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STUDY DESIGN: Protocol for a multi-centre randomised controlled trial (the SCI-MT trial). OBJECTIVES: To determine whether 10 weeks of intensive motor training enhances neurological recovery in people with recent spinal cord injury (SCI). SETTING: Fifteen spinal injury units in Australia, Scotland, England, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, and Belgium. METHODS: A pragmatic randomised controlled trial will be undertaken. Two hundred and twenty people with recent SCI (onset in the preceding 10 weeks, American Spinal Injuries Association Impairment Scale (AIS) A lesion with motor function more than three levels below the motor level on one or both sides, or an AIS C or D lesion) will be randomised to receive either usual care plus intensive motor training (12 h of motor training per week for 10 weeks) or usual care alone. The primary outcome is neurological recovery at 10 weeks, measured with the Total Motor Score from the International Standards for Neurological Classification of SCI. Secondary outcomes include global measures of motor function, ability to walk, quality of life, participants' perceptions about ability to perform self-selected goals, length of hospital stay and participants' impressions of therapeutic benefit at 10 weeks and 6 months. A cost-effectiveness study and process evaluation will be run alongside the trial. The first participant was randomised in June 2021 and the trial is due for completion in 2025. CONCLUSIONS: The findings of the SCI-MT Trial will guide recommendations about the type and dose of inpatient therapy that optimises neurological recovery in people with SCI. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ACTRN12621000091808 (1.2.2021).
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Traumatismos da Medula Espinal , Humanos , Qualidade de Vida , Resultado do Tratamento , Recuperação de Função Fisiológica , Caminhada , Ensaios Clínicos Controlados Aleatórios como Assunto , Estudos Multicêntricos como AssuntoRESUMO
STUDY DESIGN: International multicentre cross-sectional study. OBJECTIVES: To describe the organisation and systems of paediatric spinal cord injury (SCI) rehabilitation services in seven countries and compare them with available recommendations and key features of paediatric SCI. SETTING: Ten SCI rehabilitation units in seven countries admitting children and adolescents with SCI < 18 years of age. METHODS: An online survey reporting data from 2017. Descriptive and qualitative analysis were used to describe the data. RESULTS: The units reported large variations in catchment area, paediatric population and referrals, but similar challenges in discharge policy. Nine of the units were publicly funded. Three units had a paediatric SCI unit. The most frequent causes of traumatic injury were motor vehicle accidents, falls, and sports accidents. Unlike the other units, the Chinese units reported acrobatic dancing as a major cause. Mean length of stay in primary rehabilitation ranged between 18 and 203 days. Seven units offered life-long follow-up. There was a notable variation in staffing between the units; some of the teams were not optimal regarding the interdisciplinary and multiprofessional nature of the field. Eight units followed acknowledged standards and recommendations for specialised paediatric SCI rehabilitation and focused on family-centred care and rehabilitation as a dynamic process adapting to the child and the family. CONCLUSIONS: As anticipated, we found differences in the organisation and administration of rehabilitation services for paediatric SCI in the ten rehabilitation units in seven countries. This might indicate a need for internationally approved, evidence-based guidelines for specialised paediatric SCI rehabilitation.
