Cascading sulfur cycling in simulated oil sands pit lake water cap mesocosms transitioning from oxic to euxinic conditions.

Base Mine Lake (BML), the first full-scale demonstration of oil sands tailings pit lake reclamation technology, is experiencing expansive, episodic hypolimnetic euxinia resulting in greater sulfur biogeochemical cycling within the water cap. Here, Fluid Fine Tailings (FFT)-water mesocosm experiments simulating the in situ BML summer hypolimnetic oxic-euxinic transition determined sulfur biogeochemical processes and their controlling factors. While mesocosm water caps without FFT amendments experienced limited geochemical and microbial changes during the experimental period, FFT-amended mesocosm water caps evidenced three successive stages of S speciation in ∼30 days: (S1) rising expansion of water cap euxinia from FFT to water surface; enabling (S2) rapid sulfate (SO42-) reduction and sulfide production directly within the water column; fostering (S3) generation and subsequent consumption of sulfur oxidation intermediate compounds (SOI). Identified key SOI, elemental S and thiosulfate, support subsequent SOI oxidation, reduction, and/or disproportionation processes in the system. Dominant water cap microbes shifted from methanotrophs and denitrifying/iron-reducing bacteria to functionally versatile sulfur-reducing bacteria (SRB) comprising sulfate-reducing bacteria (Desulfovibrionales) and SOI-reducing/disproportionating bacteria (Campylobacterales and Desulfobulbales). The observed microbial shift is driven by decreasing [SO42-] and organic aromaticity, with putative hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria providing electron donors for SRB. Comparison between unsterile and sterile water treatments further underscores the biogeochemical readiness of the in situ water cap to enhance oxidant depletion, euxinia expansion and establishment of water cap SRB communities aided by FFT migration of anaerobes. Results here identify the collective influence of FFT and water cap microbial communities on water cap euxinia expansion associated with sequential S reactions that are controlled by concentrations of oxidants, labile organic substrates and S species. This emphasizes the necessity of understanding this complex S cycling in assessing BML water cap O2 persistence.

pH and thiosulfate dependent microbial sulfur oxidation strategies across diverse environments.

Sulfur oxidizing bacteria (SOB) play a key role in sulfur cycling in mine tailings impoundment (TI) waters, where sulfur concentrations are typically high. However, our understanding of SOB sulfur cycling via potential S oxidation pathways (sox, rdsr, and S4I) in these globally ubiquitous contexts, remains limited. Here, we identified TI water column SOB community composition, metagenomics derived metabolic repertoires, physicochemistry, and aqueous sulfur concentration and speciation in four Canadian base metal mine, circumneutral-alkaline TIs over four years (2016 - 2019). Identification and examination of genomes from nine SOB genera occurring in these TI waters revealed two pH partitioned, metabolically distinct groups, which differentially influenced acid generation and sulfur speciation. Complete sox (csox) dominant SOB (e.g., Halothiobacillus spp., Thiomonas spp.) drove acidity generation and S2O3 2- consumption via the csox pathway at lower pH (pH ~5 to ~6.5). At circumneutral pH conditions (pH ~6.5 to ~8.5), the presence of non-csox dominant SOB (hosting the incomplete sox, rdsr, and/or other S oxidation reactions; e.g. Thiobacillus spp., Sulfuriferula spp.) were associated with higher [S2O3 2-] and limited acidity generation. The S4I pathway part 1 (tsdA; S2O3 2- to S4O6 2-), was not constrained by pH, while S4I pathway part 2 (S4O6 2- disproportionation via tetH) was limited to Thiobacillus spp. and thus circumneutral pH values. Comparative analysis of low, natural (e.g., hydrothermal vents and sulfur hot springs) and high (e.g., Zn, Cu, Pb/Zn, and Ni tailings) sulfur systems literature data with these TI results, reveals a distinct TI SOB mining microbiome, characterized by elevated abundances of csox dominant SOB, likely sustained by continuous replenishment of sulfur species through tailings or mining impacted water additions. Our results indicate that under the primarily oxic conditions in these systems, S2O3 2- availability plays a key role in determining the dominant sulfur oxidation pathways and associated geochemical and physicochemical outcomes, highlighting the potential for biological management of mining impacted waters via pH and [S2O3 2-] manipulation.

Cerebrospinal fluid and plasma vasopressin in the fetal lamb: basal concentration and the effect of hypoxia.

