Garlic and ginger essential oil-based neomycin nano-emulsions as effective and accelerated treatment for skin wounds' healing and inflammation: In-vivo and in-vitro studies.

Skin, largest organ of human, is directly exposed to environment and hence is prone to high rates of injuries and microbial infections. Over the passage of time these microbes have developed resistance to antibiotics making them ineffective especially in lower doses and hence, higher dosages or new drugs are required. The current study deals with designing of nano-emulsion (NE) formulations composed of garlic and ginger oils (0.1 %) with neomycin sulphate used in different ratios (0.001, 0.01 and 0.1 %) and combinations. The resulting NEs were characterized for droplet size (145-304 nm), zetapotential (-3.0-0.9 mV), refractive index (1.331-1.344), viscosity (1.10-1.23cP), transmittance (96-99 %), FT-IR and HPLC and found stable over a period of three months. All NEs were also found effective against both gram positive and negative bacterial strains i.e., B. spizizenii, S. aureus, E. coli and S. enterica as compared to pure neomycin sulphate (NS) used as control with highest activity recorded for NE-2 and NE-4 against all strains showing zone of inhibition in range of 22-30 mm and 21-19 mm, respectively. NEs were also tested using rabbit skin excision wound model which potentiates that all the NEs resulted in early recovery with 86-100 % wound healing achieved in 9 days as compared to NS ointment (71 %). The studies confirmed that essential oils when used in combination with traditional drug can lead to much higher efficacies as compared to pure drugs.

N-Sulfonated derivatives of (2-furoyl)piperazine: Promising antibacterial agents with mild cytotoxicity.

2-Furoyl-1-piperazine (1) was treated with a series of alkyl/aryl sulfonyl chlorides (2a-i) under benignant conditions to obtain its N-sulfonated derivatives (3a-i). These compounds were screened for their antibacterial potential against pathogenic bacteria. The low Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) values of these molecules, in comparison of ciprofloxacin, demonstrated their high antibacterial potential. Cytotoxic activities were ascertained through their hemolytic potential and mild hemolytic profiles of these compounds proved them to be promising compounds for drug designing and development.

Synthesis of novel N-(2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-6-yl)-2-{[5-(un/substituted-phenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl]sulfanyl}acetamides as potent antibacterial agents.

The synthetic methodology was initiated by reacting 1,4-benzodioxane-6-amine (1) with 2-bromoacetyl bromide (2) in aqueous alkaline media under dynamic pH control to get compound 2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-6-yl-2-bromoacetamide (3). In the subsequent reactions, a variety of un/substituted-benzoic acids (4a-k), through a succession of three steps, was converted into respective oxadiazole nucleophiles, 7a-k. Finally, the targeted molecules, 8a-k, were obtained by reacting 7a-k with electrophile 3 in an aprotic polar solvent. These compounds were corroborated by spectral characterization like IR, EI-MS, 1H-NMR, and CHN analysis data. These molecules were screened for their antibacterial potential and most of them exhibited a potent activity. Moreover, their cytotoxicity was profiled through hemolytic activity and it was observed that majority of them was very modest in toxicity.

Synthesis, spectral characterization and antimicrobial studies of novel series of allylidene based multifaceted chalcones analogues.

Following the Claisen Schmidt condensation a series of chalcone, their allylidene derivatives and metallic complexes were produced and subsequently screened for antibacterial assay. The precursors were simple acetophenone and different substituted aryl benzaldehydes; which were made to react in basic ethanolic conditions. The structure of synthesized targets was established by IR, 1H-NMR and EIMS data. The antibacterial statistics showed that most of the bacterial strains particularly S. typhi and E. coli were potently inhibited by majority of the compounds like 3c, 5c, 7a & 7c. This structure activity relationship studies showed that these molecules possessed p-methoxy substituents in their framework and found active in rupturing the cell wall. These molecules might serve as potential drug candidates for future drug discovery and design. The presented manuscript highlights the pharmacological diversity of chalcones holding allylidene moiety and Zn+2 complexes.

REPORT - Synthesis of promising antibacterial and antifungal agents: 2-[[(4-Chlorophenyl)sulfonyl](2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-6-yl)amino]-N-(un/substituted-phenyl)acetamides.