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Reabilitação Neurológica , Traumatismos da Medula Espinal , Adolescente , Criança , Estudos Transversais , Hospitalização , Humanos , Traumatismos da Medula Espinal/reabilitação , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional validation study. OBJECTIVES: Explore psychometric properties of Spinal Cord Injury Secondary Conditions Scale (SCI-SCS). SETTING: Two Scandinavian rehabilitation centres. METHODS: Included were 224 consecutive patients attending regular follow-up at least 1 year after a traumatic SCI. Mean age was 49.6 (SD 14.9) years. SCI-SCS floor and ceiling effect examined. Construct validity was investigated by confirmatory factor analysis and correlation analysis, and reliability by Cronbach's alpha. RESULTS: SCI-SCS showed no floor or ceiling effect. Two out of four earlier reported latent factors ("Genitourinary and bowel", "Muscle structures and pain") were confirmed. The global Cronbach's alpha of SCI-SCS was 0.65 and 0.22-0.61 for the four latent factors. The SCI-SCS sum score showed low correlation to quality of life (QoL) measured by EQ5 VAS (rs = -0.47, p < 0.001). Likewise, the sum score correlations to QoL-general and QoL-physical health (International SCI QoL Basic Dataset) were low (rs = -0.36, p < 0.001 and rs = -0.37, p < 0.001, respectively). The scale item Muscle Spasms correlated moderately to ratings on Spasm Frequency (rs = 0.59, p < 0.001) and Spasm Intensity (rs = 0.56, p < 0.001) scales. Chronic Pain and Joint and Muscle Pain correlated to patient reported number of pain sites and level of pain (International SCI Pain Basic Dataset 1.0) (rs = 0.31 p < 0.001 and rs = 0.47, p < 0.001, respectively). CONCLUSION: SCI-SCS is a relevant instrument for giving clinicians and researchers an overview of the individual recent experiences with secondary conditions. However, the instrument could benefit from a clearer definition of the construct secondary conditions, a scale revision and a consideration of whether to add other experienced secondary conditions.
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Dor Crônica , Traumatismos da Medula Espinal , Adulto , Estudos Transversais , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Psicometria , Qualidade de Vida , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Traumatismos da Medula Espinal/complicações , Traumatismos da Medula Espinal/epidemiologiaRESUMO
STUDY DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. OBJECTIVE: To study associations between specific bone turnover markers and fall-related fractures in individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI). SETTING: Rehabilitation Hospital. METHODS: Carboxy terminal collagen crosslinks (CTX), type-1 procollagen N-terminal (P1NP), albumin-corrected calcium (Ca2+), parathyroid hormone (PTH) and vitamin D were examined in a cohort of 106 participants with SCI at least 1 year post injury. The participants were followed for 1 year monitoring fall-related fractures. RESULTS: In total, 29 out of 106 reported having experienced a fall-related fracture post-injury at baseline, and 5 out of 100 had experienced a fall-related bone fracture during the 1 year follow-up. Our main findings were that high levels of serum CTX increased the odds of being in the fracture group, and that 25-hydroxy vitamin D (25 OHD) levels, Ca2+, PTH or P1NP were not associated with being in the fracture group. CONCLUSIONS: We here present an association between high-CTX plasma levels at baseline and fall-related fractures reported during a 1-year follow-up among individuals with established SCI. We recommend studies with larger SCI populations before further clinical implications can be drawn.
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Acidentes por Quedas , Colágeno Tipo I/sangue , Fraturas Ósseas/sangue , Fraturas Ósseas/diagnóstico , Traumatismos da Medula Espinal/sangue , Traumatismos da Medula Espinal/diagnóstico , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Biomarcadores/sangue , Remodelação Óssea/fisiologia , Feminino , Fraturas Ósseas/etiologia , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Prognóstico , Estudos Prospectivos , Fatores de Risco , Traumatismos da Medula Espinal/complicaçõesRESUMO
STUDY DESIGN: Prediction study. OBJECTIVES: To investigate the prediction accuracy of the Downton fall risk index (DFRI) and a question of falls the previous year; further to examine the association between time to first fall and risk indicators for falls in wheelchair users and ambulatory persons with Spinal Cord Injury (SCI). SETTING: Two SCI centres in Norway and Sweden (Sunnaas Rehabilitation Hospital, Rehab Station Stockholm /Spinalis). METHODS: Two hundred and twenty-four persons with traumatic SCI, ≥1 year post-injury, ≥18 years participated. Prospective falls were reported by text messages every second week for one year. Sensitivity, specificity and time to first fall (Kaplan Meier) were investigated for DFRI and the question of falls in the previous year. DFRI ≥3 was defined as a high risk of falls. Cox survival analysis was used to calculate hazard ratios for functional independence, gait speed and fear of falling. RESULTS: The sensitivity was 36-57% for DFRI and 82-89% for the question of falls, while specificity was 74-83%, and 34-49%. For DFRI, time to first fall was shorter in the high-risk group, for both wheelchair users (p = 0.005) and ambulatory persons (p = 0.006). Falls previous year increased the hazard ratio of falls for wheelchair users (HR = 3.35, 95% CI = 1.86 to 6.02) but not for ambulatory persons. CONCLUSIONS: Falls in the previous year showed a better predictive accuracy than DFRI due to the low sensitivity of DFRI. As previous falls had low specificity, it still remains difficult to predict falls in those who have not fallen yet.
