Radiological and intraoperative findings of a rare case of vestibular paroxysmia.

Vestibular paroxysmia (VP) is a rare condition. The pathogenesis is linked to a neurovascular conflict (NVC) between an abnormal arterial loop and the VII/VIII cranial nerve complex in the cerebello-pontine angle. Due to its rarity, intraoperative findings are only anecdotally reported. Here we reported on a case of VP, showing the radiological images and the intraoperative surgical video of microvascular decompression (MVD). Further we discussed our findings considering the pertinent literature. We think that in case of VP the concordance between the side of tinnitus/hypoacusia and the side of NVC on magnetic resonance imaging should be always looked for before considering MVD as a therapeutic option.

Long-term safety and efficacy of frameless subthalamic deep brain stimulation in Parkinson's disease.

BACKGROUND: Bilateral deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) is standard of care for Parkinson's disease (PD) patients and a correct lead placement is crucial to obtain good clinical outcomes. Evidence demonstrating the targeting accuracy of the frameless technique for DBS, along with the advantages for patients and clinicians, is solid, while data reporting long-term clinical outcomes for PD patients are still lacking. OBJECTIVES: The study aims to assess the clinical safety and efficacy of frameless bilateral STN-DBS in PD patients at 5 years from surgery. METHODS: Consecutive PD patients undergoing bilateral STN-DBS with a frameless system were included in this single-center retrospective study. Clinical features, including the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) in its total motor score and axial sub-scores, and pharmacological regimen were assessed at baseline, 1 year, 3 years, and 5 years after surgery. The adverse events related to the procedure, stimulation, or the presence of the hardware were systematically collected. RESULTS: Forty-one PD patients undergone bilateral STN-DBS implantation were included in the study and fifteen patients already completed the 5-year observation. No complications occurred during surgery and the perioperative phase, and no unexpected serious adverse event occurred during the entire follow-up period. At 5 years from surgery, there was a sustained motor efficacy of STN stimulation: STN-DBS significantly improved the off-stim UPDRS III score at 5 years by 37.6% (P < 0.001), while the dopaminergic medications remained significantly reduced compared to baseline (- 21.6% versus baseline LEDD; P = 0.036). CONCLUSIONS: Our data support the use of the frameless system for STN-DBS in PD patients, as a safe and well-tolerated technique, with long-term clinical benefits and persistent motor efficacy at 5 years from the surgery.

A systematic review on the efficacy of adjunctive surgical strategies during microvascular decompression for trigeminal neuralgia without intraoperative evidence of neurovascular conflict.

Aim of the present study was to conduct a comprehensive review of surgical strategies that can be offered to patients with trigeminal neuralgia undergoing microvascular decompression (MVD) surgery and without intraoperative evidence of neurovascular conflict, with a high pre-operative suspicion of conflict lacking intraoperative confirmation, or individuals experiencing recurrence after previous treatment. This systematic review followed established guidelines (PRISMA) to identify and critically appraise relevant studies. The review question was formulated according to the PICO (P: patients; I: intervention; C: comparison; O: outcomes) framework as follows. For patients with trigeminal neuralgia (P) undergoing MVD surgery (I) without demonstrable preoperative neurovascular conflict, high suspicion of conflict but no intraoperative confirmation or recurrence after previous treatment (C), do additional surgical techniques (nerve combing, neurapraxia, arachnoid lysis) (O) improve pain relief outcomes (O)? The search of the literature yielded a total of 221 results. Duplicate records were then removed (n = [76]). A total of 143 papers was screened, and 117 records were excluded via title and abstract screening; 26 studies were found to be relevant to our research question and were assessed for eligibility. Upon full-text review, 17 articles were included in the review, describing the following techniques; (1) internal neurolysis (n = 6) (2) arachnoid lysis/adhesiolysis (n = 2) (3) neurapraxia (n = 3) (4) partial rhizotomy of the sensory root (n = 4) (5) pontine descending tractotomy (n = 2). The risk of bias was assessed using the ROBINS-I (Risk of Bias in Non-randomized Studies - of Interventions) assessment tool. While the described techniques hold promise, further research is warranted to establish standardized protocols, refine surgical approaches, and comprehensively evaluate long-term outcomes.

