Challenges and recommendations for advancing respite care for families of children and youth with special health care needs: A qualitative exploration.

INTRODUCTION: Caring for children and youth with special health care needs (CYSHCN) is a significant undertaking for families. While respite care is intended to address this burden, demand continues to exceed supply. Exploring the perspectives of respite service providers (SPs) and stakeholders (SKs) provides unique insight into families' needs and respite care systems. METHODS: We conducted semistructured interviews with 41 respite care SPs and SKs across four Canadian provinces to ascertain perspectives on current and ideal respite care for families of CYSHCN. The analysis included delineating units of meaning from the data, clustering units of meaning to form thematic statements and extracting themes. The second-level analysis involved applying themes and subthemes to cross-functional process maps. FINDINGS: Participants noted the critical, but sometimes absent role of Community Service Workers, who have the ability to support families accessing and navigating respite care systems. SPs and SKs identified current respite systems as operating in crisis mode. New findings suggest an ideal respite care system would incorporate advocacy for families, empower families and value CYSHCN, their families and respite workers. CONCLUSION: The evidence of unmet respite care needs of families of CYSHCN across Canada has long been available. Our findings identifying respite system challenges and solutions can be used by funders and policymakers for planning and enhancing resources, and by healthcare professionals, respite care providers and SKs to understand barriers and take action to improve respite outcomes to meet the respite needs of all families and CYSHCN. PATIENT OR PUBLIC CONTRIBUTION: The research team is composed of patients, researchers, clinicians and decision-makers along with our Family Advisory Committee (FAC) composed of members of families of CYSHNC. The FAC was formed and met regularly with research team members, knowledge users and collaborators throughout the study to provide input on design, review themes and ensure findings are translated and disseminated in a meaningful way.

A Novel Emergency Telepsychiatry Program in a Canadian Urban Setting: Identifying and Addressing Perceived Barriers for Successful Implementation: Un nouveau programme de télépsychiatrie d'urgence en milieu urbain canadien: Identifier et aborder les obstacles perçus d'une mise en œuvre réussie.

OBJECTIVES: To report on the perceived barriers surrounding the use of telepsychiatry for emergency assessments and our approach to overcoming those barriers to achieve successful implementation of a program to increase access to emergency psychiatric assessment in a Canadian urban setting. METHODS: We conducted a survey of emergency care staff to inform the implementation of an emergency telepsychiatry program in the urban setting of Winnipeg, Manitoba, where hospitals have variable on-site emergency psychiatric coverage. We analyzed survey responses for perceived barriers we would need to address in implementation. We employed implementation strategies for each barrier and scaled the program to three sites over the first year. Data from the first year were collected including number of telepsychiatry assessments, reasons for referral, wait time, and percentage of patient transfers avoided. RESULTS: Survey respondents (N = 111) had little prior exposure to telepsychiatry, but the majority were open to its use for emergency psychiatric assessments in the region. We identified three categories of perceived barriers: clinical, logistical/technical, and readiness barriers. Implementation planning addressed each barrier, and a hub-and-spoke program was launched. After the first year, the program had one hub serving three spokes, and 243 emergency telepsychiatry assessments had been completed. After 12 months, we were avoiding 65% of patient transfers. CONCLUSIONS: By conducting a user survey to identify perceived barriers, and addressing these during implementation, we successfully scaled our emergency telepsychiatry program across our region. Our report of this experience may benefit others attempting to implement a similar program.

Assessing perceptions of professionalism in medical learners by the level of training and sex.

Background: Canadian medical student and residents' severity ratings of professionalism vignettes were examined to identify the differences in ratings by the level of training and by sex. Methods: Eight hundred and thirty-five medical learners (400 medical students and 435 residents) were invited to participate in an online survey measuring medical professionalism. The survey was composed of questions about descriptive information and professionalism vignettes. The tool consists of 16 vignettes examining respondent's ability to recognize the professional and unprofessional behaviors. For each vignette, participants were asked to rate the severity of the infraction as "not a problem" to "severe." Wilcoxon rank sum tests and Fischer's Chi-square tests were used to examine the differences in perceptions of professionalism by the level of training and sex, and logistic regression models were created with the level of training and sex to examine their association with binary vignette responses (not a severe infraction and severe infraction); controlling for the effect of the other variable. Results: Overall response rate for the completed survey was 30% (n = 253). Significant differences between males and females were found for lapse in excellence (P ≤ 0.039), inappropriate dress (P ≤ 0.003), lack of altruism (P ≤ 0.033), disrespect (P ≤ 0.013), shirking duty (P ≤ 0.028), and abuse of power (P ≤ 0.006). Females rated all six vignettes as more severe as compared to males. Shirking duty (P ≤ 0.002) was found to have the differences between learner responses. Regressions found sex to be associated with severity of professionalism infractions on seven vignettes. Discussion: Future work is needed in the area of professionalism and sex to understand why female and male learners may perceive professionalism differently.