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Acidentes por Quedas/estatística & dados numéricos , Medição de Risco , Traumatismos da Medula Espinal/complicações , Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Estimativa de Kaplan-Meier , Estudos Longitudinais , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Avaliação de Resultados em Cuidados de Saúde , Valor Preditivo dos Testes , Modelos de Riscos Proporcionais , Traumatismos da Medula Espinal/mortalidade , Cadeiras de RodasRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Explore and describe experiences and perceptions of falls, risk of falling, and fall-related consequences in individuals with incomplete spinal cord injury (SCI) who are still walking. DESIGN: A qualitative interview study applying interpretive content analysis with an inductive approach. SETTING: Specialized rehabilitation hospital. SUBJECTS: A purposeful sample of 15 individuals (10 men), 23 to 78 years old, 2-34 years post injury with chronic incomplete traumatic SCI, and walking ⩾75% of time for mobility needs. METHODS: Individual, semi-structured face-to-face interviews were recorded, condensed, and coded to find themes and subthemes. RESULTS: One overarching theme was revealed: "Falling challenges identity and self-image as normal" which comprised two main themes "Walking with incomplete SCI involves minimizing fall risk and fall-related concerns without compromising identity as normal" and "Walking with incomplete SCI implies willingness to increase fall risk in order to maintain identity as normal". Informants were aware of their increased fall risk and took precautions, but willingly exposed themselves to risky situations when important to self-identity. All informants expressed some conditional fall-related concerns, and a few experienced concerns limiting activity and participation. CONCLUSION: Ambulatory individuals with incomplete SCI considered falls to be a part of life. However, falls interfered with the informants' identities and self-images as normal, healthy, and well-functioning. A few expressed dysfunctional concerns about falling, and interventions should target these.
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Acidentes por Quedas , Transtornos Neurológicos da Marcha/psicologia , Traumatismos da Medula Espinal/psicologia , Caminhada/psicologia , Adulto , Idoso , Feminino , Transtornos Neurológicos da Marcha/complicações , Transtornos Neurológicos da Marcha/etiologia , Transtornos Neurológicos da Marcha/reabilitação , Humanos , Entrevistas como Assunto , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Noruega , Pesquisa Qualitativa , Centros de Reabilitação , Risco , Autoimagem , Traumatismos da Medula Espinal/fisiopatologia , Traumatismos da Medula Espinal/reabilitação , Caminhada/fisiologia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To identify factors associated with recurrent falls in individuals with traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI). DESIGN: Cross-sectional multicenter study. SETTING: Two specialized rehabilitation centers. PARTICIPANTS: Included: individuals with traumatic SCI ≥1 year postinjury who were aged ≥18 years. Excluded: individuals with motor complete injuries above C5 or below L5. The study sample comprised participants (N=224; 151 wheelchair users, 73 ambulatory; 77% men; mean age ± SD, 50±15y; median time since injury, 15y [range, 1-56y]) who were consecutively recruited at regular follow-up. INTERVENTIONS: Not applicable. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Primary outcome was factors associated with recurrent falls (defined as low frequent [0-2] or recurrent [>2]) the previous year. Independent variables were demographic data, wheelchair user or ambulatory, work, health-related quality of life, risk willingness, alcohol consumption, ability to get up from the ground, and exercise habits. RESULTS: Fifty percent reported recurrent falls. In the final multiple logistic regression model, ambulation (odds ratio [OR]=2.67; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.33-5.37), ability to get up from the ground (OR=2.22; 95% CI, 1.21-4.10), and regular exercise (OR=1.86; 95% CI, 1.05-3.31) were associated with recurrent falls (P≤.05), and with increasing age the OR decreased (OR=.97; 95% CI, .95-.99). CONCLUSIONS: Individuals with SCI should be considered at risk of recurrent falls, and thereby at risk of fall-related injuries. Fall prevention programs should be focused on ambulatory, younger, and more active individuals who had the highest risks for recurrent falls.
