Systematic Diagnosis and Treatment Principles for Acute Fracture-Related Infections

Acute fracture-related infection (FRI) is a common and serious complication of fracture treatment. The clinical symptoms of the patient and the results of the serological, radiological, and histopathologi-cal examinations can be divided into ‘Confirmatory’ criteria and ‘Suggestive’ criteria, allowing for the diagnosis of FRI. Treatment principles can be broadly categorized into (1) the DAIR (Debridement, Antimicrobial therapy, Implant Retention) method and (2) the staged reconstruction method. The choice of treatment depends on factors such as the time elapsed after infection, stability of the internal fixation device, reduction status, host physiology, and virulence of the pathogens. Thorough surgical debridement and irrigation, ensuring stability at the fracture site, reconstruction of bone defects, and appropriate soft tissue coverage, along with antibiotic therapy, are essential to suppress or eradicate the infection. The restoration of limb function should be promoted through proper soft tissue coverage and bone union at the fracture site.

Segmentation algorithm can be used for detecting hepatic fibrosis in SD rat / 한국실험동물학회지

Background@#Liver fibrosis is an early stage of liver cirrhosis. As a reversible lesion before cirrhosis, liver failure, and liver cancer, it has been a target for drug discovery. Many antifibrotic candidates have shown promising results in experimental animal models; however, due to adverse clinical reactions, most antifibrotic agents are still preclinical. Therefore, rodent models have been used to examine the histopathological differences between the control and treatment groups to evaluate the efficacy of anti-fibrotic agents in non-clinical research. In addition, with improvements in digital image analysis incorporating artificial intelligence (AI), a few researchers have developed an automated quantification of fibrosis. However, the performance of multiple deep learning algorithms for the optimal quantification of hepatic fibrosis has not been evaluated. Here, we investigated three different localization algorithms, mask R-CNN, DeepLabV3+, and SSD, to detect hepatic fibrosis. @*Results@#5750 images with 7503 annotations were trained using the three algorithms, and the model performance was evaluated in large-scale images and compared to the training images. The results showed that the precision values were comparable among the algorithms. However, there was a gap in the recall, leading to a difference in model accuracy. The mask R-CNN outperformed the recall value (0.93) and showed the closest prediction results to the annotation for detecting hepatic fibrosis among the algorithms. DeepLabV3+ also showed good performance; however, it had limitations in the misprediction of hepatic fibrosis as inflammatory cells and connective tissue. The trained SSD showed the lowest performance and was limited in predicting hepatic fibrosis compared to the other algorithms because of its low recall value (0.75). @*Conclusions@#We suggest it would be a more useful tool to apply segmentation algorithms in implementing AI algorithms to predict hepatic fibrosis in non-clinical studies.

Tension Band Wiring Technique for Distal Radius Fracture with a Volar Articular Marginal Fragment: Technical Note

Most distal radius fractures are currently being treated with anterior plating using anatomical precontoured locking compression plates via the anterior approach. However, it is difficult to fix the volar articular marginal fragment because these anatomical plates should be placed proximally to the watershed line. There were just a few methods of fixation for this fragment on medical literature. Herein, we introduced a tension band wiring technique for fixation of a volar articular marginal fragment in the distal radius.

Anterior Approach for the Acetabular Fractures

In the surgical treatment of acetabular fractures, the anterior approach is used widely for anterior column fractures with or without posterior column fractures. This paper reviews the anterior approach for the anatomical reduction and rigid fixation of acetabular fractures: traditional ilioinguinal approach, modified Stoppa approach, and new Pararectal approach.

Minimally Invasive Stabilization with Percutaneous Screws Fixation of APC-3 Pelvic Ring Injury

Pelvic fractures are associated with life-threatening injuries and high rates of morbidity and mortality. Management of internal blood loss associated with unstable pelvic ring injuries is paramount during the initial period. The reconstruction of the pelvic ring is of importance because it is a major contributor to the stability of the pelvic ring. We report the case of a 25-year-old man who had an unstable pelvic ring fracture combined with rupture of an obturator artery and had a successful and satisfactory treatment using minimally invasive surgery with percutaneous antegrade screw fixation.

