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INTRODUCCIÓN: Estudios recientes sugieren que la lipocalina asociada con la gelatinasa del neutrófilo urinaria (NGALu) es superior a la creatinina para la detección temprana de la disfunción del injerto renal, pero son pocos los estudios que evalúan su utilidad como predictor a largo plazo de dicha función. OBJETIVO: Explorar si los valores de NGALu en las primeras 48 horas después del trasplante renal predicen la función del injerto a largo plazo. MÉTODO: Cohorte prospectiva en la que se evaluaron los valores de NGALu a las 2, 12, 24 y 48 horas postrasplante renal. RESULTADOS: Se valoraron 79 pacientes trasplantados renales. Al año de seguimiento, 30.4 de los pacientes presentó disfunción del injerto. No se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los valores de NGALu y la función a un año del injerto renal (p = 0.65); el análisis multivariado mostró que ningún valor de NGALu fue un marcador predictor de disfunción del injerto a un año del trasplante renal. CONCLUSIÓN: Los valores de NGALu obtenidos en las primeras 48 horas postrasplante no se asociaron con disfunción del injerto a un año del trasplante renal. INTRODUCTION: Recent studies suggest that urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (uNGAL) is superior to creatinine for renal graft dysfunction early detection, but there are only few studies assessing its usefulness as long-term predictor of said function. OBJECTIVE: To explore if uNGAL values within the first 48 hours after kidney transplantation predict graft function on the long term. METHOD: Prospective cohort, where uNGAL values were assessed at 2, 12, 24 and 48 hours post-kidney transplantation. RESULTS: Seventy-nine kidney transplant recipients were evaluated. At one year of follow-up, 30.4% of patients had graft dysfunction. No statistically significant differences were found between the uNGAL values and the renal graft function at one year (p = 0.65); the multivariate analysis showed that no uNGAL value was a predictor marker of graft dysfunction at one year of kidney transplantation. CONCLUSION: The uNGAL values obtained within the first 48 hours post-transplant were not associated with graft dysfunction at one year of kidney transplantation.
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Transplante de Rim , Lipocalina-2/urina , Complicações Pós-Operatórias/urina , Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Testes de Função Renal , Masculino , Complicações Pós-Operatórias/diagnóstico , Complicações Pós-Operatórias/fisiopatologia , Valor Preditivo dos Testes , Estudos Prospectivos , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: This study aimed to determine Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease (CERAD) Neuropsychological Assessment Battery total score diagnostic accuracy in the diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and dementia in familial Alzheimer's disease (FAD) with E280A mutation on presenilin-1 gene (PSEN1). METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted in a cohort of PSEN1 E280A carriers and non-carriers assessed between January 1995 and February 2013. During the first neuropsychological assessment, 76 were having dementia, 46 had MCI, and 1,576 were asymptomatic. CERAD cut-off points were established for MCI and dementia using a Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) analysis, and were further analyzed according to education level in two groups: low education level (eight years or less), and high education level (over eight years). RESULTS: The area under curve-ROC CERAD total score for dementia was 0.994 (95% CI = 0.989-0.999), and that for MCI was 0.862 (95% CI = 0.816-0.908). The dementia diagnosis cut-off point for the low education group was 54, (98.4% sensitivity, 92.6% specificity), and that for the high education group was 67 (100% sensitivity, 94.1% specificity). The MCI diagnosis cut-off point for the low education group was 66 (91.2% sensitivity, 56.4% specificity), and that for the high education group was 72 (91.7% sensitivity, 76.3% specificity). CONCLUSIONS: The CERAD total score is a useful screening tool for dementia and MCI in a population at risk of FAD.
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Doença de Alzheimer/diagnóstico , Doença de Alzheimer/genética , Disfunção Cognitiva/diagnóstico , Mutação/genética , Testes Neuropsicológicos/normas , Presenilina-1/genética , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Doença de Alzheimer/etnologia , Amnésia/diagnóstico , Área Sob a Curva , Disfunção Cognitiva/etnologia , Colômbia/epidemiologia , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Marcadores Genéticos/genética , Predisposição Genética para Doença , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Reconhecimento Psicológico , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Sensibilidade e Especificidade , Índice de Gravidade de DoençaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Hyperglycemia is a frequent phenomenon in hospitalized patients that is associated with negative outcomes. It is common in liver transplant patients as a result of stress and is related to immunosuppressant drugs. Although studies are few, a history of diabetes and the presentation of hyperglycemia during liver transplantation have been associated with a higher risk for rejection. AIMS: To analyze whether hyperglycemia during the first 48hours after liver transplantation was associated with a higher risk for infection, rejection, or longer hospital stay. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study was conducted on patients above the age of 15years that received a liver transplant. Hyperglycemia was defined as a value above 140mg/dl and it was measured in three different manners (as an isolated value, as a mean value, and as a weighted value over time). The relation of hyperglycemia to a risk for acute rejection, infection, or longer hospital stay was evaluated. RESULTS: Some form of hyperglycemia was present in 94% of the patients during the first 48 post-transplantation hours, regardless of its definition. There was no increased risk for rejection (OR: 1.49; 95%CI: 0.55-4.05), infection (OR: 0.62; 95%CI: 0.16-2.25), or longer hospital stay between the patients that presented with hyperglycemia and those that did not. CONCLUSIONS: Hyperglycemia during the first 48hours after transplantation appeared to be an expected phenomenon in the majority of patients and was not associated with a greater risk for rejection or infection and it had no impact on the duration of hospital stay.