Indigenous and non-Indigenous parents separated from their children and experiencing homelessness and mental illness in Canada.

The purpose of this study is to examine the parent-child experiences of Indigenous and non-Indigenous mothers and fathers experiencing homelessness, mental illness, and separation from their children. A qualitative thematic analysis of baseline and 18-month follow-up narrative interviews was used to compare 12 mothers (n = 8 Indigenous and n = 4 nonindigenous) with 24 fathers (n = 13 Indigenous and n = 11 non-Indigenous). First, it was found that children are more central in the lives of mothers than fathers. Second, Indigenous parents' narratives were characterized by interpersonal and systemic violence, racism and trauma, and cultural disconnection, but also more cultural healing resources. Third, an intersectional analysis showed that children were peripheral in the lives of non-Indigenous fathers, and most central to the identities of Indigenous mothers. Gender identity, Indigenous, and intersectional theories are used to interpret the findings. Implications for future theory, research, and culturally relevant intervention are discussed.

The entrepreneurship of survival among urban adults experiencing homelessness and mental illness.

AIMS: Using an entrepreneurship lens, this study examined the narratives of urban adults experiencing homelessness and living with mental illness, to explore strategies used for day-to-day survival. METHODS: Semi-structured qualitative interviews were conducted with 14 females, 30 males, and one individual identifying as "other," living in a mid-sized Canadian city. The average age was 39 years. Data were transcribed verbatim and analyzed using thematic analysis informed by grounded theory. FINDINGS: Participants described creative and intentional strategies for managing life on the street without permanent shelter, including recognition of opportunities, mobilization of their own or acquired resources, and use of social connections and communication skills, and strategies that demonstrated entrepreneurial processes. CONCLUSIONS: Findings suggest that participants used survival entrepreneurship strategies and processes to navigate daily life while experiencing homelessness. Recognition and validation of the propensity for enterprise and self-sufficiency are central for both individual recovery and ending homelessness within similar populations.

Medical students' and postgraduate residents' observations of professionalism.

BACKGROUND: There is increasing interest in teaching professionalism to medical learners. The purpose of this study was to explore professionalism observed among medical learners and faculty in a Canadian academic institution. METHODS: A total of 253 medical learners (30% response rate) completed an online survey measuring medical professionalism. The survey used a validated professionalism scale "Climate of Professionalism", which queries subjects' observations of professional and unprofessional behavior in clinical teaching environments. RESULTS: Overall, 73.3% of medical learners felt prepared in the area of medical professionalism. Differences existed in observed professionalism by level of training. By respondents' reports, both medical students and residents viewed their peer groups as more professional than the other. Both groups also rated faculty as the poorest in terms of observed professional behaviors but the best in observed unprofessional behavior. DISCUSSION: Most learners in this Canadian medical school felt well prepared in the area of professionalism, and each training level viewed their peer group as the most professional. Peer groups may rate themselves more favorably due to increased interaction with their group, and active recall of professional communications. This study found differences in observations of professionalism by training level, therefore provides support for specialized professionalism education tailored to the learners level of medical training.

A systematic review of school-based suicide prevention programs.