The concentrations of vasopressin in the plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of the chronically catheterized fetal lamb were measured under basal and hypoxic conditions. Under basal conditions, samples were obtained from 13 fetal lambs of 117-146 days gestation. The mean +/- SEM vasopressin level in CSF was 19.5 +/- 1.5 pg/ml; the mean plasma vasopressin level of 1.9 +/- 0.2 pg/ml was significantly less (P less than 0.001). No consistent change in concentrations of vasopressin in CSF was observed with gestational maturation in 3 animals sampled sequentially or in individual samples obtained over the last 32 days of gestation. The mean vasopressin concentration in the CSF of the pregnant ewe was 5.1 +/- 0.4 pg/ml. The gradients for osmolality, sodium, and potassium between fetal plasma and CSF were: osmolality, 298.4 +/- 1.6 to 304.3 +/- 1.4 mosmol/kg; sodium, 140.9 +/- 0.5-142.5 +/- 0.5 meq/liter; and potassium, 4.3 +/- 0.1 to 3.3 +/- 0.1 meq/liter. Fetal hypoxia was induced by exposure of the ewe to 10% O2 in N2 for 30 min. The concentration of vasopressin increased from 1.7 +/- 0.3 to 277 +/- 144 pg/ml (P less than 0.001) in fetal plasma and from 21.4 +/- 3.8 to 47.1 +/- 9.9 pg/ml (P less than 0.04) in fetal CSF. When the ewe was exposed to room air under comparable experimental conditions, no similar changes in plasma or CSF vasopressin levels were observed in the fetus. Infusion of vasopressin into the fetal jugular vein at 1.0 mU/min for 30 min increased plasma concentrations from 2.3 +/- 0.5 to 83 +/- 17 pg/ml, while the CSF vasopressin values were 31.9 +/- 5.9 (basally) and 30.7 +/- 4.8 pg/ml (after infusion). Mean plasma and CSF osmolality, sodium, and potassium were not changed by any of these experimental interventions. We conclude that 1) under basal conditions, high concentrations of vasopressin are present in the CSF of the fetal lamb, the blood-CSF barrier appears to be impermeable to vasopressin, and concentrations of the hormone in fetal plasma are less than those in CSF; and 2) hypoxia is a potent stimulus of vasopressin release in both fetal plasma and CSF. The route of vasopressin released into the fetal CSF may be distinct from that released into plasma.

Factors in the release of vasopressin by the hypoxic fetus.

The relative effects of 3 stimuli in the release of vasopressin (VP) by the fetus were examined in 19 chronically instrumented fetal lambs, 118-135 days gestational age. The fetus was exposed to: 1) 30-min administration of 10% O2 to the pregnant ewe, 2) 20 min of partial occlusion of the umbilical cord, or 3) 2 min of complete occlusion of the umbilical cord. Twelve studies were conducted for each of these experimental protocols. The rises (mean +/- SE) in plasma VP in the 3 groups were 29.9 +/- 8.9, 48.9 +/- 11.5, and 157.8 +/- 12.5 pg/ml, respectively; the corresponding falls in PaO2 were 9.2 +/- 0.7, 7.7 +/- 0.9, and 12.7 +/- 1.2 mm Hg. pHa did not change in the group receiving 10% O2, fell by 0.11 +/- 0.02 and 0.14 +/- 0.01 after partial and complete occlusion of the umbilical cord. The rises in mean arterial pressure were 6 +/- 2.2, 10 +/- 1.9, and 23 +/- 3.1 mm Hg, respectively, at the end of the 3 procedures. The rise in plasma osmolality ranged from 2-8 mosmol/kg in all 3 groups. Linear regression analyses showed that log VP was negatively correlated with PaO2 (r = -0.827; P less than 0.01) and pHa (r = -0.706; P less than 0.01) and positively correlated to mean arterial pressure (r = 0.607; P = 0.01), but was not significantly correlated to plasma osmolality. Our present findings suggest that hypoxemia and acidemia are associated with and may both be potent stimuli for VP release in the hypoxic fetus. Increased release together with decreased rate of metabolism by the placenta offer an explanation for the very high VP levels found in the neonate after labor and delivery.

Maternal ABO blood group type B: a risk factor in the developement of neonatal group B streptococcal disease.

In a prospective study of maternal genital colonization with group B streptococci (GBS) at the time of delivery, epidemiological data, including blood type (ABO group), were recorded for the 1,062 patients studied. Blood type B was found in a statistically significant higher proportion of patients colonized with GBS (28%) compared with the total population (16.4%) (P less than .005, X2 = 8.43). Women with blood type B were twice as likely to be colonized as those with types O or A. Hypotheses to explain this observation include the possibilities that GBS possess a B-like antigen, rendering parturients who lack anti-B antibody at increased risk for GBS colonization, or that GBS possess a receptor site for B surface antigens. One may speculate that a mutation toward an affinity for the human ABO blood group type B accounts for the advent of the group B Streptococcus as a significant perinatal pathogen.