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Hiperglicemia/complicações , Transplante de Fígado , Complicações Pós-Operatórias/epidemiologia , Complicações Pós-Operatórias/etiologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Estudos de Coortes , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estudos Retrospectivos , Fatores de Risco , Adulto JovemRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: The evidence supporting pharmacological heart failure treatment relies on randomized clinical trials with stringent inclusion and exclusion criteria. OBJECTIVES: Assess the eligibility of outpatients with chronic heart failure for the trials DAPA-HF, EMPEROR-reduced, and PARADIGM-HF, while exploring potential differences among study populations. METHODS: By reviewing medical records, we determined the eligibility rate for each study and evaluated the incidence of heart failure hospitalizations and all-cause mortality during this period. RESULTS: A total of 446 patients were included in the cohort. Approximately 75% would be ineligible for the trials, mainly because of their comorbidities. Ineligible patients had a higher all-cause mortality, but a similar incidence of hospitalization. CONCLUSION: Approximately 1 in 4 patients from a heart failure clinic in Medellin, Colombia would meet the eligibility criteria for the DAPA-HF, EMPEROR-reduced, and PARADIGM-HF trials. These findings highlight the need to complement randomized clinical trials with real-world data.
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Cardiologia , Insuficiência Cardíaca , Humanos , Valsartana/uso terapêutico , Volume Sistólico , Tetrazóis/efeitos adversos , Estudos Retrospectivos , Colômbia/epidemiologia , Antagonistas de Receptores de Angiotensina/uso terapêutico , Combinação de Medicamentos , Insuficiência Cardíaca/epidemiologia , Insuficiência Cardíaca/terapiaRESUMO
Background: Because the benefits and risks of anticoagulation are still unknown in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) and with chronic kidney disease (CKD) on hemodialysis. Objective: The aim of this study was to estimate whether the consumption of anticoagulants was associated with a difference in the frequency of thrombosis of any site, major bleeding and mortality, in adults with both diseases. Method: A retrospective cohort study was carried out in four high complexity centers. Patients older than 18 years with CKD on hemodialysis and non-valvular AF, with an indication for anticoagulation (CHA2DS-2VASc ≥ 2), were included. The primary outcome was the occurrence of: major bleeding, thrombotic event (cerebrovascular accident, acute myocardial infarction or venous thromboembolic disease) or death. Adjustment for confounding variables was performed using logistic regression. Results: From 158 patients included, 61% (n = 97) received an anticoagulant. The main outcome was found in 84% of those who received anticoagulation and 70% of those who did not (OR: 2.12, 95%CI: 0.98-4.57; after the adjusted analysis OR: 2.13, 95%CI: 1.04-4.36). Separate outcomes were bleeding in 52% vs. 34% (OR: 2.03; 95%CI: 1.05-3.93), thrombosis in 35% vs. 34% (OR: 1.03; 95%CI: 0.52-2-01) and death in 46% vs 41% (OR: 1.25; 95%CI: 0.65-2.38). Conclusions: The results of this study suggest an increased risk of bleeding in patients with AF and CKD on hemodialysis receiving anticoagulation, without a decrease in the risk of thrombotic events or all-cause mortality.
Antecedentes: Puesto que se desconocen el beneficio y los riesgos de la anticoagulación en pacientes con fibrilación auricular (FA) y enfermedad renal crónica (ERC) terminal en hemodiálisis. Objetivo: El objetivo de este estudio fue estimar si el uso de anticoagulantes se asociaba con una diferencia en la frecuencia de trombosis de cualquier sitio, hemorragia mayor y mortalidad en adultos con coexistencia de ambas patologías. Método: Se realizó un estudio de cohorte retrospectivo en cuatro centros de alta complejidad. Se incluyeron mayores de 18 años con ERC en hemodiálisis y FA no valvular, con indicación de anticoagulación (CHA2DS2VASc ≥ 2). El desenlace primario fue la ocurrencia de sangrado mayor, evento trombótico (accidente vascular cerebral, infarto agudo al miocardio o enfermedad tromboembólica venosa) o muerte. Se realizó ajuste por variables de confusión por regresión logística. Resultados: De los 158 pacientes incluidos, el 61% (n = 97) recibieron anticoagulante. El desenlace principal se encontró en el 84% de quienes recibieron anticoagulación y en el 70% de quienes no la recibieron (OR: 2.12, IC95%: 0.98-4.57; luego del ajuste OR: 2.13, IC95%: 1.04-4.36). De los desenlaces mayores se presentaron sangrado en el 52% vs. el 34% (OR: 2.03; IC95%: 1.05-3.93), trombosis en el 35% vs. el 34% (OR: 1.03; IC95%: 0.52-2.01) y muerte en el 46% vs. el 41% (OR: 1.25; IC95%: 0.65-2.38). Conclusiones: Los resultados de este estudio sugieren un incremento en el riesgo de sangrado en los pacientes con FA y ERC en hemodiálisis que reciben anticoagulación, sin disminución del riesgo de eventos trombóticos ni de muerte.
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INTRODUCTION: Diabetic kidney disease is the main cause of chronic kidney disease (CKD) worldwide. Both CKD and diabetes mellitus (DMT2) are important risk factors for mortality. However, it is still unknown if the risk of death is modified by the simultaneous presence of these diseases. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the presence of an interaction between DMT2 and CKD for mortality in a representative population of a Latin American country. METHODS: It is an analytical cohort study of patients with CKD, who were followed for 4 years (between 2004 and 2009). We calculated the incidence rate, progression, survival (using Kaplan-Meier curves), interaction (on the additive and multiplicative scales) and impact of the different stages of CKD in patients with and without DMT2 (using a cox proportional hazards model). RESULTS: In this population of 5663 individuals, both DMT2 and CKD are risk factors for mortality (p<0.001). We found a statistically significant difference in mortality between individuals with and without DMT2, who also had CKD stages 3-4 -5 (Log-rank p=0.0076). Additionally, we found a statistically significant interaction for mortality in both the additive and multiplicative scales between DMT2 and CKD (p=0.005). DMT2 was found to be a risk factor for mortality (Hazard Ratio 1.61 p<0.001), but in individuals with DMT2, the only risks significantly associated with mortality, were age, dyslipidemia and nephroprotective drugs. CONCLUSIóN: The interaction between CKD and DMT2 negatively modifies the risk of death of both diseases. This means that when the two diseases are present, the risk of mortality is lower than expected.