OBJECTIVE: Suicide is one of the leading causes of death among youth today. Schools are a cost-effective way to reach youth, yet there is no conclusive evidence regarding the most effective prevention strategy. We conducted a systematic review of the empirical literature on school-based suicide prevention programs. METHOD: Studies were identified through MEDLINE and Scopus searches, using keywords such as "suicide, education, prevention and program evaluation." Additional studies were identified with a manual search of relevant reference lists. Individual studies were rated for level of evidence, and the programs were given a grade of recommendation. Five reviewers rated all studies independently and disagreements were resolved through discussion. RESULTS: Sixteen programs were identified. Few programs have been evaluated for their effectiveness in reducing suicide attempts. Most studies evaluated the programs' abilities to improve students' and school staffs' knowledge and attitudes toward suicide. Signs of Suicide and the Good Behavior Game were the only programs found to reduce suicide attempts. Several other programs were found to reduce suicidal ideation, improve general life skills, and change gatekeeper behaviors. CONCLUSIONS: There are few evidence-based, school-based suicide prevention programs, a combination of which may be effective. It would be useful to evaluate the effectiveness of general mental health promotion programs on the outcome of suicide. The grades assigned in this review are reflective of the available literature, demonstrating a lack of randomized controlled trials. Further evaluation of programs examining suicidal behavior outcomes in randomized controlled trials is warranted.

Gatekeeper training for suicide prevention in First Nations community members: a randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Gatekeeper training aims to train people to recognize and identify those who are at risk for suicide and assist them in getting care. Applied Suicide Intervention Skills Training (ASIST), a form of gatekeeper training, has been implemented around the world without a controlled evaluation. We hypothesized that participants in 2 days of ASIST gatekeeper training would have increased knowledge and preparedness to help people with suicidal ideation in comparison to participants who received a 2-day Resilience Retreat that did not focus on suicide awareness and intervention skills (control condition). METHODS: First Nations on reserve people in Northwestern Manitoba, aged 16 years and older, were recruited and randomized to two arms of the study. Self-reported measures were collected at three time points-immediately pre-, immediately post-, and 6 months post intervention. The primary outcome was the Suicide Intervention Response Inventory, a validated scale that assesses the capacity for individuals to intervene with suicidal behavior. Secondary outcomes included self-reported preparedness measures and gatekeeper behaviors. RESULTS: In comparison with the Resilience Retreat (n = 24), ASIST training (n = 31) was not associated with a significant impact on all outcomes of the study based on intention-to-treat analysis. There was a trend toward an increase in suicidal ideation among those who participated in the ASIST in comparison to those who were in the Resilience Retreat. CONCLUSIONS: The lack of efficacy of ASIST in a First Nations on-reserve sample is concerning in the context of widespread policies in Canada on the use of gatekeeper training in suicide prevention.

Respite care: qualitative arts-based findings on the perspectives and experiences of families of children and youth with special healthcare needs residing in Manitoba, Canada.

OBJECTIVES: Respite for families of children and youth with special healthcare needs (CYSHCN) is essential for sustaining a family care environment. Lacking is an understanding of families' respite experiences who reside in Canada. We sought to understand experiences of the use of respite services by families with CYSHCN with the aim to help improve respite services. This paper reports on the qualitative arts-based findings. DESIGN: Qualitative methods including open-ended interviews combined with the arts-based methods of ecomaps and the photovoice process were used. Analysis involved delineating units of meaning from the data, clustering units of meaning to form thematic statements and extracting themes.SettingManitoba, a western Canadian province. PARTICIPANTS: Thirty-two families (including 38 parents and 13 siblings) of CYSHCN. RESULTS: We identified six themes surrounding challenges experienced by families' in their journeys accessing, acquiring and navigating the respite care system, and sustainment of respite care for their families, leading to familial burn-out and breakdown, financial stress, unemployment and unaddressed mental health struggles. Families provided multipronged recommendations to address these challenges. CONCLUSIONS: Through the lens of Canadian families of children with a range of complex care needs, the qualitative arts-based portion of the study underscores the challenges with accessing, navigating and sustaining respite care, which has implications for CYSHCN, their clinicians and the potential for long-term costs for government and society. This study identifies the state of the current Manitoba respite care system as an issue, presenting actionable recommendations from families that can assist policymakers and clinicians in advocating for and implementing a collaborative, responsive, family-centred system of respite care.