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Acidentes por Quedas/prevenção & controle , Traumatismos da Medula Espinal/epidemiologia , Traumatismos da Medula Espinal/reabilitação , Adulto , Fatores Etários , Idoso , Consumo de Bebidas Alcoólicas/epidemiologia , Estudos Transversais , Meio Ambiente , Exercício Físico , Feminino , Nível de Saúde , Humanos , Modelos Logísticos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Qualidade de Vida , Fatores de Risco , Fatores Sexuais , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Cadeiras de RodasRESUMO
Introduction: Early mobilisation is paramount in the rehabilitation of patients with acquired brain injuries. However, the effectiveness of mobilisation to standing combined with passive leg movement in mitigating orthostatic intolerance remains uncertain. Hence, we investigated whether participants exhibited better tolerance standing in a motorized standing device with passive leg movements, Innowalk Pro, compared to a traditional standing frame. Methods: 17 patients with acquired brain injury (<1 year post-injury) performed two sessions in each standing device on four separate days. Maximum standing time was 30 min, less when symptoms of syncope or volitional exhaustion occurred. Besides total standing time, electromyography of thigh muscles, and changes in mean arterial pressure and heart rate were monitored at rest and during standing. Results: No significant differences were found in standing time, changes in mean arterial pressure or heart rate between standing in Innowalk Pro and the standing frame. However, participants had significantly more thigh muscle activation (p = 0.006) when standing in Innowalk Pro. Conclusions: Mobilising participants with a subacute acquired brain injury in a standing frame with motorised passive movements of the lower limbs did, despite higher thigh muscle activation, not lead to better orthostatic tolerance or prolonged standing time compared to a traditional standing frame.
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In interventional clinical trials for persons with spinal cord injury (SCI), the influence of experimental biological, pharmacological, or device-related interventions must be differentiated from that of physical and occupational therapy interventions, as rehabilitation influences motor-related outcomes. The International Spinal Cord Injury (ISCI) Physical Therapy-Occupational Therapy Basic Data Set (PT-OT BDS) was developed with the intent to track the content and time of rehabilitation interventions that are delivered concurrently with experimental interventions. We assessed the reliability of the PT-OT BDS based on agreement between users. Following an online training session, physical therapists (PTs) and occupational therapists (OTs) from 10 SCI clinical centers across 7 countries participated. At each center, pairs of therapists (a treating therapist and an observing therapist; PT/PT, OT/OT, or PT/OT) used the PT-OT BDS to record the content and time of therapy sessions for 20 patients. Data were analyzed to determine agreement between therapist pairs regarding the content of the therapy session. The influence of therapist characteristics (professional discipline [PT/OT], years of experience working with individuals with SCI), patient characteristics (level [tetraplegia/paraplegia] and severity [complete/incomplete] of injury), setting (inpatient/outpatient), and whether the center was U.S.- versus non-U.S.-based were also analyzed. There was high agreement for five of seven categories and medium agreement for the remaining two categories. For six of the seven intervention categories, there were no significant differences between the treating and the observing therapists in the percentage of instances that a specific category was selected. Characteristics of the therapists, characteristics of the patient, therapy setting, and global location of the center had no meaningful influence on level of agreement between therapist pairs. The BDS is reliable for use across settings, countries, and with patients of various impairment levels. The study also helped identify additional areas where refinement of the syllabus would be of value.