Analysis of Risk Factors for Infection in Orthopedic Trauma Patients

PURPOSE@#We perform an analysis of infection risk factors for fracture patients and confirm that the risk factors reported in previous studies increase the risk of actual infection among fractured patients. In addition, injury severity score (ISS) which is used as an evaluation tool for morbidity of trauma patients, confirms whether there is a relationship with infection after orthopedic fracture surgery.@*METHODS@#We retrospectively reviewed 1,818 patients who underwent fixation surgery at orthopedic trauma team, focused trauma center from January 1, 2015 to December 31, 2017. Thirty-five patients were infected after fracture surgery. We analyzed age, sex, open fracture criteria based on Gustilo-Aderson classification 3b, anatomical location (upper extremity or lower extremity) of fracture, diabetes, smoking, ISS.@*RESULTS@#Of 1,818 patients, 35 (1.9%) were diagnosed with postoperative infection. Of the 35 infected patients, nine (25.7%) were female and five (14.0%) were upper extremity fractures. Three (8.6%) were diagnosed with diabetes and eight (22.8%) were smokers. Thirteen (37.1%) had ISS less than nine points and six (17.1%) had ISS 15 points or more. Of 1,818 patients, 80 had open fractures. Surgical site infection were diagnosed in 12 (15.0%) of 80. And nine of 12 were checked with Gustilo-Aderson classification 3b or more. Linear logistic regression analysis was performed using statistical analysis program Stata 15 (Stata Corporation, College Station, TX, USA). In addition, independent variables were logistic regression analyzed individually after Propensity scores matching. In all statistical analyzes, only open fracture was identified as a risk factor.@*CONCLUSIONS@#The risk factors for infection in fracture patients were found to be significantly influenced by open fracture rather than the underlying disease or anatomical feature of the patient. In the case of ISS, it is considered that there is a limitation. It is necessary to develop a new scoring system that can appropriately approach the morbidity of fracture trauma patients.

Management and Outcome of Patients with Acetabular Fractures: Associated Injuries and Prognostic Factors

PURPOSE@#The aim of this study was to determine which factors contribute to the surgical treatment outcomes of acetabular fractures. Simultaneously, we aim to report on the treatment results after our hospital was designated as the focused training center for trauma.@*METHODS@#We conducted a retrospective review of all patients who experienced acetabular fractures from January 1, 2014 to May 1, 2017 and visited our hospital. Patients who had associated pelvic ring fractures or were lost to the one-year follow-up were excluded; a total of 37 fractures were evaluated. We evaluated the clinical results using the scoring system of Merle d'Aubigné (MDA) and grade of Brooker for heterotopic ossification.@*RESULTS@#Thirty-seven patients (31 men and 6 women) were identified. The mean injury severity score (ISS) was 8.7, with 32.4% of patients having a score >15. The average blood transfusion in the first 24 hours was 0.54 pints. Falling was the most common injury mechanism (32.4%). Chest injury was the most common associated injury (16.2%), followed by head injury (13.5%). The posterior wall and both column fracture were the most common (37.8%) fracture patterns. Excellent and good clinical grades of MDA included 28 patients (75.6%) and fair and poor grades included nine (24.3%), respectively. Four patients were diagnosed with a post-operative infection (10.8%); one out of four patients who had co-morbidity died (2.7%), and another patient underwent a replacement surgery (2.7%). Multivariate analysis showed that age and operation time were associated with MDA. In addition, operation time and ISS were significant co-factors of the Brooker grade.@*CONCLUSIONS@#Korea University Guro Hospital showed similar treatment results of acetabular fractures compared to other publications. The age and operation time were co-factors of the clinical outcome of this fracture. Additionally, increased operation time and injury severity score were suggested to increase the Brooker grade.

Surgical Treatment of Ipsilateral Multi-Level Femoral Fracture Treated Using Antegrade Intramedullary Nail

Ipsilateral fractures of proximal femur with shaft and condylar region are very rare. Current concept of management is based on fixation of each fracture as independent entity using separate fixation modalities for proximal and distal parts of femur. However, we considered that antegrade femoral nailing with cephalomedullary screw fixation is a good option for ipsilateral multi-level femoral fractures. Here, we present an experience of satisfactory treatment for ipsilateral femoral neck fracture, subtrochanteric fracture, comminuted shaft fracture with supracondylar fracture following road traffic accident.

Higher incidence of sperm granuloma in the epididymis of C57BL/6N mice / 한국실험동물학회지

C57BL/6N mice are inbred strains widely used in biomedical research. Hence, a large amount of basic data has been accumulated. However, in the field of histopathology, spontaneous data for relatively younger mice that are used more frequently are not yet abundant, in contrast to data for older mice and their neoplastic lesions. To acquire the essential background data required by various research and toxicological assessments, 120 mice of the C57BL/6N strain (10 and 13 weeks of age) were collected from two institutions (From Korea and Japan) and subjected to histopathological analyses of the major organs (liver, spleen, kidney, thymus, heart, testis, epididymis). The results showed significantly higher incidence of sperm granulomas in the epididymides (10-56%) of these mice, compared with that in other strains or species of lab animals. Upon closer inspection, oligospermia/clear cell hyperplasia, cellular debris, and tubular vacuolation were also observed in the epididymides with sperm granulomas. Moreover, diseased organs were significantly heavier than healthy ones. Immunohistochemical staining showed a significant increase in the chromatic figures of cysteine-dependent aspartate-directed proteases-3 (caspase-3) and cleaved-poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (c-PARP), and damages to the tubule due to spontaneous apoptosis, which may have led to the sperms leaking out of the tubule, causing the granuloma. To conclude, spontaneous sperm granuloma can occur in 10- and 13-week-old C57BL/6N mice and may thus affect the results of various studies using these mice. Therefore, sperm granuloma in epididymis needs to be carefully considered as an important factor when design the study using C57BL/6N.

