Pain in survivors of Ewing sarcoma: Prevalence, associated factors and prediction of recurrence.

BACKGROUND: While the prognosis of patients with Ewing sarcoma (EwS) is improving, little is known about the frequency of pain and its risk factors in survivors of EwS. This study aims to analyse the prevalence and risk factors of pain and its predictive value for recurrence. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In patients with remission after treatment of EwS, frequency and characteristics of pain within the first 5 years of follow up were assessed retrospectively. RESULTS: Of 80 patients, 37 (46%) presented with at least one episode of pain. Chronic pain (>3 months) was observed in 10 patients (13%). Experience of at least one episode of pain was associated with prior combined local treatment (surgery and radiation compared to surgery alone; odds ratio [OR] 5.83, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.43-34.9, P = .007). A total of 59 episodes of pain were observed, including 47 acute and 12 chronic episodes. Lower limb pain accounted for 46% (27/59) of all episodes of pain, and was associated with primary tumour of the pelvis or lower extremity (OR 4.29, 95% CI 1.18-18.21, P = .025), which represented 64% (51/80) of all EwS. The positive predictive value of pain for recurrence was only 12%. CONCLUSION: Pain is a common problem in survivors of EwS, which mostly affects the lower extremity, and should be regularly assessed. Interventions to reduce pain may be particularly important in patients with combined local treatment with surgery and radiation, who seem to be at considerably increased risk for pain. Patients presenting with pain should be examined for recurrence.

[Trans-Sectoral Patient Care in Pediatric Oncology: Quality Assurance by Novel Reimbursement Models for Outpatient Services]. / Sektorenübergreifende Versorgung in der Pädiatrischen Onkologie: Qualitätssicherung durch neue Vergütungsmodelle für nicht-vollstationäre Leistungen.

BACKGROUND: The medical care of pediatric cancer patients in the German health care system relies on special structures. All children and adolescents with a diagnosis of cancer receive uniform treatment within clinical studies or registers and exclusively at centers which can ensure interdisciplinary care by a multiprofessional team. Reimbursement of outpatient services is highly heterogeneous among the centers, and the expenses are often not adequately compensated. METHOD: A nation-wide survey was performed among all centers of the German Society of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, with a standardized questionnaire inquiring which reimbursement models are used to finance outpatient treatment and whether full coverage of the expenses is achieved. RESULTS: Of 58 Pediatric Oncology Centers in Germany 18 (33%) participated in the survey, including 8 (44%) University Hospitals. The use of available reimbursement tools was highly heterogeneous. Reimbursement for outpatient service was based on a mean of 3,33±1,49 individual components. Of the 18 responding centers, 17 indicated that the revenues do not fully cover the expenses. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Pediatric oncology centers in Germany can not achieve full coverage of expenses in the outpatient setting. Nationally uniform cost-covering remuneration strategies are needed. This article proposes three individual models for an adequate nationwide financial framework for the outpatient care of pediatric cancer patients.

[Registries and studies in the Society for Pediatric Oncology and Hematology (GPOH) - What contribution do they make to progress?] / Register und Studien in der Gesellschaft für Pädiatrische Onkologie und Hämatologie (GPOH) ­ Welchen Beitrag leisten sie zum Fortschritt?

Cancer in children and adolescents under the age of 18 is rare; in 2017, approximately 2220 new cases in Germany were reported to the German Childhood Cancer Registry. The aim of the GPOH has always been to treat as many affected patients as possible in a standardized way, preferably in prospective, controlled studies. The Joint Federal Committee has also laid down this requirement in the paediatric oncology guideline. In a survey among the study chairs of the GPOH, it was determined how the number of clinical trials has changed following the amended drug legislation. In 2002, 33 therapy optimization studies (TOS) of the GPOH were open. Overall, TOS decreased from 33 in 2002 to 2 in 2017. The number of drug trials has increased to 16 by 2017 (almost 1100 patients registered). At the time, the number of clinical registries has increased to 28 with a total of more than 1800 registered patents. This observation shows that the clinical registers have taken on a new significance in paediatric oncology. Three examples are used to examine what contributions registries can make in relation to studies on the treatment of patients and to scientific progress. In summary, the experience gained so far from the examples discussed illustrates that studies and registries mutually represent a meaningful and necessary addition to the study group structure in paediatric oncology.

Which Factors Are Associated with Local Control and Survival of Patients with Localized Pelvic Ewing's Sarcoma? A Retrospective Analysis of Data from the Euro-EWING99 Trial.