Parent-child relationship outcomes in a randomized controlled trial of housing first for indigenous and non-Indigenous parents experiencing homelessness, mental illness, and separation from their children.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the impacts of Housing First (HF) on parent-child relationships for Indigenous and non-Indigenous parents experiencing homelessness and mental illness. METHOD: Data on parent-child relationships were obtained through baseline and 18-month narrative interviews with parents (N = 43). Participants were randomly assigned to HF (N = 27) or treatment as usual (TAU; N = 16). Parent-child relationship changes were coded as positive or no change. Comparisons between HF and TAU groups were examined for Indigenous parents (N = 21) and non-Indigenous parents (N = 22). RESULTS: Parents in HF reported more positive changes, proportionally, in their relationships with their children, when compared with parents in the TAU group. Among Indigenous parents, proportionally more in HF (eight of 13 parents) reported positive changes in their relationships with their children, compared with those in TAU (one of eight parents). For non-Indigenous parents, however, those in HF (five of 14 parents) reported proportionally similar positive changes in relationships with their children to those in TAU (two of eight parents). Narratives of Indigenous parents in HF showed that they made considerable progress over 18 months in reconciling with their children. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: Findings underscore the potential of HF to promote positive parent-child relationships. For Indigenous parents, HF programs that are designed, implemented, and staffed by Indigenous service-providers; guided by Indigenous worldviews; and employ culturally relevant and culturally safe practices are exemplars for understanding how HF programs can be adapted to positively impact parent-child relationships. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Canadian infants' nutrient intakes from complementary foods during the first year of life.

BACKGROUND: Complementary feeding is currently recommended after six months of age, when the nutrients in breast milk alone are no longer adequate to support growth. Few studies have examined macro- and micro-nutrient intakes from complementary foods (CF) only. Our purpose was to assess the sources and nutritional contribution of CF over the first year of life. METHODS: In July 2003, a cross-sectional survey was conducted on a nationally representative sample of mothers with infants aged three to 12 months. The survey was administered evenly across all regions of the country and included a four-day dietary record to assess infants' CF intakes in household (tablespoon) measures (breast milk and formula intakes excluded). Records from 2,663 infants were analyzed for nutrient and CF food intake according to 12 categories. Mean daily intakes for infants at each month of age from CF were pooled and compared to the Dietary Reference Intakes for the respective age range. RESULTS: At three months of age, 83% of infants were already consuming infant cereals. Fruits and vegetables were among the most common foods consumed by infants at all ages, while meats were least common at all ages except 12 months. Macro- and micro-nutrient intakes from CF generally increased with age. All mean nutrient intakes, except vitamin D and iron, met CF recommendations at seven to 12 months. CONCLUSIONS: Complementary foods were introduced earlier than recommended. Although mean nutrient intakes from CF at six to 12 months appear to be adequate among Canadian infants, further attention to iron and vitamin D intakes and sources may be warranted.

Conceptualizations of help-seeking for mental health concerns in First Nations communities in Canada: A comparison of fit with the Andersen Behavioral Model.

This qualitative study explored the fit between on-reserve First Nations community members' conceptualizations of help-seeking for mental health concerns and the Andersen Behavioral Model of Health Services Use. Youth, adults and elders (N = 115) living and or working in eight distinct First Nations communities within a tribal council area in Canada participated in focus groups or individual interviews that were transcribed, coded and then analyzed using a thematic analysis approach informed by grounded theory methodology. Resulting themes were then mapped onto the Andersen Behavioral Model of Health Services Use. Participants' conceptualizations of predisposing characteristics including social structures, health beliefs and mental illness, enabling and impeding resources had a high degree of fit with the model. While perspectives on perceived need for mental health care, and spirituality as a health and lifestyle practice had only moderate fit with the model, these domains could be modified to fit First Nations' interpretations of help-seeking. Participants' perceptions of avoidant strategies and non-use of mental health services, however did not map onto the model. These findings suggest conceptualizations of help-seeking for mental health issues in these First Nations communities are only partially characterized by the Andersen Behavioral Model, suggesting there are a number of considerations to Indigenize the model. Findings also highlight potential explanations for why some members of this population may not access or receive appropriate mental health treatment. Multi-pronged efforts are warranted to link culturally normed pathways of help-seeking with effective mental health supports for First Nations community members in Canada.

Meaning of Health: The Perspectives of Aboriginal Adults and Youth in a Northern Manitoba First Nations Community.