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Diabetes Mellitus , Nefropatias Diabéticas , Insuficiência Renal Crônica , Humanos , Estudos de Coortes , Fatores de Risco , Nefropatias Diabéticas/epidemiologia , Modelos de Riscos Proporcionais , Diabetes Mellitus/epidemiologiaRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Diabetic kidney disease is the main cause of chronic kidney disease (CKD) worldwide. Both CKD and diabetes mellitus (DMT2) are important risk factors for mortality. However, it is still unknown if the risk of death is modified by the simultaneous presence of these diseases. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the presence of an interaction between DMT2 and CKD for mortality in a representative population of a Latin American country. METHODS: It is an analytical cohort study of patients with CKD, who were followed for 4 years (between 2004 and 2009). We calculated the incidence rate, progression, survival (using Kaplan-Meier curves), interaction (on the additive and multiplicative scales) and impact of the different stages of CKD in patients with and without DMT2 (using a cox proportional hazards model). RESULTS: In this population of 5663 individuals, both DMT2 and CKD are risk factors for mortality (P < 0.001). We found a statistically significant difference in mortality between individuals with and without DMT2, who also had CKD stages 3 - 4 - 5 (Log-rank P = 0.0076). Additionally, we found a statistically significant interaction for mortality in both the additive and multiplicative scales between DMT2 and CKD (P = 0.005). DMT2 was found to be a risk factor for mortality (Hazard Ratio 1.61 P < 0.001), but in individuals with DMT2, the only risks significantly associated with mortality, were age, dyslipidemia and nephroprotective drugs. CONCLUSIóN: The interaction between CKD and DMT2 negatively modifies the risk of death of both diseases. This means that when the two diseases are present, the risk of mortality is lower than expected.
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OBJECTIVE: To explore the association between demographic and clinical factors and the presentation of septic shock in patients treated by prehospital emergency services in five Colombian cities between 2015 and 2016. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study with retrospective data collection. Clinical and demographic data were collected from the medical records of patients diagnosed with sepsis who received prehospital care in five Colombian cities in 2015 and 2016. The diagnosis of septic shock was checked in 20% of the cases, generating two analyzed scenarios: observed and verified. Data were analyzed using the chi-square test, Student's t test and an adjusted logistic regression model. Covariates with p < 0.05 were considered significant. RESULTS: There was a higher frequency of septic shock in women (62.6%) and in individuals older than 80 years (64.5%), but these were not differentiating factors for septic shock. The most common source of infection was the urinary tract. In the observed scenario, age over 60 (prevalence ratio (PR): 3.22; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.45 - 35.01) and history of cancer (PR: 1.20; 95%CI: 1.2 - 12.87) were the characteristics associated with septic shock, whereas in the verified scenario, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (PR: 1.99; 95%CI: 1.26 - 7.14), history of cancer (PR: 1.15; 95%CI: 1.11 - 6.62) and presence of hypovolemia (PR: 1.41; 95%CI: 1.02 - 5.50) were observed. CONCLUSION: The most important risk factors for septic shock in prehospital care patients in five Colombian cities were oncological and pulmonary diseases and hypovolemia.
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Choque Séptico/epidemiologia , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Colômbia/epidemiologia , Estudos Transversais , Serviços Médicos de Emergência , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estudos Retrospectivos , Saúde da População UrbanaRESUMO
Introducción. La enfermedad hepática grasa no alcohólica (EHGNA) es la hepatopatía crónica más común en el mundo, y en aproximadamente el 10 % de los casos progresará a cirrosis o a carcinoma hepatocelular. La presencia de fibrosis hepática es el mejor predictor de esta progresión, pero su diagnóstico mediante biopsia hepática es invasivo y con riesgo de complicaciones (alrededor del 2,5 %). Existen puntajes no invasivos que se han desarrollado y validado para estadificar la fibrosis, pero no conocemos su rendimiento en la población colombiana. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el desempeño de los puntajes fibrosis-4 (FIB-4), la relación AST/ALT y el índice AST/plaquetas (APRI) para la detección de fibrosis avanzada en pacientes colombianos con EHGNA. Metodología. Estudio observacional tipo transversal de pacientes con EHGNA, que entre 2008 y 2022 tuvieran disponible el resultado de una biopsia hepática. Se hizo una descripción demográfica básica y se calculó el FIB-4, la relación AST/ALT y el APRI con los laboratorios más recientes previos al procedimiento. Posteriormente se calcularon valores de sensibilidad, especificidad, valores predictivos, razones de verosimilitud y área bajo la curva-característica operativa del receptor (AUC-ROC) para los puntos de corte evaluados previamente en la literatura. Resultados. Se incluyeron 176 pacientes, de los cuales el 14,3 % tenían fibrosis avanzada. El FIB-4 presentó el mejor rendimiento con un valor AUC-ROC de 0,74 para el punto de corte de 1,30 y 2,67. En segundo lugar, estuvo la relación AST/ALT con un valor AUC-ROC de 0,68 con el punto de corte de 0,8, y finalmente el APRI con valor AUC-ROC 0,62 con el punto de corte de 1. Conclusión. En la población analizada los tres puntajes tienen menor rendimiento diagnóstico comparado a los resultados reportados en Europa y Japón. El FIB-4 es el único que alcanza una AUC-ROC con rendimiento razonable, con la limitación que 27,4 % obtuvieron un resultado indeterminado.