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BACKGROUND: Early mobilization is regarded as important in patients with severe acquired brain injury. OBJECTIVE: To explore the feasibility, physical and physiological responses of using a new assistive, electric standing device, Innowalk Pro (IP), that passively moves the legs in an upright position. DESIGN: A single-subject experimental design. METHODS: A three-phase model (A1-B-A2) was chosen; A1: baseline using a standing frame, B: an intervention using IP and A2: withdrawal using a standing frame. Outcome measures: Patient's and assistive personnel's experiences with Likert scales, Modified Trunk Impairment Scale, Modified Ashworth Scale (MAS), Lidcombe Template (passive ankle dorsiflexion), duration of the training, blood pressure and heart rate. RESULTS: A 40-year-old female, with subarachnoid haemorrhage, perceived training in the IP as more physically exhausting than training in a standing frame, influencing the training time. However, she preferred the IP over the standing frame. Trunk control did not improve, until the withdrawal phase. A small MAS reduction in ankle plantar flexors was maintained in the A2-phase. The heart rate showed an ascending trend in A1, and a non-significant descending trend in B- and A2-phases. Blood pressure showed a flat trend line in A1 and B-phases, and a descending trend in A2. CONCLUSION: The new IP was considered a feasible and motivating intervention. Heart rate tended to decrease during IP training, while the blood pressure remained stable. Further research is needed to evaluate whether the IP should be a preferable or a supplementary assistive device for early mobilization.Implications for rehabilitationA new electrical standing device, Innowalk Pro, which moves the legs in upright position, was found to be feasible in early mobilisation of a patient with severe brain injury.Trained physiotherapist and assistive personnel are recommended for safe training.Physiological responses like heart rate and blood pressure remained relatively stable when training in Innowalk Pro.We question whether the leg movements when standing in Innowalk Pro, may contribute to improvement in trunk control.
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Lesões Encefálicas , Deambulação Precoce , Feminino , Humanos , Adulto , Projetos de Pesquisa , Movimento , Extremidade InferiorRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: People with spinal cord injury receive physical rehabilitation to promote neurological recovery. Physical rehabilitation commences as soon as possible when a person is medically stable. One key component of physical rehabilitation is motor training. There is initial evidence to suggest that motor training can enhance neurological recovery if it is provided soon after injury and in a high dosage. The Early and Intensive Motor Training Trial is a pragmatic randomised controlled trial to determine whether 10 weeks of intensive motor training enhances neurological recovery for people with spinal cord injury. This pragmatic randomised controlled trial will recruit 220 participants from 15 spinal injury units in Australia, Scotland, Italy, Norway, England, Belgium and the Netherlands. This protocol paper describes the process evaluation that will run alongside the Early and Intensive Motor Training Trial. This process evaluation will help to explain the trial results and explore the potential facilitators and barriers to the possible future rollout of the trial intervention. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: The UK Medical Research Council process evaluation framework and the Implementation Research Logic Model will be used to explain the trial outcomes and inform future implementation. Key components of the context, implementation and mechanism of impact, as well as the essential elements of the intervention and outcomes, will be identified and analysed. Qualitative and quantitative data will be collected and triangulated with the results of the Early and Intensive Motor Training Trial to strengthen the findings of this process evaluation. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: Ethical approval for the Early and Intensive Motor Training Trial and process evaluation has been obtained from the Human Research Ethics Committee at the Northern Sydney Local Health District (New South Wales) in Australia (project identifier: 2020/ETH02540). All participants are required to provide written consent after being informed about the trial and the process evaluation. The results of this process evaluation will be published in peer-reviewed journals. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: Australian New Zealand Clinical Trial Registry (ACTRN12621000091808); Universal Trial Number (U1111-1264-1689).