BACKGROUND: Local treatment of pelvic Ewing's sarcoma may be challenging, and intergroup studies have focused on improving systemic treatments rather than prospectively evaluating aspects of local tumor control. The Euro-EWING99 trial provided a substantial number of patients with localized pelvic tumors treated with the same chemotherapy protocol. Because local control included surgical resection, radiation therapy, or a combination of both, we wanted to investigate local control and survival with respect to the local modality in this study cohort. QUESTIONS/PURPOSES: (1) Do patients with localized sacral tumors have a lower risk of local recurrence and higher survival compared with patients with localized tumors of the innominate bones? (2) Is the local treatment modality associated with local control and survival in patients with sacral and nonsacral tumors? (3) Which local tumor- and treatment-related factors, such as response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy, institution where the biopsy was performed, and surgical complications, are associated with local recurrence and patient survival in nonsacral tumors? (4) Which factors, such as persistent extraosseous tumor growth after chemotherapy or extent of bony resection, are independently associated with overall survival in patients with bone tumors undergoing surgical treatment? METHODS: Between 1998 and 2009, 1411 patients with previously untreated, histologically confirmed Ewing's sarcoma were registered in the German Society for Pediatric Oncology and Hematology Ewing's sarcoma database and treated in the Euro-EWING99 trial. In all, 24% (339 of 1411) of these patients presented with a pelvic primary sarcoma, 47% (159 of 339) of which had macroscopic metastases at diagnosis and were excluded from this analysis. The data from the remaining 180 patients were reviewed retrospectively, based on follow-up data as of July 2016. The median (range) follow-up was 54 months (5 to 191) for all patients and 84 months (11 to 191) for surviving patients. The study endpoints were overall survival, local recurrence and event-free survival probability, which were calculated with the Kaplan-Meier method and compared using the log-rank test. Hazard ratios (HRs) with their respective 95% CIs were estimated in a multivariate Cox regression model. RESULTS: Sacral tumors were associated with a reduced probability of local recurrence (12% [95% CI 1 to 22] versus 28% [95% CI 20 to 36] at 5 years, p = 0.032), a higher event-free survival probability (66% [95% CI 51 to 81] versus 50% [95% CI 41 to 58] at 5 years, p = 0.026) and a higher overall survival probability (72% [95% CI 57 to 87] versus 56% [95% CI 47 to 64] at 5 years, p = 0.025) compared with nonsacral tumors. With the numbers available, we found no differences between patients with sacral tumors who underwent definitive radiotherapy and those who underwent combined surgery and radiotherapy in terms of local recurrence (17% [95% CI 0 to 34] versus 0% [95% CI 0 to 20] at 5 years, p = 0.125) and overall survival probability (73% [95% CI 52 to 94] versus 78% [95% CI 56 to 99] at 5 years, p = 0.764). In nonsacral tumors, combined local treatment was associated with a lower local recurrence probability (14% [95% CI 5 to 23] versus 33% [95% CI 19 to 47] at 5 years, p = 0.015) and a higher overall survival probability (72% [95% CI 61 to 83] versus 47% [95% CI 33 to 62] at 5 years, p = 0.024) compared with surgery alone. Even in a subgroup of patients with wide surgical margins and a good histologic response to induction treatment, the combined local treatment was associated with a higher overall survival probability (87% [95% CI 74 to 100] versus 51% [95% CI 33 to 69] at 5 years, p = 0.009), compared with surgery alone.A poor histologic response to induction chemotherapy in nonsacral tumors (39% [95% CI 19 to 59] versus 64% [95% CI 52 to 76] at 5 years, p = 0.014) and the development of surgical complications after tumor resection (35% [95% CI 11 to 59] versus 68% [95% CI 58 to 78] at 5 years, p = 0.004) were associated with a lower overall survival probability in nonsacral tumors, while a tumor biopsy performed at the same institution where the tumor resection was performed was associated with lower local recurrence probability (14% [95% CI 4 to 24] versus 32% [95% CI 16 to 48] at 5 years, p = 0.035), respectively.In patients with bone tumors who underwent surgical treatment, we found that after controlling for tumor localization in the pelvis, tumor volume, and surgical margin status, patients who did not undergo complete (defined as a Type I/II resection for iliac bone tumors, a Type II/III resection for pubic bone and ischium tumors and a Type I/II/III resection for tumors involving the acetabulum, according to the Enneking classification) removal of the affected bone (HR 5.04 [95% CI 2.07 to 12.24]; p < 0.001), patients with a poor histologic response to induction chemotherapy (HR 3.72 [95% CI 1.51 to 9.21]; p = 0.004), and patients who did not receive additional radiotherapy (HR 4.34 [95% CI 1.71 to 11.05]; p = 0.002) had a higher risk of death. The analysis suggested that the same might be the case in patients with a persistent extraosseous tumor extension after induction chemotherapy (HR 4.61 [95% CI 1.03 to 20.67]; p = 0.046), although the wide CIs pointing at a possible sparse-data bias precluded any definitive conclusions. CONCLUSION: Patients with sacral Ewing's sarcoma appear to have a lower probability for local recurrence and a higher overall survival probability compared with patients with tumors of the innominate bones. Our results seem to support a recent recommendation of the Scandinavian Sarcoma Group to locally treat most sacral Ewing's sarcomas with definitive radiotherapy. Combined surgical resection and radiotherapy appear to be associated with a higher overall survival probability in nonsacral tumors compared with surgery alone, even in patients with a wide resection and a good histologic response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Complete removal of the involved bone, as defined above, in patients with nonsacral tumors may be associated with a decreased likelihood of local recurrence and improved overall survival. Persistent extraosseous tumor growth after induction treatment in patients with nonsacral bone tumors undergoing surgical treatment might be an important indicator of poorer overall survival probability, but the possibility of sparse-data bias in our cohort means that this factor should first be validated in future studies. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level III, therapeutic study.