Introduction. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most prevalent chronic liver disease worldwide, with approximately 10% of cases progressing to cirrhosis or hepatocellular carcinoma. Liver fibrosis presence is the best predictor of this progression, yet its diagnosis through liver biopsy is invasive and poses risk of complications. Although non-invasive scoring systems have been developed and validated for fibrosis staging, their performance remains unexplored in the Colombian population. This study aims to assess the efficacy of the fibrosis-4 (FIB-4) score, AST/ALT ratio, and AST to platelet ratio index (APRI) in detecting advanced fibrosis among Colombian NAFLD patients. Methods. This cross-sectional observational study included NAFLD patients with available liver biopsy results from 2008 to 2022. Basic demographic characteristics were described, and FIB-4, APRI, and AST/ALT ratio were calculated using the latest laboratory data before the procedure. Subsequently, sensitivity, specificity, predictive values, likelihood ratios, and the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC-ROC) were computed for previously assessed cutoff points. Results. A total of 176 patients were included, among whom 14.3% had advanced fibrosis. FIB-4 demonstrated superior performance with an AUC-ROC value of 0.74 for cutoff points of 1.30 and 2.67. Following was the AST/ALT ratio with an AUC-ROC value of 0.68 for cutoff point of 0.8, and finally, APRI with an AUC-ROC of 0.62 for the cutoff point of 1. Conclusion. All three scores have lower diagnostic efficacy compared to results reported in Europe and Japan. FIB-4 is the only one that achieves an acceptable AUC-ROC performance with the limitation that an indeterminate result was obtained in 27,4% of the sample.
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Resumen Objetivo: El objetivo de este estudio fue estimar si el uso de anticoagulantes se asociaba con una diferencia en la frecuencia de trombosis de cualquier sitio, hemorragia mayor y mortalidad en adultos con coexistencia de ambas patologías. Método: Se realizó un estudio de cohorte retrospectivo en cuatro centros de alta complejidad. Se incluyeron mayores de 18 años con ERC en hemodiálisis y FA no valvular, con indicación de anticoagulación (CHA2DS2VASc ≥ 2). El desenlace primario fue la ocurrencia de sangrado mayor, evento trombótico (accidente vascular cerebral, infarto agudo al miocardio o enfermedad tromboembólica venosa) o muerte. Se realizó ajuste por variables de confusión por regresión logística. Resultados: De los 158 pacientes incluidos, el 61% (n = 97) recibieron anticoagulante. El desenlace principal se encontró en el 84% de quienes recibieron anticoagulación y en el 70% de quienes no la recibieron (OR: 2.12, IC95%: 0.98-4.57; luego del ajuste OR: 2.13, IC95%: 1.04-4.36). De los desenlaces mayores se presentaron sangrado en el 52% vs. el 34% (OR: 2.03; IC95%: 1.05-3.93), trombosis en el 35% vs. el 34% (OR: 1.03; IC95%: 0.52-2.01) y muerte en el 46% vs. el 41% (OR: 1.25; IC95%: 0.65-2.38). Conclusiones: Los resultados de este estudio sugieren un incremento en el riesgo de sangrado en los pacientes con FA y ERC en hemodiálisis que reciben anticoagulación, sin disminución del riesgo de eventos trombóticos ni de muerte.
Abstract Objective: The aim of this study was to estimate whether the consumption of anticoagulants was associated with a difference in the frequency of thrombosis of any site, major bleeding and mortality, in adults with both diseases. Method: A retrospective cohort study was carried out in four high complexity centers. Patients older than 18 years with CKD on hemodialysis and non-valvular AF, with an indication for anticoagulation (CHA2DS2VASc ≥ 2), were included. The primary outcome was the occurrence of: major bleeding, thrombotic event (cerebrovascular accident, acute myocardial infarction or venous thromboembolic disease) or death. Adjustment for confounding variables was performed using logistic regression. Results: From 158 patients included, 61% (n = 97) received an anticoagulant. The main outcome was found in 84% of those who received anticoagulation and 70% of those who did not (OR: 2.12, 95%CI: 0.98-4.57; after the adjusted analysis OR: 2.13, 95%CI: 1.04-4.36). Separate outcomes were bleeding in 52% vs. 34% (OR: 2.03; 95%CI: 1.05-3.93), thrombosis in 35% vs. 34% (OR: 1.03; 95%CI: 0.52-2-01) and death in 46% vs. 41% (OR: 1.25; 95%CI: 0.65-2.38). Conclusions: The results of this study suggest an increased risk of bleeding in patients with AF and CKD on hemodialysis receiving anticoagulation, without a decrease in the risk of thrombotic events or all-cause mortality.