Intraoperative microelectrode recording during asleep deep brain stimulation of subthalamic nucleus for Parkinson Disease. A case series with systematic review of the literature.

The use of microelectrode recording (MER) during deep brain stimulation (DBS) for Parkinson Disease is controversial. Furthermore, in asleep DBS anesthesia can impair the ability to record single-cell electric activity.The purpose of this study was to describe our surgical and anesthesiologic protocol for MER assessment during asleep subthalamic nucleus (STN) DBS and to put our findings in the context of a systematic review of the literature. Sixty-three STN electrodes were implanted in 32 patients under general anesthesia. A frameless technique using O-Arm scanning was adopted in all cases. Total intravenous anesthesia, monitored with bispectral index, was administered using a target controlled infusion of both propofol and remifentanil. A systematic review of the literature with metanalysis on MER in asleep vs awake STN DBS for Parkinson Disease was performed. In our series, MER could be reliably recorded in all cases, impacting profoundly on electrode positioning: the final position was located within 2 mm from the planned target only in 42.9% cases. Depth modification > 2 mm was necessary in 21 cases (33.3%), while in 15 cases (23.8%) a different track was used. At 1-year follow-up we observed a significant reduction in LEDD, UPDRS Part III score off-medications, and UPDRS Part III score on medications, as compared to baseline. The systematic review of the literature yielded 23 papers; adding the cases here reported, overall 1258 asleep DBS cases using MER are described. This technique was safe and effective: metanalysis showed similar, if not better, outcome of asleep vs awake patients operated using MER. MER are a useful and reliable tool during asleep STN DBS, leading to a fine tuning of electrode position in the majority of cases. Collaboration between neurosurgeon, neurophysiologist and neuroanesthesiologist is crucial, since slight modifications of sedation level can impact profoundly on MER reliability.

CSF neuron-specific enolase as a biomarker of neurovascular conflict severity in drug-resistant trigeminal neuralgia: a prospective study in patients submitted to microvascular decompression.

BACKGROUND: Although neurovascular conflict (NVC) is the most widely accepted cause of trigeminal neuralgia (TN), few articles have analyzed molecular and biochemical mechanisms underlying TN. In the present study, we dosed neuron-specific enolase (NSE) on serum and CSF samples of 20 patients submitted to microvascular decompression (MVD) and correlated these findings with the type of NVC. METHODS: Blood samples were obtained preoperatively and 48 h after MVD. CSF from trigeminal cistern was intraoperatively obtained. NSE levels were measured using the Diasorin kit (LIAISON®NSE). NVC was classified as "contact" or "trigeminal nerve distortion/indentation" or "trigeminal root atrophy" based on MRI and intraoperative findings. Clinical outcome was measured by acute pain relief (APR) and Barrow Neurological Institute (BNI) scale at last available follow-up (FU; 6.40 ± 5.38 months). RESULTS: APR was obtained in all patients. A statistically significant BNI reduction was obtained at latest FU (p < 0.0001). Serum NSE levels significantly decreased following MVD (from 12.15 ± 3.02 ng/mL to 8.95 ± 2.83 ng/mL, p = 0.001). The mean CSF NSE value was 48.94 ng/mL, and the mean CSF/serum NSE rate was 4.18 with a strong correlation between these two variables (p = 0.0008). CSF NSE level in "trigeminal root atrophy" group was significantly higher compared to "contact" (p = 0.0045) and "distortion/indentation" (p = 0.010) groups. CONCLUSION: NSE levels seem to be related to the etiopathology and severity of NVC. A significant reduction of serum NSE levels could be related to the resolution of the NVC and clinical TN improvement.