Postnatal adjustment in renal function.

Renal function was studied serially in 17 healthy term infants during the hours immediately following birth. Of 14 infants delivered vaginally eight received placental blood transfusion and six did not. The remaining three infants were delivered by cesarean section and received placental blood transfusion. Results indicate that the general pattern of change in urine output (V), clearance of inulin (CIN), and p-aminohippuric acid (CPAH), was similar in all infants despite a wide range in each of the functions measured. The pattern showed an initial increase in V, CIN, and CPAH followed by a decline to low values in all infants by 3 hours of age. Urine osmolality and output generally changed in opposite directions. During the first hour the values for V ranged from 0.02 to 0.47 ml/min; for CIN, from 0.5 to 9.1 ml/min; for CPAH, from 1.4 to 21.8 ml/min; and for osmolality, from 98 to 457 mOsm/kg. By 4 hours of age the values for V ranged from 0.01 to 0.15 ml/min; for CIN, from 0.8 to 3.7 ml/min; for CPAH, from 0.8 to 7.5 ml/min; and for osmolality, from 240 to 520 mOsm/kg. The initial values of V, CIN, and CPAH, as well as the changes, were greatest in those infants who received a placental transfusion; however, there were no statistical differences among the means of the various groups. By 4 hours of age, the range of values observed in the initial measurement was much less pronounced. This probably reflects the achievement of stability of renal circulation following adaptation to a variety of stresses during the intrapartum period.

Response to rapid volume expansion during the postnatal period.

This study was designed to test the hypothesis that the postnatal diuresis observed in healthy neonates during the second hour of life is due to an expansion of their extracellular volume as a result of a purposeful or spontaneous placental blood transfusion. Seven healthy infants were given infusions of a 5% glucose solution, 0.3 to 2.5 ml/kg/min, over a period of 14 to 70 minutes during the third or fourth hour of life. Plasma and urine were analyzed for osmolality, inulin, and p-aminohippuric acid in order to estimate osmolal and free water clearances as well as glomerular filtration rate and renal plasma flow. Despite individual variation in initial values and in response, glucose infusion caused a prompt two- to fourfold increase in urine output with a similar increase in glomerular filtration rate and renal plasma flow but no consistent change in urine osmolality. The response was of short duration, subsiding within less than 30 minutes following the end of infusion. The fraction of exogenous fluid load excreted was less than 5% in five of seven infants. This study indicates that during the first few hours of postnatal life, the kidney of the newborn infant is capable of responding to a water load in a fashion similar to the kidney of the neonate aged a few days. It can also be concluded that the transient postnatal diuresis observed in these infants could, in part, be due to the expansion of extracellular volume by placental blood transfusion.

Management of infants with severe respiratory failure and persistence of the fetal circulation, without hyperventilation.

The successful management of 15 infants suffering from persistence of fetal pulmonary circulation and in severe respiratory failure is presented. The treatment regimen focused on minimizing barotrauma. Infants were intubated nasotracheally and ventilated with intermittent mandatory ventilation. Peak inspiratory pressures were determined by the clinical assessment of chest excursion. Ventilator settings and fractional inspiratory oxygen (FiO2) were selected to maintain a PaO2 between 50 and 70 mm Hg; PaCO2 was not a controlling parameter and was allowed to increase as high as 60 mm Hg. Hyperventilation and muscle relaxants were not used. High ventilator rate was used in ten infants who required high inspiratory pressure to maintain chest excursion, with a favorable response in five. Tolazoline was given to 14 infants of whom ten showed an improvement in oxygenation; dopamine was given to three infants who were oliguric. All infants survived, and only one infant developed chronic lung disease which was defined by the infant's need for supplemental oxygen beyond 30 days of life.

Amniotic fluid microviscosity determined by fluorescence polarization: methodology and relation to gestational age.