[DKG Certification of Paediatric Cancer Centres]. / DKG-Zertifizierung für Kinderonkologische Zentren.

The new certification module will continue to foster the development of interdisciplinary networks and a centralised commitment to high quality of care in paediatric oncology. The new module was initiated in a joint venture of the German Society of Paediatric Oncology and Haematology (GPOH) and the German Cancer Society (DKG) in 2016. The comprehensive Catalogue of Requirements is based on the directive for paediatric oncology by the Federal Joint Committee (G-BA) and has been successfully implemented into clinical practice in a pilot phase with 7 Paediatric Cancer Centres. Interested centres can register for certification as of now.

Comparison of MAPIE versus MAP in patients with a poor response to preoperative chemotherapy for newly diagnosed high-grade osteosarcoma (EURAMOS-1): an open-label, international, randomised controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: We designed the EURAMOS-1 trial to investigate whether intensified postoperative chemotherapy for patients whose tumour showed a poor response to preoperative chemotherapy (≥10% viable tumour) improved event-free survival in patients with high-grade osteosarcoma. METHODS: EURAMOS-1 was an open-label, international, phase 3 randomised, controlled trial. Consenting patients with newly diagnosed, resectable, high-grade osteosarcoma aged 40 years or younger were eligible for randomisation. Patients were randomly assigned (1:1) to receive either postoperative cisplatin, doxorubicin, and methotrexate (MAP) or MAP plus ifosfamide and etoposide (MAPIE) using concealed permuted blocks with three stratification factors: trial group; location of tumour (proximal femur or proximal humerus vs other limb vs axial skeleton); and presence of metastases (no vs yes or possible). The MAP regimen consisted of cisplatin 120 mg/m2, doxorubicin 37·5 mg/m2 per day on days 1 and 2 (on weeks 1 and 6) followed 3 weeks later by high-dose methotrexate 12 g/m2 over 4 h. The MAPIE regimen consisted of MAP as a base regimen, with the addition of high-dose ifosfamide (14 g/m2) at 2·8 g/m2 per day with equidose mesna uroprotection, followed by etoposide 100 mg/m2 per day over 1 h on days 1-5. The primary outcome measure was event-free survival measured in the intention-to-treat population. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT00134030. FINDINGS: Between April 14, 2005, and June 30, 2011, 2260 patients were registered from 325 sites in 17 countries. 618 patients with poor response were randomly assigned; 310 to receive MAP and 308 to receive MAPIE. Median follow-up was 62·1 months (IQR 46·6-76·6); 62·3 months (IQR 46·9-77·1) for the MAP group and 61·1 months (IQR 46·5-75·3) for the MAPIE group. 307 event-free survival events were reported (153 in the MAP group vs 154 in the MAPIE group). 193 deaths were reported (101 in the MAP group vs 92 in the MAPIE group). Event-free survival did not differ between treatment groups (hazard ratio [HR] 0·98 [95% CI 0·78-1·23]); hazards were non-proportional (p=0·0003). The most common grade 3-4 adverse events were neutropenia (268 [89%] patients in MAP vs 268 [90%] in MAPIE), thrombocytopenia (231 [78% in MAP vs 248 [83%] in MAPIE), and febrile neutropenia without documented infection (149 [50%] in MAP vs 217 [73%] in MAPIE). MAPIE was associated with more frequent grade 4 non-haematological toxicity than MAP (35 [12%] of 301 in the MAP group vs 71 [24%] of 298 in the MAPIE group). Two patients died during postoperative therapy, one from infection (although their absolute neutrophil count was normal), which was definitely related to their MAP treatment (specifically doxorubicin and cisplatin), and one from left ventricular systolic dysfunction, which was probably related to MAPIE treatment (specifically doxorubicin). One suspected unexpected serious adverse reaction was reported in the MAP group: bone marrow infarction due to methotrexate. INTERPRETATION: EURAMOS-1 results do not support the addition of ifosfamide and etoposide to postoperative chemotherapy in patients with poorly responding osteosarcoma because its administration was associated with increased toxicity without improving event-free survival. The results define standard of care for this population. New strategies are required to improve outcomes in this setting. FUNDING: UK Medical Research Council, National Cancer Institute, European Science Foundation, St Anna Kinderkrebsforschung, Fonds National de la Recherche Scientifique, Fonds voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek-Vlaanderen, Parents Organization, Danish Medical Research Council, Academy of Finland, Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, Deutsche Krebshilfe, Federal Ministry of Education and Research, Semmelweis Foundation, ZonMw (Council for Medical Research), Research Council of Norway, Scandinavian Sarcoma Group, Swiss Paediatric Oncology Group, Cancer Research UK, National Institute for Health Research, University College London Hospitals, and Biomedical Research Centre.