In the presented work, 2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-6-amine (1) was reacted with 4-chlorobenzenesulfonyl chloride (2) in presence of aqueous basic aqueous medium to obtain 4-chloro-N-(2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-6-yl)benzenesulfonamide (3). In parallel, various un/substituted anilines (4a-l) were treated with bromoacetyl bromide (5) in basified aqueous medium to obtain corresponding 2-bromo-N-(un/substituted)phenylacetamides (6a-l) as electrophiles. Then the compound 3 was finally reacted with these electrophiles, 6a-l, in dimethylformamide (DMF) as solvent and lithium hydride as base and activator to synthesize a variety of 2-[[(4-chlorophenyl)sulfonyl](2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-6-yl)amino]-N-(un/substituted)phenylacetamides (7a-l). The synthesized compounds were corroborated by IR, 1H-NMR and EI-MS spectral data for structural confirmations. These molecules were then evaluated for their antimicrobial and antifungal activities along with their %age hemolytic activity. Some compounds were found to have suitable antibacterial and antifungal potential, especially the compound 2-[[(4-chlorophenyl)sulfonyl](2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-6-yl)amino]-N-(3,5-dimethylphenyl)acetamide (7l) exhibited good antimicrobial potential with low value of % hemolytic activity.

In vitro assessment of antibacterial, antifungal, enzyme inhibition and hemolytic activities of various fractions of Rhynchosia pseudo-cajan.

The aims of the present investigation were to assess the antibacterial, antifungal, enzyme inhibition and hemolytic activities of various fractions of Rhynchosia pseudo-cajan Cambess. The methanolic extract of the plant was dissolved in the water (distilled) and then partitioned with the n-hexane, chloroform, EtOAc and n-BuOH sequentially. Antibacterial activity was checked against Escherichia coli, Pasturella multocida, Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus by the disc diffusion method using streptomycin sulphate, a standard antibiotic, as positive control. Chloroform and ethyl acetate soluble fractions showed good activity against Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus. These fractions also showed good MIC values. The n-butanol soluble and remaining aqueous fraction also showed good activity against some strains. Antifungal activity was studied against four fungi i.e. Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Ganoderma lucidum and Alternaria alternata by the disc diffusion method using fluconazole, a standard antifungal drug, as positive control. Chloroform, n-butanol and ethyl acetate soluble fraction showed good activity only against G. lucidum. Enzyme inhibition studies were done against four enzymes i.e. α-glucosidase, butyrylcholinesterase, acetyl cholinesterase and lipoxygenase. Aqueous fraction possessed very good activity against α-glucosidase, even greater than acarbose, a reference standard drug. Its IC50 value was found as 29.81±0.12 µg/ml as compared to acarbose having IC50 38.62±0.04 µg/ml. Chlroform and ethyl acetate soluble fractions also showed good activity against α-glucosidase. Ethyl acetate soluble and remaining aqueous fractions showed good activity against lipoxygenase. All the studied fractions showed very less toxicity i.e. <2.5%.

Synthesis, biological screening and molecular docking studies of some ethylated sulfonamides having 1,4-Benzodioxane moiety.

The presented study comprises the synthesis of a new series of ethylated sulfonamides in which 1,4-benzodioxane moiety has been incorporated. The reaction of 1,4-benzodioxane-6-amine (1) with ethane sulfonyl chloride (2) yielded N-(2,3-dihydrobenzo[1,4]dioxin-6-yl)ethanesulfonamide (3), which further on treatment with various alkyl/aralkyl halides, 4a-r, in N,Nꞌ-dimethylformamide (DMF) and in the presence of lithium hydride (LiH) acting as a weak base and catalyst; yielded derivatives of N-alkyl/aralkyl substituted N-(2,3-dihydrobenzo[1,4]dioxin-6-yl)ethanesulfonamides (5a-r). The characterization of these derivatives was carried out by different spectroscopic techniques like infra red, proton-NMR and mass spectrometry; then screened against various enzymes i.e. acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase, lipoxygenase and α-glucosidase enzymes and five different bacterial strains. The synthesized compounds were found to be good inhibitors of lipoxygenase but moderate inhibitors of AChE, BChE and α-glucosidase; whereas compounds 3, 5a, 5f, 5n and 5r were found good antibacterial compounds. The interaction between inhibitors and target enzymes (cholinestrases and lipoxygenase) was computationally observed which correlated with the experimental results.