The fluorescence polarization of 116 amniotic fluid specimens obtained from 22 isoimmunized pregnant women was determined. The degree of fluorescence polarization of amniotic fluid provides an index of microvisocity in lipid aggregates that is dependent on the lecithin-to-sphingomyelin ratio and the degree of saturation of fatty acid side chains. We confirmed the reproducibility of the measurement of amniotic fluid microviscosity (coefficient of variation, 2.0%). The measurements are not effected by bilirubin concentration of amniotic fluid dilution. The pattern of change of amniotic fluid microviscosity during gestation parallels the expected development of the surfactant system. Amniotic fluid microviscosity is high during early gestation and abruptly and sequentially decreases between the 28th and 36th week of gestation. Since the measurements are an accurate reflection of the biochemical properties of amniotic fluid lipids and parallel the development of the surfactant system, we conclude that amniotic fluid microviscosity may well serve as an indicator of the process of fetal lung maturation.

Hearing and neurodevelopmental outcome in survivors of persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn.

Thirty-four infants who had a diagnosis of severe persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn at birth (alveolar-arterial oxygen difference greater than 600) were treated without paralysis or hyperventilation to induce alkalosis. All survived. Twenty-seven of these 34 eligible infants (79%) underwent neurologic, intelligence, and audiologic testing between 10 months and 6 years of age. Children who were younger than 1 year of age at the initial hearing test were retested after they reached 2 years of age. The average IQ was within the normal range (mean = 96.23). None had sensorineural hearing loss. Severe neurologic abnormalities were seen in 4 children, 3 of whom had been severely asphyxiated at birth (determined by biochemical criteria). Mild neurologic abnormalities were observed in 5 children. Two infants had bronchopulmonary dysplasia because they required supplemental oxygen for 29 and 66 days, respectively, and had abnormal chest roentgenograms; 1 patient takes intermittent doses of albuterol (Ventolin) and neither currently requires supplemental oxygen. This study of 27 infants with severe persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn suggests that conservative management without induced alkalosis or respiratory paralysis is accompanied by no sensorineural hearing loss and a good neurologic outcome.

Multicenter trial of single-dose modified bovine surfactant extract (Survanta) for prevention of respiratory distress syndrome. Ross Collaborative Surfactant Prevention Study Group.

A multicenter, prospective randomized controlled trial was performed comparing the efficacy of a single intratracheal dose of modified bovine surfactant extract (Survanta, 100 mg/kg, Abbott Laboratory, North Chicago, IL) with air placebo in preventing respiratory distress syndrome. Infants were enrolled if they were estimated to be between 24 and 30 weeks' gestation, weighed between 750 and 1250 g, and were intubated and stabilized within 15 minutes after birth. A total of 160 infants were treated (79 with surfactant, 81 with air placebo) between 4 and 37 minutes after birth (median time 12 minutes). Of these, 5 infants were excluded from the final analysis. The 72-hour average values for the arterial-alveolar oxygen ratio, fraction of inspired oxygen, and mean airway pressure were calculated from the area under the curve of scheduled values measured throughout 72 hours. Clinical status was classified using five ordered categories (no supplemental oxygen or assisted ventilation, supplemental oxygen only, continuous positive airway pressure or assisted ventilation with intermittent mandatory ventilation less than or equal to 6 breaths/min, assisted ventilation with intermittent mandatory ventilation greater than 6 breaths/min, death). Chest radiographs at 24 hours were graded for severity of respiratory distress syndrome. Infants receiving Survanta had less severe radiographic changes at 24 hours of age and decreased average fraction of inspired oxygen (31% vs 42%, P = .002) compared with control infants. No differences were noted in the average arterial-alveolar oxygen ratio, mean airway pressure, or clinical status on days 7 and 28. A beneficial effect was noted in the incidence of pneumothorax (P = .057) and an increase was noted in the incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis (P = .052). No differences in incidence of patent ductus arteriosus, intraventricular hemorrhage, sepsis, or bronchopulmonary dysplasia were seen. According to results of a secondary analysis, there was improvement in the fraction of inspired oxygen and a greater number of survivors without bronchopulmonary dysplasia in the subgroup of infants weighing less than 1000 g who were treated with surfactant. It was concluded that a single dose of Survanta given shortly after birth resulted in decreased severity of chest radiographic findings 24 hours after treatment and improved oxygenation during 72 hours after treatment, but did not improve other acute measures of disease severity or clinical status later in the neonatal period. The group at highest risk for respiratory distress syndrome (infants with birth weights between 750 and 999 g) may benefit the most from preventive therapy.

Prolonged infusion of diazoxide in the management of premature labor in the baboon.