Local control in Ewing sarcoma of the chest wall: results of the EURO-EWING 99 trial.

BACKGROUND: Primary Ewing sarcoma (ES) can sometimes present as a chest-wall tumor. Multidisciplinary management, including chemotherapy and local treatment consisting of surgery, radiotherapy (RT), or both, has improved the survival of patients with localized ES; however, the best approach to achieving local control remains controversial. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed data from 198 patients with non-metastatic ES of the chest wall, who were registered in the database of the German Society of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology between July 1998 and April 2009. The majority of patients (n = 130) presented with rib tumors; 7 patients received RT only, 85 patients underwent surgery alone, and 106 patients were treated with a combination of surgery and RT. RESULTS: Overall survival in all patients was 78 and 71 % at 3 and 5 years, respectively. Event-free survival at 5 years (5-year EFS) was 57 % in the RT group, 73 % in the surgery group and 63 % in the surgery + RT group. In patients with complete resections, 5-year EFS did not improve with the addition of RT compared with surgery alone. There was no difference in the 5-year EFS in patients with partial (63 %) or total (64 %) resection of the affected ribs, and median follow-up was 4.71 years (range 0.40-13.48). CONCLUSIONS: Complete tumor resection is the best way to achieve local control of ES of the chest wall; additional RT is only useful in patients with incomplete resection. The main limitation of this study was its retrospective nature, and the benefit of total resection of the affected ribs could not be proved.

Azole-based chemoprophylaxis of invasive fungal infections in paediatric patients with acute leukaemia: an internal audit.

OBJECTIVES: Children and adolescents with acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) and recurrent acute leukaemias (RALs) are at high risk of life-threatening invasive fungal infections (IFIs). We analysed implementation, safety and efficacy of a standard operating procedure for oral, azole-based, mould-active antifungal prophylaxis. METHODS: Patients with AML and RALs aged ≥13 years received 200 mg of posaconazole three times daily and patients aged 2-12 years received 200 mg of voriconazole two times daily from the completion of chemotherapy until haematopoietic recovery. Algorithms for fever or focal findings in all patients with haematological malignancies included blood cultures, high-resolution CT and other appropriate imaging, serial serum galactomannan, invasive diagnostics and pre-emptive therapy with change in class if on antifungal medication. RESULTS: From 2006 to 2010, 40 patients (0.8-17 years; 21 males) with newly diagnosed AML (n = 31) or RAL (n = 9) were admitted, of whom 36 received a total of 149 courses of chemotherapy (reasons for exclusion: contraindications and early death ≤3 days). Azole prophylaxis was given in 87.2% (n = 130/149) of episodes. Pre-emptive antifungal therapy for pulmonary infiltrates was initiated in 5/36 (13.9%) patients or 6/130 (4.6%) episodes for a duration of 3-22 days. No proven or probable IFIs occurred. Adverse events (AEs) were common but mostly low grade and reversible. Three courses (2.3%) were discontinued due to AEs. In simultaneously admitted new patients with acute lymphatic leukaemia (ALL; n = 101) and paediatric lymphomas (n = 29) not receiving standard antifungal prophylaxis, proven/probable IFIs occurred in 4 patients with ALL (4.0%) and 7/130 patients (5.4%) received pre-emptive therapy. CONCLUSIONS: Azole-based, mould-active antifungal prophylaxis in high-risk paediatric patients with AML and RALs was satisfactorily implemented, well tolerated and effective. The low rate of IFIs in patients with ALL/lymphoma supports the lack of a general indication for prophylaxis in this population in the presence of a diagnostic and therapeutic algorithm.

The value of high-dose chemotherapy in patients with first relapsed Ewing sarcoma.