Treatment Options for the Nonunions with Critical Sized Bone Loss

The management of nonunion with severe bone loss is a challenging task to both surgeons and patients. It often requires prolonged and potentially painful treatments. Moreover, it also represents serious socioeconomic issues for patients. Inadequate fracture stability, disrupted biology, such as blood supply and soft tissue, as well as severe bone loss or presence of infection are possible reasons for nonunion. Several different treatment modalities are available, including nail dynamization, plate osteosynthesis, exchange nailing, and adjuvant alternatives, such as electrical or ultrasound stimulation. Autogenous bone graft remains the standard method to reconstruct small defects. Distraction osteogenesis and induced membrane techniques are contemporary strategies of choice for the reconstruction of larger bony defects. Herein, we attempt to describe the key techniques that may be employed in treating nonunion with severe bone loss.

Assessment of Coronal Plane Malalignment Following Reduction of Trochanteric Fractures-Simple Intraoperative Guideline Using Greater Trochanter Orthogonal Line

PURPOSE: There is no consensus on a clear intraoperative guideline for judging the coronal plane alignment following reduction of trochanteric fractures. Complex angular measurements using fluoroscope monitors are tedious. Therefore the relation of the horizontal line from the tip of the greater trochanter (GT orthogonal) and femur head center (HC orthogonal) was studied to define this line as a criterion for predicting varus-valgus malalignment. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We studied this relation in 200 standing orthoradiograms which included 100 males and 100 females. The images were digitally analyzed using the picture archiving and communication system. GT orthogonal line and HC orthogonal line were evaluated. The distance of these lines was measured as trochanter center distance (TCD) and its correlation with angular parameters like neck shaft angle, medial proximal femoral angle with reference to anatomical axis (aMPFA) and lateral proximal femoral angle with reference to mechanical axis (mLPFA) were analyzed. RESULTS: In all patients, the GT orthogonal line passed either at or above the center of the head. Overall mean of TCD was 7.22 mm, ranging from 0 to 17.57 mm. TCD was found to show strong correlation with angular parameters like aMPFA, mLPFA and neck shaft angle. TCD was less than one fourth of the corresponding head diameter in around 90%. Therefore following reduction of trochanteric fractures, the GT orthogonal line should pass through the superior juxta central quadrant of the femoral head. CONCLUSION: This line can be represented by a guide wire with fluoroscopy during surgery. The GT orthogonal line can be used intraoperatively as a simplified tool for prediction of varus/valgus malalignment following the reduction of trochanteric fractures.

Reference values of clinical pathology parameters in cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) used in preclinical studies / 한국실험동물학회지

Nonhuman primates are increasingly used in biomedical research since they are highly homologous to humans compared to other rodent animals. However, there is limited reliable reference data of the clinical pathology parameters in cynomolgus monkeys, and in particular, only some coagulation and urinalysis parameters have been reported. Here, we reported the reference data of clinical chemical, hematological, blood coagulation, and urinalysis parameters in cynomolgus monkeys. The role of sex differences was analyzed and several parameters (including hematocrit, hemoglobin, red blood cell, blood urea nitrogen, total bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase, creatinine kinase, gamma-glutamyl tranferase, and lactate dehydrogenase) significantly differed between male and female subjects. In addition, compared to previous study results, lactate dehydrogenase, creatinine kinase, and aspartate aminotransferase showed significant variation. Interstudy differences could be affected by several factors, including age, sex, geographic origin, presence/absence of anesthetics, fasting state, and the analytical methods used. Therefore, it is important to deliberate with the overall reference indices. In conclusion, the current study provides a comprehensive and updated reference data of the clinical pathology parameters in cynomolgus monkeys and provides improved assessment criteria for evaluating preclinical studies or biomedical research.

Management of Long Bone Fractures with Severe Bone Defect

No abstract available.

Locking Plate in Proximal Tibial Fracture: A Correlation between the Coronal Alignment of Tibia and Joint Screw Angle

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the relationship between the angle formed between the proximal most screw through the locking compression plate-proximal lateral tibia (LCP PLT) and the joint line, and to evaluate if this angle can be used intraoperatively as an assessment tool to determine normal alignment of the tibia in the coronal plane. MATERIALS AND METHODS: There are two parts to this study: in the first part, LCP PLT was applied to 30 cadaveric adult tibia. The angle between the joint line and the proximal most screw was measured and termed as the 'joint screw angle' (JSA). In the second part, 56 proximal tibial fractures treated with LCP PLT were retrospectively studied. Two angles were measured on the radiographs, the medial proximal tibial angle (MPTA) and the JSA. Their relationship was analyzed statistically. RESULTS: The average JSA was 1.16 degrees in the anatomical study. Statistical analysis of the clinical study showed that the normal MPTA had a direct correlation with an acceptable JSA. CONCLUSION: We therefore conclude that the JSA can be used intraoperatively to assess the achievement of a normal coronal axis.