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Traumatismos da Medula Espinal , Humanos , Austrália , Bélgica , Inglaterra , Comitês de Ética em Pesquisa , Ensaios Clínicos Controlados Aleatórios como Assunto , Ensaios Clínicos Pragmáticos como AssuntoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Reports on the implementation of exoskeletons for gait rehabilitation in clinical settings are limited. OBJECTIVES: How feasible is the introduction of exoskeleton gait training for patients with subacute stroke in a specialized rehabilitation hospital?What are the functional benefits and the patient experiences with training in the Ekso GTTM exoskeleton? DESIGN: Explorative study. METHODS: During an 18 months inclusion period, 255 in-patients were screened for eligibility. Inclusion criteria were; walking difficulties, able to stand 10 min in a standing frame, fitting into the robot and able to cooperate. One-hour training sessions 2-3 times per week for approximately 3 weeks were applied as a part of the patients' ordinary rehabilitation programme. Assessments: Functional Independence Measure, Motor Assessment Scale (MAS), Ekso GTTM walking data, patient satisfaction and perceived exertion of the training sessions (Borg scale). RESULTS: Two physiotherapists were certified at the highest level of Ekso GTTM. Twenty-six patients, median age 54 years, were included. 177 training sessions were performed. Statistical significant changes were found in MAS total score (p < 0.003) and in the gait variables walking time, up-time, and a number of steps (p < 0.001). Patients reported fairly light perceived exertion and a high level of satisfaction and usefulness with the training sessions. Few disadvantages were reported. Most patients would like to repeat this training if offered. CONCLUSIONS: Ekso GTTM can safely be implemented as a training tool in ordinary rehabilitation under the prerequisite of a structured organization and certified personnel. The patients progressed in all outcome measures and reported a high level of satisfaction.Implications for rehabilitationThe powered exoskeleton Ekso GTTM was found feasible as a training option for in-patients with severe gait disorders after stroke within an ordinary rehabilitation setting.The Ekso GTTM must be operated by a certified physiotherapist, and sufficient assistive personnel must be available for safe implementation.Patients' perceived exertion when training in the Ekso GTTM was relatively low.The patients expressed satisfaction with this training option.
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Exoesqueleto Energizado , Transtornos Neurológicos da Marcha , Reabilitação do Acidente Vascular Cerebral , Acidente Vascular Cerebral , Estudos de Viabilidade , Marcha , Transtornos Neurológicos da Marcha/reabilitação , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Avaliação de Resultados da Assistência ao PacienteRESUMO
PURPOSE: Children and adolescents (<18 years old) who sustain a spinal cord injury (SCI) should ideally be managed in specialized rehabilitation services. This project aims to describe the organization of pediatric SCI in ten rehabilitation units in seven countries and to qualitatively explore psychosocial aspects of adolescents living with SCI. METHODS: A multicenter cross-sectional project is planned, using quantitative (web survey) and qualitative (interview) methods in ten rehabilitation units from Norway, Sweden, United States, Israel, PR China, Russia and Palestine. Individual interviews will be conducted with ≥20 adolescents aged 13-17 years at least 6 months' post rehabilitation. RESULTS: Units involved will be described and compared, according to funding, attachment to an acute SCI unit, catchment area, number of beds, admittance and discharge procedures, availability of services, staff/patient ratio, content and intensity of rehabilitation programs, length of stay, measurement methods, follow-up services, health promotion services, and pediatric SCI prevention acts. The semi-structured interview guide will include experiences from acute care and primary rehabilitation, daily life, school, contact with friends, leisure time activities, peers, physical and psychological health, and the adolescents' plans for the future. CONCLUSION: Based on the present protocol, this project is likely to provide new insight and knowledge on pediatric SCI rehabilitation and increase the understanding of pediatric SCI in adolescents and their families internationally.
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Reabilitação Neurológica , Traumatismos da Medula Espinal , Adolescente , Criança , Estudos Transversais , Promoção da Saúde , Humanos , Estudos Multicêntricos como Assunto , Alta do Paciente , Traumatismos da Medula Espinal/reabilitação , Estados UnidosRESUMO
Study design: Qualitative, in-depth research interviews led by a theme-based interview guide. Objectives: To generate new knowledge regarding user experiences of standing and walking with Ekso™ (Ekso Bionics, Richmond, CA, USA). Setting: In-patient rehabilitation hospital in Norway. Methods: Systematic inductive content analyses were used, utilizing a pattern theory of self as an analytical framework. Results: The participants shared powerful stories, describing largely positive but also challenging emotions and perceptions, related to standing and walking with Ekso™. Four themes emerged: (1) bodily positions, possibilities and feelings, (2) reactivation of loss and hope for the future, (3) to be free and restricted at the same time, and (4) to be controlled and take control. The results indicate that both walking and using a wheelchair involve more than getting from one place to another, as fundamental aspects of being human are touched, involving facilitating a coherent understanding of the self and, on the other hand, leading to an "objectification" of the body. Conclusions: This explorative study points toward contrasts involved when using Ekso™. More studies of lived experiences with walking in Ekso™ are needed, comprising larger samples, variations in participant characteristics and diagnoses as well as contexts.