BACKGROUND: Prognosis of patients with relapsed Ewing sarcoma (ES) is poor. The 5-year overall survival (OS) is 13%. We analyzed high-dose chemotherapy (HDtx) versus conventional chemotherapy (CHtx) in patients with relapsed ES. PROCEDURE: Data from 239 patients with first relapse, registered during 2000-2011 in the ES relapse registry of the Cooperative Ewing Sarcoma Study Group (CESS) were analyzed. RESULTS: Of 239 patients, 200 received various non-HDtx second-line CHtx regimens. Seventy-three patients had additional HDtx followed by autologous stem cell rescue. The 2-year event-free survival (EFS) was 10% (SE = 0.02) in patients treated without HDtx and 45% (SE = 0.09) in patients treated with HDtx. In a second step, we focused on those patients who achieved complete remission (CR) or partial remission (PR) after four to six cycles of conventional second-line CHtx. Here, the 2-year EFS was 31% (SE = 0.08) without additional HDtx and 44% (SE = 0.09) with additional HDtx. In addition, multivariate regression analysis indicates absence of HDtx treatment, with a Hazard ratio (HR) of 2.90 (95% CI 1.41-6.0), and early relapse, with a HR of 4.76 (95% CI 2.31-9.78), as independent prognostic factors for EFS. CONCLUSION: Additional HDtx may contribute to further reduce the risk of further events in patients who respond to conventional second-line CHtx.

Factors Influencing the Outcome of Patients with Primary Ewing Sarcoma of the Sacrum.

Background: Ewing sarcoma (EwS) is a rare and highly malignant bone tumor primarily affecting children, adolescents, and young adults. The pelvis, trunk, and lower extremities are the most common sites, while EwS of the sacrum as a primary site is very rare, and only few studies focusing on this location are published. Due to the anatomical condition, local treatment is challenging in sacral malignancies. We analyzed factors that might influence the outcome of patients suffering from sacral EwS. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed data of the GPOH EURO-E.W.I.N.G 99 trial and the EWING 2008 trial, with a cohort of 124 patients with localized or metastatic sacral EwS. The study endpoints were overall survival (OS) and event-free survival (EFS). OS and EFS were calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method, and univariate comparisons were estimated using the log-rank test. Hazard ratios (HRs) with respective 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated in a multivariable Cox regression model. Results: The presence of metastases (3y-EFS: 0.33 vs. 0.68; P < 0.001; HR = 3.4, 95% CI 1.7 to 6.6; 3y-OS: 0.48 vs. 0.85; P < 0.001; HR = 4.23, 95% CI 1.8 to 9.7), large tumor volume (≥200 ml) (3y-EFS: 0.36 vs. 0.69; P=0.02; HR = 2.1, 95% CI 1.1 to 4.0; 3y-OS: 0.42 vs. 0.73; P=0.04; HR = 2.1, 95% CI 1.03 to 4.5), and age ≥18 years (3y-EFS: 0.41 vs. 0.60; P=0.02; HR = 2.6, 95% CI 1.3 to 5.2; 3y-OS: 0.294 vs. 0.59; P=0.01; HR = 2.92, 95% CI 1.29 to 6.6) were revealed as adverse prognostic factors. Conclusion: Young age seems to positively influence patients` survival, especially in patients with primary metastatic disease. In this context, our results support other studies, stating that older age has a negative impact on survival. Tumor volume, metastases, and the type of local therapy modality have an impact on the outcome of sacral EwS. Level of evidence: Level 2. This trial is registered with NCT00020566 and NCT00987636.

The histone deacetylase inhibitor SAHA acts in synergism with fenretinide and doxorubicin to control growth of rhabdoid tumor cells.

BACKGROUND: Rhabdoid tumors are highly aggressive malignancies affecting infants and very young children. In many instances these tumors are resistant to conventional type chemotherapy necessitating alternative approaches. METHODS: Proliferation assays (MTT), apoptosis (propidium iodide/annexin V) and cell cycle analysis (DAPI), RNA expression microarrays and western blots were used to identify synergism of the HDAC (histone deacetylase) inhibitor SAHA with fenretinide, tamoxifen and doxorubicin in rhabdoidtumor cell lines. RESULTS: HDAC1 and HDAC2 are overexpressed in primary rhabdoid tumors and rhabdoid tumor cell lines. Targeting HDACs in rhabdoid tumors induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. On the other hand HDAC inhibition induces deregulated gene programs (MYCC-, RB program and the stem cell program) in rhabdoid tumors. These programs are in general associated with cell cycle progression. Targeting these activated pro-proliferative genes by combined approaches of HDAC-inhibitors plus fenretinide, which inhibits cyclinD1, exhibit strong synergistic effects on induction of apoptosis. Furthermore, HDAC inhibition sensitizes rhabdoid tumor cell lines to cell death induced by chemotherapy. CONCLUSION: Our data demonstrate that HDAC inhibitor treatment in combination with fenretinide or conventional chemotherapy is a promising tool for the treatment of chemoresistant rhabdoid tumors.