Interposition of Periosteum in Distal Tibial Physeal Fractures of Children

PURPOSE: To evaluate the factors influencing periosteal interposition in distal tibial physeal fractures of children. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 34 cases of distal tibial physeal fractures were analysed. We confirmed the presence of periosteal interposition with MRI in all cases and accessed the relationship between periosteal interposition and gender, age, cause of injury, type of fracture, degree of initial displacement and after closed reduction. RESULTS: 9 (26.5%) of 34 fractures had interposed periosteum. There was no statistically significant correlation between periosteal interposition and gender, age, cause of injury (p>0.05). 5 (83.3%) of 6 pronation-eversion-external rotation type of fractures according to Dias-Tachjian classification had interposed periosteum and that was a statistically significant correlation (p=0.006). As Salter-Harris type was toward to high degree, there were decreasing tendency of periosteal interposition (p=0.026). There was high rate of periosteal interposition in case of displacement more than 2 mm in each initial and after closed reduction (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: There was high incidence of periosteal interposition in pronation-eversion-external rotation type with displacement more than 2 mm in distal tibial physeal fractures of children. But, periosteal interposition could occur in fractures with mild displacement less than 2 mm, if initial fracture displacement was more than 2 mm, the methods of treatment should be decided after confirm the presence of periosteal interposition with MRI after closed reduction.

Inferior Accessory Ossicle of the Anterior Arch of the Atlas / 대한정형외과학회잡지

An inferior accessory ossicle of the anterior arch of the atlas is quite rare and should not be confused with other pathological conditions such as a fracture. Here we report a case of an inferior accessory ossicle of the anterior arch of the atlas in a 29-year-old male and a review of literature.

Point Mutation of Hoxd12 in Mice

PURPOSE: Genes of the HoxD cluster play a major role in vertebrate limb development, and changes that modify the Hoxd12 locus affect other genes also, suggesting that HoxD function is coordinated by a control mechanism involving multiple genes during limb morphogenesis. In this study, mutant phenotypes were produced by treatment of mice with a chemical mutagen, N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU). We analyzed mutant mice exhibiting the specific microdactyly phenotype and examined the genes affected. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We focused on phenotype characteristics including size, bone formation, and digit morphology of ENU-induced microdactyly mice. The expressions of several molecules were analyzed by genome-wide screening and quantitative real-time PCR to define the affected genes. RESULTS: We report on limb phenotypes of an ENU-induced A-to-C mutation in the Hoxd12 gene, resulting in alanine-to-serine conversion. Microdactyly mice exhibited growth defects in the zeugopod and autopod, shortening of digits, a missing tip of digit I, limb growth affected, and dramatic increases in the expressions of Fgf4 and Lmx1b. However, the expression level of Shh was not changed in Hoxd12 point mutated mice. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that point mutation rather than the entire deletion of Hoxd12, such as in knockout and transgenic mice, causes the abnormal limb phenotype in microdactyly mice. The precise nature of the spectrum of differences requires further investigation.

The Effect of Papaverine on the Calcium-dependent K+ Current in Rat Basilar Smooth Muscle Cells

OBJECTIVE: Papaverine has been used in treating vasospasm following subarachnoid hemorrhage(SAH). However, its action mechanism for cerebral vascular relaxation is not clear. Potassium channels are closely related to the contraction and relaxation of cerebral smooth muscle. Therefore, to identify the role of potassium and calcium channels in papaverine-induced vascular relaxation, we examine the effect of papaverine on potassium channels in freshly isolated smooth muscle cells from rat basilar artery. METHODS: The isolation of rat basilar smooth muscle cells was performed by special techniques. The whole cell currents were recorded by whole cell patch clamp technique in freshly isolated smooth muscle cells from rat basilar artery. Papaverine was added to the bath solution. RESULTS: Papaverine of 100 microM into bath solution increased the amplitude of the outward K+ current which was completely blocked by BKCa(large conductance calcium dependent potassium channels)blocker, IBX(iberiotoxin), and calcium chealator, BAPTA(1, 2-bis(o-aminophenoxy)ethane-N, N, N', N'-tetraacetic acid), in whole cell mode. CONCLUSION: These results strongly suggest that potassium channels may play roles in papaverine-induced vascular relaxation in rat basilar artery.