OBJECTIVE: To explore perspectives on the meaning of health to Aboriginal adults and youth living in a northern Manitoba First Nations community. METHODS: Six focus groups with 29 youth and individual interviews with 10 adults were audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim and thematically analyzed. RESULTS: Adults and older youth used aspects of health depicted in the Medicine Wheel to describe being healthy, but younger youth were not as specific. Both generations spoke about the importance of positive adult role models (emotional health), incorporation of traditional First Nations practices into everyday life (spiritual health), changes in diet and activity (physical health) and the significance of making good choices (mental health). CONCLUSIONS: Participants incorporated aspects of current and traditional lifestyles into their discussion of health. Use of the Medicine Wheel to conceptualize health holistically on the part of both adults and older youth suggest that it may be an effective way to frame health promotion strategies for younger youth. Because it is in harmony with cultural values, such an approach may influence other members of this community to adopt healthful lifestyle practices.

Adapting and enhancing PAX Good Behavior Game for First Nations communities: a mixed-methods study protocol developed with Swampy Cree Tribal Council communities in Manitoba.

INTRODUCTION: High rates of mental health problems, such as suicidal behaviours, among First Nations youth in Canada are a major public health concern. The Good Behavior Game (GBG) is a school-based intervention that provides a nurturing environment for children and has been shown to promote positive outcomes. PAX Good Behavior Game (PAX GBG) is an adaptation and enhancement of the GBG. While PAX GBG has been implemented in Indigenous communities, little research exists examining the cultural and contextual appropriateness and effectiveness of the intervention in First Nations communities. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: The present paper describes a protocol of the mixed-methods approach guided by an Indigenous ethical engagement model adopted to implement, adapt and evaluate PAX GBG in First Nations communities in Manitoba, Canada. First, implementation outcomes (eg, acceptability, adoption) of PAX GBG will be evaluated using qualitative interviews with teachers, principals and community members from Swampy Cree Tribal Council (SCTC) communities. Second, by linking administrative databases to programme data from schools in 38 First Nations communities, we will compare PAX GBG and control groups to evaluate whether PAX GBG is associated with improved mental health and academic outcomes. Third, the qualitative results will help inform a cultural and contextual adaptation of PAX GBG called First Nations PAX (FN PAX). Fourth, FN PAX will be implemented in a few SCTC communities and evaluated using surveys and qualitative interviews followed by the remaining communities the subsequent year. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: Ethical approval was obtained from the University of Manitoba Health Research Ethics Board and will be obtained from the Health Information Privacy Committee and respective data providers for the administrative database linkages. Dissemination and knowledge translation will include community and stakeholder engagement throughout the research process, reports and presentations for policymakers and community members, presentations at scientific conferences and journal publications.

Predictors of criminal justice system trajectories of homeless adults living with mental illness.

OBJECTIVES: This study examines whether baseline profiles of criminal justice involvement are independently associated with 24-month trajectories of arrests in a sample of homeless adults living with mental illness. METHODS: Interviews with justice-involved participants from the At Home/Chez soi project, a multisite trial of Housing First in Canada, yielded information related to arrests, as well as demographic, clinical, and contextual predictors of criminal justice system involvement. All potential predictors were entered into logistic and negative binomial regression models to assess their effect on re-arrest. RESULTS: Of the 584 individuals involved with the criminal justice system at baseline, and for whom follow-up data was obtained, 347 (59%) were re-arrested within two years. Of those, 283 (82%) had an episodic pattern of re-arrest and 64 (18%) had a continuous trajectory of re-arrest. Results indicate that participants involved with the legal system for minor (mostly theft and public order) offenses at baseline were most likely to be repeatedly arrested. Gender, Aboriginal status, and recent victimization were also independently associated with re-arrest. CONCLUSIONS: These findings have implications for the delivery of police and clinical services alike, as well as for policies that aim to divert vulnerable individuals who commit minor crimes from a long-term trajectory of justice involvement.

Surviving, healing and moving forward: Journeys towards resilience among Canadian Cree adults.

BACKGROUND: Canadian First Nations (FN) people have experienced and continue to experience significant adversities, yet many demonstrate aspects of resilience. AIM: The aim of this qualitative study was to specifically understand Cree adults' meanings and mechanisms of resilience following maltreatment. METHODS: Ten Cree adults were interviewed individually. Modified grounded theory was used to interpret the transcribed interviews. RESULTS: Participants discussed resilience as a journey of 'survival' and 'overcoming' and pathways to healing that were multifactorial and included traditional teachings. CONCLUSION: Mental health providers should consider and incorporate these mechanisms into treatment for Cree people, when appropriate, to aid recovery.

Life changes among homeless persons with mental illness: a longitudinal study of housing first and usual treatment.