Denosumab: a potential new and innovative treatment option for aneurysmal bone cysts.

INTRODUCTION: Aneurysmal bone cysts (ABCs) are expansive and destructive lesions positive for osteoclast markers, resembling benign giant cell tumors (GCTs). Treatment options include surgical resection, curettage and cavity filling, embolization, injection of fibrosing agents, or radiotherapy. Particularly in children and adolescents with spinal ABCs, these options may be unsatisfactory, and innovative forms of treatment are needed. Denosumab is a human monoclonal antibody that inhibits osteoclast function by blocking the cytokine receptor activator of the nuclear factor-kappa B ligand. Satisfactory results with denosumab in treating GCTs and immunohistochemical similarities suggest that it may also have positive effects on ABCs. METHODS AND RESULTS: This report is the first description of the therapeutic use of denosumab in two patients with spinal ABCs. Two boys (aged 8 and 11) had recurrent ABCs at C5 after surgery with intralesional tumor resection. Treatment options were discussed by the interdisciplinary tumor board. Arterial embolization was attempted, but failed due to an absence of appropriate afferent arteries. After the families had received extensive information and provided written consent, denosumab therapy was initiated as an individualized treatment, despite the absence as yet of scientific evidence. After the start of denosumab therapy, both patients recovered from pain and neurologic symptoms significantly and are now in a healthy condition with no severe side effects. Magnetic resonance imaging check-ups after 2 or 4 months of denosumab treatment, respectively, showed tumor regression in both patients. DISCUSSION: Longer follow-up and clinical studies are warranted to establish the value of denosumab in the treatment of ABCs.

Prognostic Factors in High-Grade Osteosarcoma of theExtremities or Trunk: An Analysis of 1,702 Patients Treatedon Neoadjuvant Cooperative Osteosarcoma Study GroupProtocols.

PURPOSE: To define prognostic factors for response and long-term outcome for a wide spectrum of osteosarcomas, extending well beyond those of the typical young patient with seemingly localized extremity disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 1,702 consecutive newly diagnosed patients with high-grade osteosarcoma of the trunk or limbs registered into the neoadjuvant studies of the Cooperative Osteosarcoma Study Group before July 1998 were entered into an analysis of demographic, tumor-related, and treatment-related variables, response, and survival. The intended therapeutic strategy included preoperative and postoperative chemotherapy with multiple agents as well as surgery of all operable lesions. RESULTS: Axial tumor site, male sex, and a long history of symptoms were associated with poor response to chemotherapy in univariate and multivariate analysis. Actuarial 10-year overall and event-free survival rates were 59.8% and 48.9%. Among the variables assessable at diagnosis, patient age (actuarial 10-year survival ≥ 40, 41.6%; < 40, 60.2%; P = .012), tumor site (axial, 29.2%; limb, 61.7%; P < .0001), and primary metastases (yes, 26.7%; no, 64.4%; P < .0001), and for extremity osteosarcomas, also size (≥ one third, 52.5%; < one third, 66.7%; P < .0001) and location within the limb (proximal, 49.3%; other, 63.9%; P < .0001), had significant influence on outcome. Two additional important prognostic factors were treatment related: response to chemotherapy (poor, 47.2%; good, 73.4%; P < .0001) and the extent of surgery (incomplete, 14.6%; macroscopically complete, 64.8%; P < .0001). All factors except age maintained their significance in multivariate testing, with surgical remission and histologic response emerging as the key prognostic factors. CONCLUSION: Tumor site and size, primary metastases, response to chemotherapy, and surgical remission are of independent prognostic value in osteosarcoma.

Effect of Radiotherapy Dose on Outcome in Nonmetastatic Ewing Sarcoma.

Purpose: Radiation therapy (RT) is an integral part of Ewing sarcoma (EwS) therapy. The Ewing 2008 protocol recommended RT doses ranging from 45 to 54 Gy. However, some patients received other doses of RT. We analyzed the effect of different RT doses on event-free survival (EFS) and overall survival (OS) in patients with EwS. Methods and Materials: The Ewing 2008 database included 528 RT-admitted patients with nonmetastatic EwS. Recommended multimodal therapy consisted of multiagent chemotherapy and local treatment consisting of surgery (S&RT group) and/or RT (RT group). EFS and OS were analyzed with uni- and multivariable Cox regression models including known prognostic factors such as age, sex, tumor volume, surgical margins, and histologic response. Results: S&RT was performed in 332 patients (62.9%), and 145 patients (27.5%) received definitive RT. Standard dose ≤ 53 Gy (d1) was admitted in 57.8%, high dose of 54 to 58 Gy (d2) in 35.5%, and very high dose ≥ 59 Gy (d3) in 6.6% of patients. In the RT group, RT dose was d1 in 11.7%, d2 in 44.1%, and d3 in 44.1% of patients. Three-year EFS in the S&RT group was 76.6% for d1, 73.7% for d2, and 68.2% for d3 (P = .42) and in the RT group 52.9%, 62.5%, and 70.3% (P = .63), respectively. Multivariable Cox regression revealed age ≥ 15 years (hazard ratio [HR], 2.68; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.63-4.38) and nonradical margins (HR, 1.76; 95% CI, 1.05-2.93) for the S&RT group (sex, P = .96; histologic response, P = .07; tumor volume, P = .50; dose, P = .10) and large tumor volume (HR, 2.20; 95% CI, 1.21-4.0) for the RT group as independent factors (dose, P = .15; age, P = .08; sex, P = .40). Conclusions: In the combined local therapy modality group, treatment with higher RT dose had an effect on EFS, whereas higher dose of radiation when treated with definitive RT was associated with an increased OS. Indications for selection biases for dosage were found. Upcoming trials will assess the value of different RT doses in a randomized manner to control for potential selection bias.