The management of premature labor by the prolonged infusion of diazoxide was evaluated in 33 pregnant baboons. The drug was administered intravenously to the mother with an average rate of 0.065 mg/kg/min for 4 hours. Mild to moderate spontaneous labors were significantly inhibited by diazoxide without jeopardizing the fetus. Diazoxide produced a significant increase in maternal heart rate, but its effect on fetal circulation was minimal. Fetal acid-base state and arterial oxygenation remained essentially unchanged throughout the period of observation. Intravenous administration of this drug to the fetuses caused only mild cardiovascular changes irrespective of its preexisting conditions. Thus, a slow intravenous infusion of diazoxide to the mother in a low dosage appears to be of value for inhibiting the uterine activity in early labor, without interfering with the fetal well-being.

The effect of diazoxide on uterine blood flow in pregnant sheep.

Diazoxide, a labor inhibiting agent, was administered intravenously at various rates to seven pregnant, near-term sheep to evaluate its effect on cardiovascular and uterine hemodynamics. Uterine blood flow was measured with electromagnetic flow transducers. Rapid administration of diazoxide resulted in a profound maternal tachycardia with hypotension, an increase in uterine vascular resistance, and a significant decrease in uterine blood flow. With slow infusion of the drug, the changes in heart rate and blood pressure were minimized, uterine vascular resistance was decreased, and uterine blood flow was maintained. Therefore, slow infusion appears to be the preferred method for inhibiting labor with diazoxide.

Effects of terbutaline on the pregnant baboon and fetus.

The effects of terbutaline on the mother and fetus were evaluated in 8 near-term pregnant baboons. Significant suppression of postoperative spontaneous and oxytocin-augmented uterine activity was achieved with infusion rates of 0.36 and 0.56 microgram/kg/min, respectively. Maternal and fetal blood pressure and acid-base states as well as fetal heart rate were unaffected by the administration of terbutaline to the mother, but a mild maternal tachycardia was observed. Both maternal and fetal blood glucose increased during terbutaline infusion. Direct administration of terbutaline to the fetus did not alter the fetal cardiovascular or acid-base state. It is concluded that in the baboon, terbutaline is an effective tocolytic agent with minimal untoward effects on either mother or fetus.

Experimental production of pulmonary hypoplasia following amniocentesis and oligohydramnios.

We have analyzed the impact of a single needle puncture of the fetal rat membranes on day 15 of gestation on growth and development at term (day 21). Untouched littermate fetuses served as controls. The procedure led to persistent oligohydramnios. The experimental fetuses weighed less, 94% of the weight of controls, P less than 0.01. Both lungs and liver weighed significantly less, 72% (P less than 0.01) and 89% (P less than 0.03) of controls respectively and there was no effect on brain weight. When the values were expressed as organ/body weight ratio only the lung/body weight ratio was significantly lower, 77% of controls, P less than 0.01. DNA per lung was less, 83%, as was lung DNA per gram of fetal weight, 89%, and the lung protein/DNA ratio was lower, 79%, indicating lung hypoplasia and hypotrophy (all three P values less than 0.01). There were no significant differences in either liver or brain biochemical analysis. We conclude that pulmonary hypoplasia associated with oligohydroamnios in the rat is a suitable animal model of the human condition.

Foot orthotic devices to modify selected aspects of lower extremity mechanics.

Excessive foot pronation has been speculated to be a cause of leg and foot problems among runners. Foot orthotic devices are often used to modify this condition. Examination of the records of 180 patients treated for various running injuries showed that 83 individuals (46%) were prescribed orthotic devices and that 65 of these runners (78%) were able to return to their previous running programs. In order to assess further the effects of this type of orthotic device, six runners were selected from this group and filmed using two cameras (200 frames/sec) under three conditions: (1) barefoot, (2) regular shoe, and (3) regular shoe plus orthotic device. Both the period of pronation and the amount of maximum pronation were significantly reduced by using the foot orthotic device. The data support the conclusion that foot orthotic devices can be successfully used to modify selected aspects of lower extremity mechanics during the support phase of running.

Method for processing of fetal breathing epoch analysis: studies in the primate.

An automated method for detecting fetal breathing and an analytic technique for providing significant data reduction that take the episodic nature of fetal breathing activity into account are described. The aim of the new technique, called epoch analysis, is to derive parameters of breathing and apnea that both summarize the activity and permit examination of its relationship to changes that occur naturally during day and night and with fetal maturation. The discussion covers: the acquisition of data from pregnant baboons; the breath detection process, for which a program was written; the recognition of breathing; computer recognition of artifacts; epoch characterization; validation of the methods of breath detection and epoch characterization; and application of the method. It is found that the technique has a broad capacity for data reduction and provides summaries of the activity that are amenable to analysis with standard statistical techniques.