Appraisal of potentially toxic metals contamination in protein supplements for muscle growth: A chemometric approach and associated human health risks.

BACKGROUND: The use of protein supplements by athletes has risen due to their effectiveness in meeting dietary needs. However, there is a growing concern about the presence of potentially toxic metals (PTMs. Al, Cr, Mn, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb) in these supplements. Consequently, it is crucial to evaluate the levels of these PTMs to ensure the safety of the supplements. METHODS: The objective of the current study was to assess the PTMs concentrations in protein supplements and examine any possible health hazards. Twenty-five samples of protein supplements were purchased from different pharmacies to screen them for metals. Inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) was utilized to analyze metal content. Additionally, chemometric methods such as Pearson's correlation coefficient (PCC), principal component analysis (PCA), and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) were employed to identify possible sources of PTMs contamination in protein supplements. RESULTS: Concentration ranges for PTMs were found as, Al (0.03-3.05 mg/kg), Cr (0.11-0.89 mg/kg), Mn (1.13-8.40 mg/kg), Ni (0.06-0.71 mg/kg), Cu (1.05-5.51 mg/kg), Zn (2.14-27.10 mg/kg), Cd (0.01-0.78 mg/kg), and Pb (0.06-0.57 mg/kg). The weekly intake of Cd exceeded the level of tolerable weekly intake (TWI) set by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). CONCLUSION: Athletes, bodybuilders, fitness enthusiasts, dieters, young adults and adolescents, and health-conscious individuals should be conscious of Cd concentration as it does not compliance the TWI set by EFSA. Target hazard quotient (THQ < 1), hazard index (HI < 1), margin of exposure (MOE ≥ 1), percentile permitted daily exposure (% PDE < 100), and cumulative cancer risk (CCR < 1 × 10-3) analyses revealed that there are no appreciable non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic health risks associated with the use of these products.

Synthesis of Isatin Derivatives Exhibiting Antibacterial, Antifungal and Cytotoxic Activities.

OBJECTIVE: The current objective was to synthesize biologically active Isatin derivatives. For this purpose, six (06) chemical entities of Isatin derivatives such as 3a-3c and 4a-4c were synthesized from Isatin substrate. METHODS: The pure compounds were characterized with the help of 1H-NMR, FT-IR, EIMS spectroscopic techniques. The synthesized amines 3a-3c and hydrazones 4a-4c were evaluated for their toxicity potential with the help of brine shrimp bioassay. RESULTS: The obtained results revealed that 3c exhibited promising toxicity (LD50 = 1.03 × 10-5 M) against Artemia salina. The pure chemical entities such as compounds 3a-3c and 4a-4c were evaluated against four Gram-negative (E. coli, P. aeruginosa, S. typhi, S. flexneri) and two Gram-positive (B. subtilis, S. aureus) bacteriae. The compound 3a displayed significant activity against two bacterial strains; i.e. P. aeruginosa, S. typhi, compound 3c demonstrated significant activity against P. aeruginosa. Compound 4b was the most active against S. typhi, displaying a greater diameter of the growth of inhibition zone (GIZ) than the standard drug. Compound 4c exhibited significant activity against P. aeruginosa and S. typhi. Compounds 3a-3c and 4a-4c exhibited moderate to significant antibacterial activity against three out of five strains. Only Compound 3c revealed promising toxicity (LD50 = 1.03 × 10-5 M) against Artemia salina. Antifungal studies of the compounds 3a-3c and 4a-4c against six fungal cultures; T. longifusus, C. albicans, A. flavus, M. canis, F. solani, and C. glabrata. All the compounds were active against one or more pathogens having inhibition (10- 90 %). Compound 3a exhibited significant inhibition i.e. 90 % against M. canis, 70 % against T. longifusus, compound 4b further displayed significant inhibition (90 %) against A. flavus and thus proved to be the most active member of the series. CONCLUSION: All compounds showed better antibacterial, antifungal and cytotoxic activities, which may provide a ground to prepare enhanced molecules with much higher antibacterial activities.

Pharmaco-Technical Evaluation of Statistically Formulated and Optimized Dual Drug-Loaded Silica Nanoparticles for Improved Antifungal Efficacy and Wound Healing.