Zoledronic Acid Add-on Therapy for Standard-Risk Ewing Sarcoma Patients in the Ewing 2008R1 Trial.

PURPOSE: The phase III, open-label, prospective, multicenter, randomized Ewing 2008R1 trial (EudraCT2008-003658-13) was conducted in 12 countries to evaluate the effect of zoledronic acid (ZOL) maintenance therapy compared with no add-on regarding event-free survival (EFS, primary endpoint) and overall survival (OS) in standard-risk Ewing sarcoma (EWS). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Eligible patients had localized EWS with either good histologic response to induction chemotherapy and/or small tumors (<200 mL). Patients received six cycles of VIDE induction and eight cycles of VAI (male) or eight cycles of VAC (female) consolidation. ZOL treatment started parallel to the sixth consolidation cycle. Randomization was stratified by tumor site (pelvis/other). The two-sided adaptive inverse-normal four-stage design (planned sample size 448 patients, significance level 5%, power 80%) was changed after the first interim analysis using the Müller-Schäfer method. RESULTS: Between April 2010 and November 2018, 284 patients were randomized (142 ZOL/142 no add-on). With a median follow-up of 3.9 years, EFS was not significantly different between ZOL and no add-on group in the adaptive design (HR, 0.74; 95% CI, 0.43-1.28, P = 0.27, intention-to-treat). Three-year EFS rates were 84.0% (95% CI, 77.7%-90.8%) for ZOL vs. 81.7% (95% CI, 75.2%-88.8%) for no add-on. Results were similar in the per-protocol collective. OS was not different between groups. The 3-year OS was 92.8% (95% CI, 88.4%-97.5%) for ZOL and 94.6% (95% CI, 90.9%-98.6%) for no add-on. Noticeable more renal, neurologic, and gastrointestinal toxicities were observed for ZOL (P < 0.05). Severe renal toxicities occurred more often in the ZOL arm (P = 0.003). CONCLUSIONS: In patients with standard-risk localized EWS, there is no additional benefit from maintenance treatment with ZOL.

Nutritional status of children and young adults with Ewing sarcoma or osteosarcoma at diagnosis and during multimodality therapy.

OBJECTIVE: Objective of our study was to evaluate the nutritional status and growth of children and adolescents with common malignancies of the musculoskeletal system at diagnosis, and undergoing multimodality therapy. METHODS: A retrospective analysis of data from 2001 to 2009 was conducted. Hospital charts were used as a source of clinical data. Primary endpoint of the analyses was to identify variations in anthropometric parameters at diagnosis and during the first 2 years of follow-up in children and adolescents with osteosarcoma or Ewing sarcoma. Factors contributing to disorders of growth in this population were sought. RESULTS: A total of 139 children were registered, 62 with Ewing sarcoma and 77 with osteosarcoma. At diagnosis 72.7% of all patients were classified as adequately nourished (BMI 5th to <85th percentiles). During treatment all anthropometric parameters were markedly reduced (P < 0.001) in both groups with extreme changes in body weight from -30% to +44%. This was pronounced in children affected by osteosarcoma (P < 0.05). During follow-up, recovery of body weight was noted in both groups. Height Z-scores remained low (P < 0.001) in comparison to the general population. After the observation period 43.4% of the children with osteosarcoma and 25.5% of the patients with Ewing sarcoma demonstrated an altered body mass. CONCLUSIONS: Pediatric patients with Ewing sarcoma or osteosarcoma are at an increased risk for developing malnutrition, in the form of either over- or underweight during multimodality therapy. Early recognition of abnormal body mass is required to prevent and to treat long-term comorbidities caused by malnutrition.

Ewing sarcoma: clinical state-of-the-art.