Methods and Principles of the Intraoperative Neurophysiologic Monitoring in Neurosurgery.

Intraoperative neurophysiologic monitoring (IONM) is an innovation introduced in neurosurgery in the past decades. It aims to support and guide the neurosurgeon to obtain the best surgical result possible, preventing the occurrence of neurological deficits. The somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEP) assess the integrity of the sensory pathways monitoring the dorsal column-medial lemniscus pathway during spine and cerebral surgery. Motor evoked potentials (MEPs) provide information on the integrity of the motor pathway monitoring the efferent motor pathways from the motor cortex to the muscle through corticospinal (or corticobulbar) tracts. Free-running EMG is the standard technique to monitor peripheral nerves, roots, or cranial motor nerves during surgery. Intraoperative EMG signals are activated during cranial motor nerves damaging or after an irritative stimulus. The duration, morphology, and persistence of EMG reflects the severity of neural injury. Nerve mapping consists of recording muscle activations given by direct nerve stimulation. This technique makes use of a stimulation probe available to the neurosurgeon which allows administering current directly to the nervous tissue (nerves, roots, etc.). Intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring (IONM) represents the standard of care during many procedures, including spinal, intracranial, and vascular surgeries, where there is a risk of neurological damage. Close communication and collaboration between the surgical team, neurophysiologist, and anesthesiologist is mandatory to obtain high-quality neuromonitoring, thus preventing neurologic injuries and gaining the best surgical "safe" results.

Percutaneous Balloon Compression for Trigeminal Neuralgia. A Comparative Study Between the Fluoroscope Guided and Neuronavigated Technique.

Percutaneous balloon compression (PBC) is a safe and effective procedure in the treatment of trigeminal neuralgia (TN) due to its simplicity, low cost and the possibility of being repeated in case of pain recurrence. Foramen ovale (FO) cannulation is accomplished with the assistance of intraoperative C-arm fluoroscopy. Recently, several authors have reported successful application of intraoperative CT navigation as well. The reported advantages of CT navigation are linked to better spatial orientation and the low rate of attempts for FO cannulation. However, these advantages should be considered in the face of concerns regarding increased radiation dose to the patient and its possible adverse effects. Here we compared the fluoroscopic guided and neuronavigated PBC techniques in terms of efficacy and radiological exposure. We retrospectively analyzed 37 patients suffering for TN and submitted to PBC. We observed a significant improvement of pain at 1 month FU compared with the pre-operative in both groups (p < 0.0001 and p < 0.0001, respectively). A significant increase in radiation exposure was found in the neuronavigated group compared with the fluoroscopy group (p < 0.0001). We suggest the use of neuronavigated PBC only in selected cases, such as patients with multiple previous operations, in whom a difficult access can be pre-operatively hypothesized.

Spinal Cord High-Frequency Stimulation. The Current Experience and Future Directions.

Spinal cord stimulation (SCS) is a neuromodulation technology that has emerged as a valid treatment for chronic intractable neuropathic pain. After conventional tonic SCS, new waveforms of stimulation, like high frequency (HF), have proved that they can provide safe and effective pain relief. In addition, SCS is now being utilized more broadly as a potential treatment for a range of indications, including motor disorders and spasticity. Our study presents a retrospective analysis of 20 patients with heterogenous aetiologies of neuropathic pain treated with HF stimulation, after a standardized protocol in a temporary trial. We observed a significant improvement in pain relief according to comparisons of numerical rating scale (NRS) scores before the procedure, after the clinical trial and at latest follow-up. Two unusual clinical cases were also reported, and the pertinent literature was discussed.

An Overview of Recent Advances in Anterior Cervical Decompression and Fusion Surgery.