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Introducción: La enfermedad renal diabética es la principal causa de enfermedad renal crónica (ERC) en el mundo y tanto la diabetes mellitus (DMT2) como la ERC son importantes factores de riesgo para mortalidad. Sin embargo, se desconoce si la presencia simultánea de ambas enfermedades modifica el riesgo de muerte. Objetivo: Evaluar la presencia de interacción entre DMT2 y estadio ERC respecto a la mortalidad en una población representativa de un país latinoamericano. Métodos: Estudio analítico en dos cohortes de pacientes con diagnóstico de ERC con cuatro años de seguimiento entre 2004 y 2008. Se calculó la tasa de incidencia, progresión, supervivencia (Kaplan-Meier), interacción (aditiva y multiplicativa) e impacto de la presencia de los diferentes estadios de ERC en pacientes con y sin DMT2 mediante un análisis de riesgos proporcionales de Cox. Resultados: En esta población de estudio de 5.663 pacientes, tanto la DMT2 como el estadio de ERC son factores de riesgo para mortalidad (p < 0,001). La diferencia en la supervivencia entre diabéticos y no diabéticos en estadios 3 4 5 fue estadísticamente significativa (Log-rank p = 0,0076). Se encontró una interacción estadísticamente significativa en las escalas aditiva y multiplicativa entre la presencia de DMT2 y el estadio de ERC, con respecto a la mortalidad (p = 0,005). Se confirmó el impacto de la diabetes como factor de riesgo de mortalidad (Hazard Ratio 1,61 p < 0,001), pero en los pacientes con DMT2 solamente la edad, la dislipidemia y los nefroprotectores estuvieron asociados significativamente con la mortalidad. Conclusión: La interacción entre ERC y DMT2 modifica de forma negativa el riesgo de muerte de ambas enfermedades. Es decir que el efecto conjunto observado es menor al esperado. (AU)
Introduction: Diabetic kidney disease is the main cause of chronic kidney disease (CKD) worldwide. Both CKD and diabetes mellitus (DMT2) are important risk factors for mortality. However, it is still unknown if the risk of death is modified by the simultaneous presence of these diseases. Objective: To evaluate the presence of an interaction between DMT2 and CKD for mortality in a representative population of a Latin American country. Methods: It is an analytical cohort study of patients with CKD, who were followed for 4 years (between 2004 and 2009). We calculated the incidence rate, progression, survival (using KaplanMeier curves), interaction (on the additive and multiplicative scales) and impact of the different stages of CKD in patients with and without DMT2 (using a cox proportional hazards model). Results: In this population of 5663 individuals, both DMT2 and CKD are risk factors for mortality (P < 0.001). We found a statistically significant difference in mortality between individuals with and without DMT2, who also had CKD stages 3 4 5 (Log-rank P = 0.0076). Additionally, we found a statistically significant interaction for mortality in both the additive and multiplicative scales between DMT2 and CKD (P = 0.005). DMT2 was found to be a risk factor for mortality (Hazard Ratio 1.61 P < 0.001), but in individuals with DMT2, the only risks significantly associated with mortality, were age, dyslipidemia and nephroprotective drugs. Conclusión: The interaction between CKD and DMT2 negatively modifies the risk of death of both diseases. This means that when the two diseases are present, the risk of mortality is lower than expected. (AU)
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Humanos , Insuficiência Renal Crônica/mortalidade , Diabetes Mellitus , Colômbia , Estudos de Coortes , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
Resumen Introducción: La ventilación no invasiva reduce la necesidad de intubación y la estancia en la unidad de cuidados intensivos en los pacientes con edema pulmonar cardiogénico. Objetivo: Evaluar la posible asociación entre el inicio de la ventilación no invasiva desde el ingreso a urgencias con la mortalidad y el requerimiento de intubación en pacientes con edema pulmonar cardiogénico. Método: Estudio analítico de cohorte retrospectiva, en el que se revisaron las historias clínicas de pacientes mayores de 18 años hospitalizados en una institución de Medellín, Colombia. Resultados: 70 pacientes cumplieron los criterios de inclusión y se compararon según el estado vital al alta. Sobrevivientes (49): la edad promedio fue de 63 años, el 34.7% fueron mujeres, el 57.1% tuvieron historia de neumopatía crónica y el 89% eran hipertensos; el promedio para recibir la intervención fue de 10 horas y el 20% requirieron intubación orotraqueal. No sobrevivientes (21): la edad promedio fue de 74 años, el 57.1% fueron mujeres, el 57.1% tuvieron historia de neumopatía crónica y el 90% eran hipertensos; el promedio para recibir la intervención fue de 7 horas y el 62% requirieron intubación. Tiempo de inicio en relación con la mortalidad en el análisis multivariado: odds ratio (OR) 1,05, intervalo de confianza del 95% (IC95%) 0.89-1.24, p = 0.499; y por variable instrumental: 7% de diferencia de medias. En cuanto al tiempo de inicio y su asociación con la necesidad de intubación: OR 0.93, IC95% 0,86-1,01. Conclusiones: Este estudio sugiere que el inicio tardío de la ventilación no invasiva es un factor de riesgo; sin embargo, no se halló asociación estadísticamente significativa, por lo que se requieren estudios adicionales para confirmar este hallazgo.
Abstract Introduction: Non-invasive ventilation reduces the need for intubation and intensive care stay in cardiogenic pulmonary edema. Objective: To evaluate the possible relationship between the initiation of non-invasive ventilation on admission to the emergency room and mortality and the need for intubation in patients with cardiogenic pulmonary edema. Method: A retrospective analytical cohort study. A chart review of patients over the age of 18 hospitalized at an institution in Medellín, Colombia. Results: 70 patients met the inclusion criteria and were compared by vital status at discharge. Survivors (49): the average age was 63 years, 34.7% were women, 57.1% had a history of chronic pulmonary disease, 89% had hypertension, 10 hours was the average for receiving the intervention, and 20% required orotracheal intubation. Non-survivors (21): the average age was 74 years, 57.1% were women, 57.1% had a history of chronic pulmonary disease, 90% had hypertension; 7 hours was the average for receiving the intervention, and 62% required intubation. Timing of initiation related to mortality on the multivariate analysis: odds ratio (OR) 1.05, 95% confidence interval (95%CI) 0.89-1.24, p = 0.499; and by instrumental variable: 7% difference in means. With regard to timing of initiation and its association with the need for intubation: OR 0.93, 95%CI 0.86-1.01. Conclusions: This study suggests that late initiation of non-invasive ventilation is a risk factor; however, no statistically significant association was found. Therefore, further studies are needed to confirm this finding.