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Exoesqueleto Energizado/normas , Satisfação do Paciente , Pesquisa Qualitativa , Centros de Reabilitação , Traumatismos da Medula Espinal/psicologia , Traumatismos da Medula Espinal/reabilitação , Adulto , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Noruega , Caminhada/fisiologia , Caminhada/psicologia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The Berg Balance Scale (BBS) has several constraints-ceiling effect, low responsiveness, and uncertain predictability of falls-in neurological populations. The Mini-BESTest, which has not yet been validated in spinal cord injury (SCI) populations, has shown no ceiling effect, slightly better responsiveness, and could in some neurological populations predict falls. OBJECTIVE: Validate and compare psychometric performances of the BBS and Mini-BESTest in individuals with chronic SCI. DESIGN: Cross-sectional validation study. METHODS: Forty-six individuals able to walk 10 meters (85% American Spinal Injury Association Impairment Scale grade D) with mean age of 55±17 years and median 7 years (range: 1-41) postinjury were included. Floor/ceiling effects were inspected; internal consistency, construct validity, and receiver operating characteristics were analyzed. RESULTS: The Mini-BESTest had no ceiling effect; 28% of participants achieved the maximum score on the BBS. Both scales showed excellent internal consistency (α > .93). Strong correlations between both scales (r s = 0.90, P < .001) and between both scales and Timed Up and Go (r s > .70), Spinal Cord Independence Measure-mobility items (r s > .80), and 10-Meter Walk Test (r s > .80) support high construct validity. Both scales could differentiate community walkers without walking aids from participants using aids (AUC > .86) and individuals with low/high concerns about falling (AUC > 0.79) but not recurrent (>2 falls/year) and infrequent fallers (AUC < 0.55). The BBS and Mini-BESTest separated 2 and more than 3 different levels of balance control, respectively. LIMITATIONS: Small sample. CONCLUSIONS: Both the BBS and Mini-BESTest were found to be valid scales for assessing balance control in individuals with chronic SCI. The Mini-BESTest may be preferable for this group primarily due to the lack of a ceiling effect.
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Avaliação da Deficiência , Equilíbrio Postural/fisiologia , Traumatismos da Medula Espinal/fisiopatologia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Limitação da Mobilidade , Psicometria , Reprodutibilidade dos TestesRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To identify risk indicators for, and incidence of, recurrent falls and fall-related injuries in wheelchair users with traumatic spinal cord injury. DESIGN: Prospective multi-centre study. SUBJECTS: One hundred and forty-nine wheelchair users with spinal cord injury attending follow-up in Sweden and Norway. METHODS: Inclusion criteria: wheelchair users ≥ 18 years old with traumatic spinal cord injury ≥ 1 year post-injury. EXCLUSION CRITERIA: individuals with motor complete injuries above C5. Falls were prospectively reported by text message every second week for one year and were followed-up by telephone interviews. Outcomes were: fall incidence, risk indicators for recurrent (> 2) falls and fall-related injuries. Independent variables were: demographic data, quality of life, risk willingness, functional independence, and exercise habits. RESULTS: Of the total sample (n = 149), 96 (64%) participants fell, 45 (32%) fell recurrently, 50 (34%) were injured, and 7 (5%) severely injured. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that reporting recurrent falls the previous year increased the odds ratio (OR) of recurrent falls (OR 10.2, p < 0.001). Higher quality of life reduced the OR of fall-related injuries (OR 0.86, p = 0.037). CONCLUSION: Previous recurrent falls was a strong predictor of future falls. The incidence of falls, recurrent falls and fall-related injuries was high. Hence, prevention of falls and fall-related injuries is important.