Anterior cervical diskectomy and fusion (ACDF) has evolved significantly in the last few years with the aim of enhancing effectiveness and safety while reducing hospitalization and healthcare-related costs. Transitioning from iliac crest autografts to allografts minimizes donor-site complications like pain, infections, and hematoma. Allograft options, such as polyetheretherketone (PEEK) and tantalum, vary in their osteoinductive properties and elastic modulus, influencing fusion rates, time, and the rate of subsidence. Recently introduced zero-profile cages offer bone fixation through screws, resulting in reduced blood loss, improved spinal alignment, and decreased complications like dysphagia and adjacent segment disease. Intraoperative neuromonitoring (IONM) has gained widespread use. The North American Spine Society (NASS) 2023 recommendations endorse IONM in cervical deformity corrections and myelopathy cases. Insufficient studies hinder clear radiculopathy recommendations, but emerging research supports IONM for patients at greater risk of C5 nerve root injury or positional injury. Advancements in hemostatic agents, such as gelatin sponges, oxidized cellulose, and fibrin sealants, contribute to safety by reducing postoperative hematoma rates and eliminating the need for drainage. Innovations like the exoscope, endoscope, and computed-tomography (CT) navigation have transformed surgical practices. Exoscopes are emerging as an alternative to microscopes, offering benefits like a smaller footprint, adjustable positioning, lower costs, and shared intraoperative views for educational purposes. The use of endoscope offers the possibility of performing a minimally invasive technique with improved results in terms of cosmesis and patient-perceived outcome. CT navigation can be useful in high-risk procedures, such as cervical plate placement for major instability. This paper provides an overview of cutting-edge technologies in ACDF surgery, emphasizing cage materials and designs, safety measures, and operating room advancements. It also highlights areas for future research, underlining the procedure's continuous evolution.

Neuromodulation for Brain Tumors: Myth or Reality? A Narrative Review.

In recent years, research on brain cancers has turned towards the study of the interplay between the tumor and its host, the normal brain. Starting from the establishment of a parallelism between neurogenesis and gliomagenesis, the influence of neuronal activity on the development of brain tumors, particularly gliomas, has been partially unveiled. Notably, direct electrochemical synapses between neurons and glioma cells have been identified, paving the way for new approaches for the cure of brain cancers. Since this novel field of study has been defined "cancer neuroscience", anticancer therapeutic approaches exploiting these discoveries can be referred to as "cancer neuromodulation". In the present review, we provide an up-to-date description of the novel findings and of the therapeutic neuromodulation perspectives in cancer neuroscience. We focus both on more traditional oncologic approaches, aimed at modulating the major pathways involved in cancer neuroscience through drugs or genetic engineering techniques, and on electric stimulation proposals; the latter is at the cutting-edge of neuro-oncology.

Persistent alveolar air leak following pulmonary lobectomy: an old problem in a modern era.

Persistent alveolar air leak (PAAL) after major lung resection remains a common complication in thoracic surgery. The aim of this study was to identify a subset of patients with high risk of developing PAAL after pulmonary lobectomy. Another objective was to evaluate the influence of PAAL on postoperative complications and length of hospital stay. A retrospective analysis on 895 patients undergoing pulmonary lobectomy from January 2014 to December 2019 was performed. PAAL was defined as air leak lasting more than 5 days after lung surgery. Univariate analyses and logistic regressions were performed to identify the predictors of PAAL. A backward selection algorithm was used to identify the optimal set of predictors. The incidence of PAAL was 8.2% (74/895). Male gender (p=0.017), BMI (p<0.001), transient ischemic attack (p=0.031), FEV1 (p=0.018), lobectomy combined with adjacent subsegmentectomy (p=0.018), partial and extended pleural adhesions (p=0.033 and p=0.038, respectively) were identified as independent risk factors for PAAL through logistic regression. A weak positive correlation was found between video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS) and PAAL following pulmonary lobectomy (p=0.100). PAAL was found to be associated with higher risk of postoperative morbidity (p=0.002) and with longer hospital stay (p<0.001). Both preoperative and intraoperative risk factors may be responsible for PAAL after pulmonary lobectomy. VATS does not appear to prevent this postoperative complication. An alveolar air leak lasting beyond 5 days after pulmonary lobectomy is associated with worse postoperative outcomes.