The current research aimed at designing mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) for a controlled coadministration of salicylic acid (SA) and ketoconazole (KCZ) to effectively treat highly resistant fungal infections. The sol-gel method was used to formulate MSNs, which were further optimized using central composite rotatable design (CCRD) by investigating mathematical impact of independent formulation variables such as pH, stirring time, and stirring speed on dependent variables entrapment efficiency (EE) and drug release. The selected optimized MSNs and pure drugs were subjected to comparative in vitro/in vivo antifungal studies, skin irritation, cytotoxicity, and histopathological evaluations. The obtained negatively charged (-23.1), free flowing spherical, highly porous structured MSNs having a size distribution of 300-500 nm were suggestive of high storage stability and improved cell proliferation due to enhanced oxygen supply to cells. The physico-chemical evaluation of SA/KCZ-loaded MSNs performed through powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) indicates absolute lack of any interaction between formulation components and successful encapsulation of both drugs in MSNs. The EESA, EEKCZ, SA release, and KCZ release varied significantly from 34 to 89%, 36 to 85%, 39 to 88%, and 43 to 90%, respectively, indicating the quadratic impact of formulation variables on obtained MSNs. For MSNs, the skin tolerability and cell viability percentage rate were also having an extraordinary advantage over suspension of pure drugs. The optimized SA/KCZ-loaded MSNs demonstrated comparatively enhanced in vitro/in vivo antifungal activities and rapid wound healing efficacy in histopathological evaluation without any skin irritation impact, suggesting the MSNs potential for the simultaneous codelivery of antifungal and keratolyic agents in sustained release fashion.

Synthesis of gold and silver nanoparticles by use of arabinoglucan from Lallemantia royleana.

Highly stable gold and silver nanoparticles were synthesized by use of an arabinoglucan from Lallemantia royleana seeds without additional use of reducing or stabilizing agents. The mechanism involved the reduction potential of the hemicellulose as verified by cyclic voltammetry. The arabinoglucan used was substantially free from ferulic acid and phenolic content, suggesting the inherent reducing potential of arabinoglucan for gold and silver ions. The synthesized nanoparticles exhibited surface plasmon resonance maxima at 515 nm (gold) and 397 nm (silver) corresponding to sizes of 10 nm and 8 nm, respectively. The zeta potential values were -24.1 mV (gold) and -22.3 mV (silver). The silver nanoparticles showed potential for application in surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. Gold nanoparticles were found to be non-toxic, whereas silver nanoparticles exhibited dose-dependent biological activities and found to be cytotoxic against brine shrimps and HeLa cell lines and the tumours caused by A. tumefaciens.

Design, Synthesis, Biological Evaluation and Molecular Docking Studies of Some New Sulfonamides Possessing 1,4-Benzodioxane Nucleus.

In the current research work we have reported a series of N-aryl-2,3-dihydrobenzo[1,4]dioxine-6-sulfonamides 3 and their N-substituted derivatives 6 and 7, obtained from 3 with benzyl chloride and ethyl iodide, respectively. The synthesis was accomplished as a multistep sequence. The structural confirmations were established by 1H NMR, IR and EIMS spectral techniques. Butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and lipoxygenase (LOX) enzymes were used in this study. It was observed that most of the compounds prepared exhibit a moderate activity against BChE and AChE but promisingly good activity against lipoxygenase. Among the parent sulfonamides 3a, 3b, 3c and 3e showed the proficient antimicrobial activities, while from the derivatives 6a, 6c, 7a, 7b and 7c were found active against the selected panel of bacterial and fungal species. Hemolytic activity was also conducted to check their therapeutic utility. All the compounds were computationally docked against LOX, BChE and AChE enzymes.

Quadratic trigonometric B-spline for image interpolation using GA.

In this article, a new quadratic trigonometric B-spline with control parameters is constructed to address the problems related to two dimensional digital image interpolation. The newly constructed spline is then used to design an image interpolation scheme together with one of the soft computing techniques named as Genetic Algorithm (GA). The idea of GA has been formed to optimize the control parameters in the description of newly constructed spline. The Feature SIMilarity (FSIM), Structure SIMilarity (SSIM) and Multi-Scale Structure SIMilarity (MS-SSIM) indices along with traditional Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR) are employed as image quality metrics to analyze and compare the outcomes of approach offered in this work, with three of the present digital image interpolation schemes. The upshots show that the proposed scheme is better choice to deal with the problems associated to image interpolation.