Ewing sarcoma, a rare malignancy of childhood and adolescence, has become a model of advances in diagnosis, treatment, and outcome through long-standing research efforts in multinational clinical trials. With modern multimodal regimens consisting of local surgery and/or radiotherapy plus intensive systemic chemotherapy, survival can be achieved for ≈ 70% of patients with localized disease. However, in the last decade, improvement in survival curves has slowed down. Also, a relapse rate of ≈ 30% remains unacceptable, since salvage strategies for Ewing sarcoma recurrence are discouraging and prognosis is unfavorable in most cases. Metastatic disease at diagnosis poses a similar challenge, since even if remission is achieved, relapse frequently occurs despite the most intensive treatment. Urgently needed, novel biology-driven treatment options are now beginning to emerge on the horizon, but have not yet reached the standard of care. An overview of the current clinical state-of-the-art is provided in this article.

Ewing sarcoma: biology-based therapeutic perspectives.

Ewing sarcoma, a rare malignancy of childhood and adolescence, has attracted wide research interest. Tumor-specific chromosomal translocations generate aberrant EWS-ETS transcription factors, which alter intracellular signaling networks through gene and protein expression and are considered to be the primary tumor-initiating event. Ewing sarcoma therefore offers insights into principle molecular mechanisms of cancer development and maintenance. Still, despite long-standing research, biology-based targeted treatment strategies for Ewing sarcoma are only beginning to emerge. This article provides an overview of the biological basis and putative targeted treatment options.

A Novel Role of IGF1 in Apo2L/TRAIL-Mediated Apoptosis of Ewing Tumor Cells.

Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) reputedly opposes chemotoxicity in Ewing sarcoma family of tumor (ESFT) cells. However, the effect of IGF1 on apoptosis induced by apoptosis ligand 2 (Apo2L)/tumor necrosis factor (TNF-) related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) remains to be established. We find that opposite to the partial survival effect of short-term IGF1 treatment, long-term IGF1 treatment amplified Apo2L/TRAIL-induced apoptosis in Apo2L/TRAIL-sensitive but not resistant ESFT cell lines. Remarkably, the specific IGF1 receptor (IGF1R) antibody α-IR3 was functionally equivalent to IGF1. Short-term IGF1 incubation of cells stimulated survival kinase AKT and increased X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis (XIAP) protein which was associated with Apo2L/TRAIL resistance. In contrast, long-term IGF1 incubation resulted in repression of XIAP protein through ceramide (Cer) formation derived from de novo synthesis which was associated with Apo2L/TRAIL sensitization. Addition of ceramide synthase (CerS) inhibitor fumonisin B1 during long-term IGF1 treatment reduced XIAP repression and Apo2L/TRAIL-induced apoptosis. Noteworthy, the resistance to conventional chemotherapeutic agents was maintained in cells following chronic IGF1 treatment. Overall, the results suggest that chronic IGF1 treatment renders ESFT cells susceptible to Apo2L/TRAIL-induced apoptosis and may have important implications for the biology as well as the clinical management of refractory ESFT.

Secondary Malignancies after Ewing Sarcoma-Epidemiological and Clinical Analysis of an International Trial Registry.

Ewing sarcoma (EwS) represents highly aggressive bone and soft tissue tumors that require intensive treatment by multi-chemotherapy, surgery and/or radiotherapy. While therapeutic regimens have increased survival rates, EwS survivors face long-term sequelae that include secondary malignant neoplasms (SMNs). Consequently, more knowledge about EwS patients who develop SMNs is needed to identify high-risk patients and adjust follow-up strategies. We retrospectively analyzed data from 4518 EwS patients treated in five consecutive EwS trials from the Cooperative Ewing Sarcoma Study (CESS) group. Ninety-six patients developed SMNs after primary EwS, including 53 (55.2%) with solid tumors. The latency period between EwS and the first SMN was significantly longer for the development of solid SMNs (median: 8.4 years) than for hematologic SMNs (median: 2.4 years) (p < 0.001). The cumulative incidence (CI) of SMNs in general increased over time from 0.04 at 10 years to 0.14 at 30 years; notably, the specific CI for hematologic SMNs remained stable over the different decades, whereas for solid SMNs it gradually increased over time and was higher for metastatic patients than in localized EwS patients (20 years: 0.14 vs. 0.06; p < 0.01). The clinical characteristics of primary EwS did not differ between patients with or without SMNs. All EwS patients received multi-chemotherapy with adjuvant radiotherapy in 77 of 96 (80.2%) patients, and the use of radiation doses ≥ 60 Gy correlated with the occurrence of SMNs. The survival rate after SMNs was 0.49, with a significantly better outcome for solid SMNs compared with hematologic SMNs (3 years: 0.70 vs. 0.24, respectively; p < 0.001). The occurrence of SMNs after EwS remains a rare event but requires a structured follow-up system because it is associated with high morbidity and mortality.