Predictors of response to vagus nerve stimulation in drug resistant epilepsy.

LETTER TO EDITOR Keywords.

New Tools and Techniques to Prevent CSF Leak in Cranial and Spinal Surgery.

Cerebro-spinal fluid (CSF) leak in cranial and spinal surgery seriously threatens the clinical prognosis of surgical cases exposing the patients to higher risk of infection, prolonged hospital stay, and need of reoperation. Ultimately, this cascade of events may lead to life-threatening complications, as in cases of meningitis/encephalitis, spondylodiscitis, subdural hematomas, and severe pneumocephalus. Moreover, CSF leak causes a consistent rise in healthcare-related costs which are nearly doubled in CSF leak cases after craniotomy or in spinal surgery. The risk of CSF leak tends to be higher in patients undergoing transnasal endoscopic surgery, posterior fossa craniotomies, and spinal surgery, while being considered a quite rare finding in supratentorial brain surgery. Here we analyzed the different implications of this issue focusing on the usefulness of new technologies and surgical strategies to prevent it. CSF leak rate may vary from 4% in transsphenoidal procedures to 32% in posterior fossa craniotomies. In spinal surgery, CSF leak may be a consequence of elective intradural surgery, accounting for 18% of the procedures, or being a result of incidental durotomies, ranging from 1 to 17% in different surgical series. Dural closure's reinforcement using different new dural sealants plays an important role in preventing these events. Moreover, the use of neuronavigation systems in skull base and posterior fossa surgery can help to minimize the size of approach and reduce the incidence of CSF leak. New minimally invasive spinal approaches, such as minimally invasive decompression for spinal degenerative disorders or performing selective laminotomies over laminectomies for intradural spinal pathology are very useful techniques to prevent CSF leak in this kind of surgery. In conclusion, although CSF leak remains a risky complication in neurosurgery, its prevention and treatment significantly benefited from advances in biomaterials and surgical technique.

What Are the Results and the Prognostic Factors of Motor Cortex Stimulation in Patients with Facial Pain? A Systematic Review of the Literature.

INTRODUCTION: Facial pain (FP) is a type of neuropathic pain which recognizes both central and peripheral causes. It can be difficult to treat because it can often become resistant to pharmacological treatments. Motor Cortex Stimulation (MCS) has been used in selected cases, but the correct indications of MCS in FP have not been fully established. Here we systematically reviewed the literature regarding MCS in FP analysing the results of this technique and studying the possible role of different factors in the prognosis of these patients. METHODS: A literature search was performed through different databases (PubMed, Scopus, and Embase) according to PRISMA guidelines using the following terms in any possible combination: "facial pain" or "trigeminal" or "anaesthesia dolorosa" and "motor cortex stimulation." RESULTS: 111 articles were reviewed, and 12 studies were included in the present analysis for a total of 108 patients. Overall, at latest follow-up (FU), 70.83% of patients responded to MCS. The preoperative VAS significantly decreased at the latest FU (8.83 ± 1.17 and 4.31 ± 2.05, respectively; p < 0.0001). Younger age (p = 0.0478) and a peripheral FP syndrome (p = 0.0006) positively affected the definitive implantation rate on univariate analysis. Younger age emerged as a factor strongly associated to a higher probability to go to a definitive MCS implant on multivariate analysis (p = 0.0415). CONCLUSION: Our results evidenced the effectiveness of MCS in treating FP. Moreover, the younger age emerged as a positive prognostic factor for definitive implantation. Further studies with longer FU are needed to better evaluate the long-term results of MCS.

Variations in the branching patterns of pulmonary artery during thoracoscopic pulmonary resection.