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Traumatismos da Medula Espinal/reabilitação , Cadeiras de Rodas/efeitos adversos , Idoso , Feminino , Humanos , Incidência , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estudos Prospectivos , Qualidade de Vida , Fatores de Risco , Traumatismos da Medula Espinal/epidemiologiaRESUMO
QUESTIONS: What is the 1-year incidence of falls and injurious falls in a representative cohort of community-dwelling ambulatory individuals with chronic spinal cord injury? What are the predictors of recurrent falls (more than two/year) and injurious falls in this population? DESIGN: One-year longitudinal observational multi-centre study. PARTICIPANTS: A representative sample of 68 (of 73 included) community-dwelling ambulatory individuals with traumatic SCI attending regular follow-up programs at rehabilitation centres. OUTCOME MEASURES: Primary outcome measures were incidence and predictors of recurrent falls (more than two/year) and injurious falls reported every 2 weeks for 1year. RESULTS: A total of 48% of participants reported recurrent falls. Of the 272 reported falls, 41% were injurious. Serious injuries were experienced by 4% of participants, all of whom were women. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that recurrent falls in the previous year (OR=111, 95% CI=8.6 to 1425), fear of falling (OR=6.1, 95% CI=1.43 to 26) and longer time taken to walk 10m (OR=1.3, 95% CI=1.0 to 1.7) were predictors of recurrent falls. Fear of falling (OR=4.3, 95% CI=1.3 to 14) and recurrent falls in the previous year (OR=4.2, 95% CI=1.2 to 14) were predictors of injurious falls. CONCLUSION: Ambulatory individuals have a high risk of falling and of fall-related injuries. Fall history, fear of falling and walking speed could predict recurrent falls and injurious falls. Further studies with larger samples are needed to validate these findings. [Jørgensen V, Butler Forslund E, Opheim A, Franzén E, Wahman K, Hultling C, Seiger Å, Ståhle A, Stanghelle JK, Roaldsen KS (2017) Falls and fear of falling predict future falls and related injuries in ambulatory individuals with spinal cord injury: a longitudinal observational study. Journal of Physiotherapy 63: 108-113].
Assuntos
Acidentes por Quedas/estatística & dados numéricos , Medo/psicologia , Traumatismos da Medula Espinal/psicologia , Traumatismos da Medula Espinal/reabilitação , Atividades Cotidianas , Idoso , Feminino , Humanos , Estudos Longitudinais , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Limitação da Mobilidade , Medição de Risco , Fatores de Risco , Traumatismos da Medula Espinal/complicações , CaminhadaRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: Translation of the Spinal Cord Injury Falls Concern Scale (SCI-FCS), and investigation of test-retest reliability on item-level and total-score-level. DESIGN: Translation, adaptation and test-retest study. SETTING: A specialized rehabilitation setting in Norway. PARTICIPANTS: Fifty-four wheelchair users with a spinal cord injury. The median age of the cohort was 49 years, and the median number of years after injury was 13. Interventions/measurements: The SCI-FCS was translated and back-translated according to guidelines. Individuals answered the SCI-FCS twice over the course of one week. We investigated item-level test-retest reliability using Svensson's rank-based statistical method for disagreement analysis of paired ordinal data. For relative reliability, we analyzed the total-score-level test-retest reliability with intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC2.1), the standard error of measurement (SEM), and the smallest detectable change (SDC) for absolute reliability/measurement-error assessment and Cronbach's alpha for internal consistency. RESULTS: All items showed satisfactory percentage agreement (≥69%) between test and retest. There were small but non-negligible systematic disagreements among three items; we recovered an 11-13% higher chance for a lower second score. There was no disagreement due to random variance. The test-retest agreement (ICC2.1) was excellent (0.83). The SEM was 2.6 (12%), and the SDC was 7.1 (32%). The Cronbach's alpha was high (0.88). CONCLUSION: The Norwegian SCI-FCS is highly reliable for wheelchair users with chronic spinal cord injuries.