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Resumen Objetivo: Determinar los factores asociados, las características clínicas, microbiológicas y perfiles de resistencia en las infecciones sintomáticas de tracto urinario asociado a catéter (ISTU-AC) en los dos Instituciones de alto nivel de complejidad. Materiales y métodos: Se llevó a cabo un estudio de casos y controles. Se incluyeron todos los pacientes con más de 48 horas de hospitalización con inserción de catéter urinario y se recolectaron todas las variables clínicas y microbiológicas de cada paciente. Se incluyeron 446 pacientes, 223 con infección sintomática del tracto urinario asociado a catéter. El análisis multivariado se realizó por medio de regresión logística. Resultados: Se evidenció una mayor proporción de hombres en los controles (60,5%) en comparación con los casos (51,1%), la mediana de la edad fue muy similar para los dos grupos de estudio. Se evidenció por el análisis de regresión logística multivariado que la estancia en UCI (OR 2,176; IC de 95% 1,332 - 3,555), más de 10 días de catéter urinario (OR 2,907; IC de 95% 1,744 - 4,846) y la terapia antibiótica previa (OR 0,060; IC de 95% 0,037 - 0,103) fueron los principales factores asociados con la ocurrencia de ISTU-AC. No se encontró asociación entre presentar el evento de interés y la edad, esta variable no está relacionada con la pre sencia de infecciones intrahospitalarias. Es probable que las comorbilidades, presentes con más frecuencia en el adulto mayor, hayan sobrepasado el efecto de la edad en esos estudios. La asociación con género no fue identificada como un factor de riesgo, lo cual podría esperarse, dado que el uso de la sonda vesical hace equiparable el riesgo entre los hombres y las mujeres. Conclusiones: Este estudio mostró que la infecciones sintomáticas de tracto urinario asociado a catéter sigue siendo la entidad más frecuente) en el ámbito hospi talario, poniendo en riesgo la seguridad de los pacientes y aumentando tanto las tasas de morbi-mortalidad
Summary Objective: To determine the associated factors, clinical and microbiological characteristics, and resistance profiles in symptomatic urinary tract infections associated with catheters in the two institutions with a high level of complexity. Materials and methods: A case-control study was carried out. All patients with more than 48 hours of hospitalization with urinary catheter insertion were included and all the clinical and microbiological variables of each patient were collected. 446 patients were included, 223 with symptomatic urinary tract infection associated with a catheter. The multivariate analysis was carried out by means of logistic regression. Results: A greater proportion of men was evidenced in the controls (60.5%) compared to the cases (51.1%), the median age was very similar for the two study groups. It was evidenced by the multivariate logistic regression analysis that the stay in the ICU (OR 2.176; 95% CI 1.322 - 3.555), more than 10 days of urinary catheter (OR 2.907; 95% CI 1.744 - 4.846) and antibiotic therapy previous (OR 0.060; 95% CI 0.037 - 0.103) were the main factors associated with the occurrence of CA-UTI. No association was found between presenting the event of interest and age, this variable is not related to the presence of intrahospital infections. Co morbidities, which are more frequently present in the elderly, are likely to have outweighed the effect of age in these studies. The association with gender was not identified as a risk factor, which could be expected, since the use of the urinary catheter makes the risk comparable between men and women. Conclusions: This study showed that symptomatic urinary tract infections associated with catheters are still a frequent entity in the hospital setting, putting the safety of patients at risk and increasing both morbidity and mortality rates
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RESUMEN Objetivo: Explorar la asociación entre factores demográficos y clínicos con la presentación de shock séptico en pacientes atendidos en un servicio prehospitalario de emergencias en cinco ciudades colombianas entre los años 2015-2016. Métodos: Estudio de corte transversal con recolección retrospectiva de datos. Se recolectó información clínica y demográfica de las historias clínicas de pacientes con diagnóstico de sepsis que recibieron atención prehospitalaria en cinco ciudades colombianas en los años 2015 y 2016. Se realizó una verificación del diagnóstico de shock séptico en el 20% de los casos, dando origen a dos escenarios analizados: observado y verificado. Se analizó la asociación con pruebas de Chi cuadrado, t de Student y finalmente con un modelo de regresión logística ajustado. Se consideró covariables significativas aquellas con p < 0,05. Resultados: Se presentó una mayor frecuencia del evento en mujeres (62,6%) y en mayores de 80 años (64,5%), sin ser factores diferenciadores para shock séptico. El foco infeccioso más común fue urinario. En el escenario observado, los mayores de 60 años (RP: 3,22; IC95%: 1,45 - 35,01) y el antecedente de cáncer fueron las características asociadas con el shock séptico (RP: 1,20; IC95%: 1,2 - 12,87), mientras que en el grupo verificado fueron la enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica (RP: 1,99; IC95%: 1,26 - 7,14), el antecedente de cáncer (RP: 1,15; IC95%: 1,11 - 6,62) y presencia de hipovolemia (RP: 1,41; IC95%: 1,02 - 5,50). Conclusión: Los factores de riesgo más importantes para shock séptico en pacientes de atención prehospitalaria en cinco ciudades colombianas fueron las enfermedades oncológicas, las pulmonares e hipovolemia.
ABSTRACT Objective: To explore the association between demographic and clinical factors and the presentation of septic shock in patients treated by prehospital emergency services in five Colombian cities between 2015 and 2016. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study with retrospective data collection. Clinical and demographic data were collected from the medical records of patients diagnosed with sepsis who received prehospital care in five Colombian cities in 2015 and 2016. The diagnosis of septic shock was checked in 20% of the cases, generating two analyzed scenarios: observed and verified. Data were analyzed using the chi-square test, Student's t test and an adjusted logistic regression model. Covariates with p < 0.05 were considered significant. Results: There was a higher frequency of septic shock in women (62.6%) and in individuals older than 80 years (64.5%), but these were not differentiating factors for septic shock. The most common source of infection was the urinary tract. In the observed scenario, age over 60 (prevalence ratio (PR): 3.22; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.45 - 35.01) and history of cancer (PR: 1.20; 95%CI: 1.2 - 12.87) were the characteristics associated with septic shock, whereas in the verified scenario, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (PR: 1.99; 95%CI: 1.26 - 7.14), history of cancer (PR: 1.15; 95%CI: 1.11 - 6.62) and presence of hypovolemia (PR: 1.41; 95%CI: 1.02 - 5.50) were observed. Conclusion: The most important risk factors for septic shock in prehospital care patients in five Colombian cities were oncological and pulmonary diseases and hypovolemia.