PURPOSE: The knowledge of variations in the branching patterns of pulmonary artery may have important clinical implications in the field of thoracic surgery. METHODS: At the Department of Thoracic Surgery of Monaldi Hospital in Naples, between January 2017 and December 2019, 569 anatomic pulmonary resections via video-assisted thoracic surgery, including lobectomy and segmentectomy, were performed. RESULTS: Among the 569 thoracoscopic pulmonary resections, 24 variations in the branching patterns of pulmonary artery were identified and documented. Anatomic variations on the left were more frequent than on the right. CONCLUSION: This paper, providing a summary of vascular anomalies identified during major lung resections, could help surgeons avoid intraoperative complications, especially during minimally invasive procedures where the visual field is more restricted than open surgery.

Arachnoid cyst: a further anomaly associated with Kallmann syndrome?

BACKGROUND: Kallmann syndrome (KS) is defined by the association of hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and anosmia. It is characterized by a significant clinical and genetic heterogeneity; actually, it may present several non-reproductive non-olfactory anomalies, and all the ways of genetic transmission can be involved in the inheritance of the disease. Although six pathogenesis-related genes have been identified so far, KS remains sporadic in 70 % of the cases, and the genetic diagnosis is not available for all of them. The purpose of this paper is to present a further disease that can enrich the wide spectrum of KS variability, that is cerebral arachnoid cyst. CASE DESCRIPTION: This 11-year-old boy presented with the typical characteristics of KS together with those related to a sylvian arachnoid cyst. He was admitted because of worsening headache. At the admission, the physical examination revealed eunuchoid aspect, micropenis, previous cryptorchidism, and anosmia. MRI pointed out a large, left sylvian arachnoid cyst, agenesia of the olfactory bulbs/tracts complex, and hypoplasia of the left olfactory sulcus. The child was operated on by endoscopic fenestration of the cyst, followed by transient external drainage for subdural hygroma and microscopic fenestration for recurrence of the cyst. His statural growth is normal but the sexual development still delayed in spite of hormone replacement therapy. CONCLUSION: According to the present and the other four cases in the literature, arachnoid cyst should be included among the anomalies possibly accompanying KS date although this association seems to be occasional as far as embryogenesis and physiopathology are concerned.

Cold ischemia time in liver transplantation: An overview.

The standard approach to organ preservation in liver transplantation is by static cold storage and the time between the cross-clamping of a graft in a donor and its reperfusion in the recipient is defined as cold ischemia time (CIT). This simple definition reveals a multifactorial time frame that depends on donor hepatectomy time, transit time, and recipient surgery time, and is one of the most important donor-related risk factors which may influence the graft and recipient's survival. Recently, the growing demand for the use of marginal liver grafts has prompted scientific exploration to analyze ischemia time factors and develop different organ preservation strategies. This review details the CIT definition and analyzes its different factors. It also explores the most recent strategies developed to implement each timestamp of CIT and to protect the graft from ischemic injury.

Long-Term Outcome in Adult Patients with Drug-Resistant Epilepsy Submitted to Vagus Nerve Stimulation.

Epilepsy treatment primarily involves antiseizure medications (ASMs) to eliminate seizures and improve the quality of life, but many patients develop drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE), necessitating alternative interventions. This study aimed to evaluate the long-term efficacy and safety of vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) in managing DRE. We retrospectively analyzed data from 105 adult patients treated at Agostino Gemelli Hospital from 1994 to 2022. Among the 73 patients with follow-up data, 80.8% were responders, experiencing significant reductions in seizure frequency over an average follow-up period of 9.4 years. Although 19.2% were non-responders, many of these patients still opted for generator replacements due to improvements in quality of life, such as fewer falls and shorter post-ictal periods. The overall complication rate was 12.3%, with most complications being mild and manageable. These findings suggest that VNS offers substantial long-term benefits for patients with DRE, improving seizure control and quality of life. This study underscores the importance of VNS as a viable long-term treatment option for DRE, highlighting its potential to significantly enhance patient outcomes and quality of life.