomic information during gastric surgery.