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Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Choque Séptico/epidemiologia , Saúde da População Urbana , Estudos Transversais , Estudos Retrospectivos , Colômbia/epidemiologia , Serviços Médicos de EmergênciaRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Cognitive decline could begin 20 years before the diagnosis of dementia. Besides age, several factors related to medical, socioeconomic, and behavioral and genetic condition may be associated with cognitive decline. The aim of this systematic review was to summarize evidence on the risk and protective factors for cognitive decline in people under 65 years old. METHODS: A systematic review was conducted using a search strategy in MEDLINE and Embase, including longitudinal studies to analyze the effect of protective or risk factors on cognitive decline in a population under 65 years old. RESULTS: A total of 22 studies were included in this review. Factors such as diabetes, hyperinsulinemia, overweight or obesity, metabolic syndrome, education, physical activity, cognitive stimulation, marital status and diet, could be related to cognitive decline before 65 years of age. CONCLUSIONS: Cardiovascular risk factors and lifestyle conditions may be associated with cognitive decline before 65 years of age. However, the quality of the evidence was low.
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Resumen Introducción: Staphylococcus aureus es una frecuente causa de bacteriemias y el incremento en las tasas de resistencia dificulta su tratamiento inicial. La incidencia de bacteriemias por S. aureus resistente a meticilina (SAMR) ha aumentado, principalmente en las infecciones adquiridas en el medio hospitalario. Este estudio pretende caracterizar clínicamente a los pacientes con bacteriemia por S. aureus detectados en un hospital de Medellín y definir su perfil de resistencia microbiana. Métodos: cohorte retrospectiva en un hospital de tercer nivel. Se incluyeron pacientes >16 años con aislamiento para Staphylococcus aureus en sangre periférica. Se registró información relacionada con el episodio, el sitio de adquisición, la clasificación microbiológica y las características clínicas. Resultados: de 775 reportes de hemocultivos positivos para S. aureus, finalmente se ingresaron 698 pacientes al estudio. La mediana de edad fue de 58 años (RIQ=42-69), 383 eran hombres (54.9%). En 354 pacientes (50.7%) la bacteriemia era de origen nosocomial y el 26.2% (n=183) eran SAMR. En 123 (17.6%) bacteriemias adquiridas en la comunidad, la frecuencia de SAMR fue 33.3% (n=41). El antecedente más frecuente fue tener un catéter vascular en 321 pacientes (46%). Se inició terapia empírica en 67.2% de los casos (n=469). Respecto a la gravedad, la mediana del puntaje SOFA fue de 4 (RIQ=1-5), APACHE II de 15 (RIQ=10-19) y la mortalidad fue del 24.9% (n=174). Conclusiones: a pesar de que la mayoría de bacteriemias son de origen nosocomial, el reporte más frecuente fue SAMS tanto en el grupo nosocomial como en el de la comunidad. Sin embargo, la mortalidad en el grupo de bacteriemia nosocomial fue inferior comparada con la de la comunidad. (Acta Med Colomb 2018; 43: 200-206).
Abstract Introduction: Staphylococcus aureus is a frequent cause of bacteremia and the increase in resistance rates makes initial treatment difficult. The incidence of bacteraemia due to methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) has increased, mainly in infections acquired in the hospital environment. This study aims to clinically characterize patients with S. aureus bacteremia detected in a Medellín hospital and to define their microbial resistance profile. Methods: retrospective cohort in a tertiary hospital. Patients >16 years with isolation for Staphylococcus aureus in peripheral blood were included. Information related to the episode, the acquisition site, the microbiological classification and the clinical characteristics were recorded. Results: Of 775 reports of blood cultures positive for S. aureus, 698 patients were finally admitted to the study. The median age was 58 years (RIQ = 42-69), 383 were men (54.9%). In 354 patients (50.7%) the bacteremia was of nosocomial origin and 26.2% (n = 183) were MRSA. In 123 (17.6%) bacteremia acquired in the community, the frequency of MRSA was 33.3% (n = 41). The most frequent antecedent was to have a vascular catheter in 321 patients (46%). Empirical therapy was initiated in 67.2% of the cases (n = 469). Regarding severity, the SOFA score median was 4 (RIQ = 1-5), APACHE II of 15 (RIQ = 10-19) and mortality was 24.9% (n = 174). Conclusions: although the majority of bacteremia are of nosocomial origin, the most frequent report was MSSA in both the nosocomial and community groups. Despite this, mortality in the nosocomial bacteremia group was lower compared with that of the community. (Acta Med Colomb 2018; 43: 200-206).
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Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Staphylococcus aureus , Prescrições de Medicamentos , Mortalidade , BacteriemiaRESUMO
La investigación relacionada con el pronóstico se puede clasificar así: fundamental, que revela diferencias en desenlaces de salud; de factores pronósticos, que identifica y caracteriza variables; de desarrollo, validación y utilidad de modelos predictivos; y finalmente, de medicina estratificada, donde se establecen grupos de riesgo que comparten un factor asociado con el desenlace de interés. El desenlace en salud, o la condición de enfermedad que tendrá un individuo se pueden predecir considerando ciertas características asociadas, con anterioridad o simultáneamente, con dicho desenlace. Lo anterior puede hacerse mediante modelos predictivos pronósticos o diagnósticos. El desarrollo de un modelo predictivo exige cuidado en la selección, definición, medición y categorización de las variables predictoras; en la exploración de interacciones; en el número de variables que se van a incluir; en el cálculo del tamaño de la muestra; en el manejo de los datos perdidos; en las pruebas estadísticas que se van a usar y en la forma de presentación del modelo. El modelo así desarrollado se debe validar en un grupo diferente de pacientes para establecer su calibración, discriminación y utilidad.