OBJECTIVE: This study compared the life changes of homeless people with mental illness participating in Housing First or treatment as usual and examined factors related to various changes. METHODS: Semistructured narrative interviews were conducted with 219 participants in five Canadian cities at baseline; 197 were interviewed again at 18 months after random assignment to Housing First (N=119) or treatment as usual (N=78). Interviews were coded across 13 life domains, and each participant was categorized as reporting positive, mixed-neutral, or negative changes. Housing First and treatment as usual participants were compared with respect to change patterns. Thematic analysis was used to examine factors related to various changes. RESULTS: The percentage of participants in Housing First reporting positive changes was more than double that for participants in treatment as usual, and treatment as usual participants were four times more likely than Housing First participants to report negative changes. Factors related to positive changes included having stable good-quality housing, increased control over substance use, positive relationships and social support, and valued social roles. Factors related to negative changes included precarious housing, negative social contacts, isolation, heavy substance use, and hopelessness. Factors related to mixed-neutral changes were similar to those for participants reporting negative changes but were less intense. CONCLUSIONS: Housing First with intensive support was related to more positive changes among homeless adults with mental illness across five Canadian cities. Those with poor housing or support, more common in treatment as usual, continued to struggle. These findings are relevant for services and social change to benefit this population.

Promising strategies for advancement in knowledge of suicide risk factors and prevention.

Suicide is an important public health problem. Although there have been advances in our knowledge of suicide, gaps remain in knowledge about suicide risk factors and prevention. Here, we discuss research pathways that have the potential to rapidly advance knowledge in suicide risk assessment and reduction of suicide deaths over the next decade. We provide a concise overview of the methodologic approaches that have the capacity to rapidly increase knowledge and change practice, which have been successful in past work in psychiatry and other areas of medicine. We suggest three specific pathways to advance knowledge of suicide risk factors and prevention. First, analysis of large-scale epidemiologic surveys and administrative data sets can advance the understanding of suicide. Second, given the low base rate of suicide, there is a need for networks/consortia of investigators in the field of suicide prevention. Such consortia have the capacity to analyze existing epidemiologic data sets, create multi-site cohort studies of high-risk groups to increase knowledge of biological and other risk factors, and create a platform for multi-site clinical trials. Third, partnerships with policymakers and researchers would facilitate careful scientific evaluation of policies and programs aimed at reducing suicide. Suicide intervention policies are often multifaceted, expensive, and rarely evaluated. Using quasi-experimental methods or sophisticated analytic strategies such as propensity score-matching techniques, the impact of large-scale interventions on suicide can be evaluated. Furthermore, such partnerships between policymakers and researchers can lead to the design and support of prospective RCTs (e.g., cluster randomized trials, stepped wedge designs, waiting list designs) in high-risk groups (e.g., people with a history of suicide attempts, multi-axial comorbidity, and offspring of people who have died by suicide). These research pathways could lead to rapid knowledge uptake between communities and have the strong potential to reduce suicide.

A history in-care predicts unique characteristics in a homeless population with mental illness.

Multiple studies of homeless persons report an increased prevalence of a history in-care, but there is a dearth of information on associated outcomes or relevant demographic profiles. This information is critical to understanding if certain individuals are at elevated risk or might benefit from specific intervention. Here, we investigate how a history in-care relates to demographics and multiple outcome measures in a homeless population with mental illness. Using the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI), the Short-Form 12, and a trauma questionnaire, we investigated baseline differences in demographics and length of homelessness in the At Home/Chez Soi Trial (N=504) Winnipeg homeless population with and without a history in-care. Approximately 50% of the homeless sample reported a history in-care. This group was significantly more likely to be young, female, married or cohabitating, of Aboriginal heritage, have less education, and have longer lifetime homelessness. Individuals of Aboriginal heritage with a history in-care were significantly more likely to report a familial history of residential school. Individuals with a history in-care experienced different prevalence rates of Axis 1 mental disorders. Those with a history in-care also reported significantly more traumatic events (particularly interpersonal). A distinctive high-risk profile emerged for individuals with a history in-care. Sociocultural factors of colonization and intergenerational transmission of trauma appear to be particularly relevant in the trajectories for individuals of Aboriginal heritage. Given the high prevalence of a history in-care, interventions and policy should reflect the specific vulnerability of this population, particularly in regards to trauma-informed services.