Research related to prognosis can be classified as follows: fundamental, which shows differences in health outcomes; prognostic factors, which identifies and characterizes variables;development, validation and impact of predictive models; and finally, stratified medicine, to establish groups that share a risk factor associated with the outcome of interest. The outcome of a person regarding health or disease status can be predicted considering certain characteristics associated, before or simultaneously, with that outcome. This can be done by means of prognostic or diagnostic predictive models. The development of a predictive model requires to be careful in the selection, definition, measurement and categorization of predictor variables; in the exploration of interactions; in the number of variables to be included; in the calculation of sample size; in the handling of lost data; in the statistical tests to be used, and in the presentation of the model. The model thus developed must be validated in a different group of patients to establish its calibration, discrimination and usefulness.
Pesquisa relacionada com o prognóstico pode ser classificada como: crítica, revelando diferenças nos resultados da saúde; fatores prognósticos, que identifica e caracteriza as variáveis; desenvolvimento, validação e utilização de modelos de previsão; e, finalmente, estratificada medicina, onde os grupos que compartilham um fator de risco associado com o resultado do conjunto de interesses. O resultado em saúde, a doença ou condição que terá um indivíduo pode ser previsto considerando certas características associadas, antes de ou em simultâneo com esse resultado. Isto pode ser feito por modelos preditivos de prognóstico ou de diagnóstico. O desenvolvimento de um modelo preditivo requer cuidadosa seleção, definição, medição e categorização de variáveis de previsão; em explorar as interações; do número de variáveis a serem incluídas; no cálculo do tamanho da amostra; no manuseio de dados perdidos; em testes estatísticos a serem utilizados e a apresentação do modelo. O modelo bem desenvolvida deve ser validado em um grupo diferente de pacientes para estabelecer a calibração, a discriminação e utilidade.
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Humanos , Diagnóstico , Prognóstico , Estágio ClínicoRESUMO
Resumen La infección por el virus de inmunodeficiencia humana-1 se ha consolidado como una epidemia mundial. La masificación de la terapia antirretroviral altamente activa ha traído consigo un aumento importante en la expectativa de vida de los pacientes seropositivos, pero también serias preocupaciones por la aparición de diferentes comorbilidades; entre las cuales se destaca la enfermedad cardiovascular como la tercera causa de mortalidad no asociada al síndrome de inmunodeficiencia adquirida en estos pacientes. Este artículo muestra una revisión actualizada de los biomarcadores de la enfermedad cardiovascular en pacientes infectados con el virus de inmunodeficiencia humana-1, e incluye los marcadores inmunológicos que han sido identificados más recientemente. Ante la ausencia de una estrategia para estimar el riesgo de eventos cardiovasculares validada en esta población, se discute el potencial clínico y la investigación que poseen dichos biomarcadores.
Abstract Infection with human immunodeficiency virus-1 has consolidated as a global epidemic. The growing use of highly active antiretroviral therapy has brought an important increase in life expectancy of HIV-positive patients, but also serious concerns about the onset of multiple comorbidities. Cardiovascular disease stands out amongst them as the third cause of mortality that is not associated to the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in these patients. This article shows an updated review of biomarkers of cardiovascular disease in patients living with human immunodeficiency virus-1, and includes the most recently identified immune markers. Given the absence of a strategy to assess the risk of cardiovascular events validated for this population group, clinical potential an research options of these biomarkers are discussed.
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Doenças Cardiovasculares , Biomarcadores , Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida , HIV-1 , Fatores de Risco de Doenças CardíacasRESUMO
El análisis de series de tiempo es una técnica que involucra el estudio de individuos o grupos observados en momentos sucesivos en el tiempo. Este tipo de análisis permite estudiar la relación potencialmente causal entre diferentes variables que cambian en el tiempo y que se relacionan entre sí. Es la técnica más importante para hacer inferencias acerca del futuro, predicción, con base en lo que ha ocurrido en el pasado y se aplica en diferentes disciplinas del conocimiento. Se exponen los diferentes componentes, la técnica de análisis y algunos ejemplos específicos en el área de la salud.
Analysis of time series is a technique that implicates the study of individuals or groups observed in successive moments in time. This type of analysis allows the study of potential causal relationships between different variables that change over time and relate to each other. It is the most important technique to make inferences about the future, predicting, on the basis or what has happened in the past and it is applied in different disciplines of knowledge. Here we discuss different components of time series, theanalysis technique and specific examples in health research.
A análise de séries de tempo é uma técnica que envolve o estudo de indivíduos ou grupos observados em momentos sucessivos no tempo. Este tipo de análise permite estudar a relação potencialmente causal entre diferentes variáveis que mudam no tempo que se relacionam entre si. É a técnica mais importante para fazer inferências sobre o futuro, predição, com base no que há acontecido no passado e se aplica em diferentes disciplinas do conhecimento. Se expõe os diferentes componentes, a técnica de análise e alguns exemplos específicos na área da saúde.
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Humanos , Estudos de Séries Temporais , Estágio ClínicoRESUMO
En la primera parte de este tema presentamos su definición, principales usos y los tres métodos de análisis multivariable más utilizados en la literatura científica. En esta segunda parte profundizaremos en los criterios para la incorporación de variables independientes al análisis, las herramientas para evaluar qué tan adecuado es el modelo seleccionado y la interpretación de los resultados y de los coeficientes en cada tipo de regresión.
In the first part of this topic, we explained the definition of multivariable analysis, its main uses, and the three most commonly used methods in the scientific literature. In this second part, we will delve into the inclusion criteria of independent variables to the analysis, the tools to assess how the model fits the data and the interpretation of the results and coefficients in each regression model.
Na primeira parte deste tema apresentamos sua definição, principais usos e os três métodos de análises multi-variável mais utilizados na literatura científica. Nesta segunda parte aprofundaremos nos critérios para a incorporação de variáveis independentes à análise, as ferramentas para avaliar que tão adequado é o modelo selecionado e a interpretação dos resultados e dos coeficientes em cada tipo de regressão.