Myogenesis and Analysis of Antimicrobial Potential of Silver Nanoparticles (AgNPs) against Pathogenic Bacteria.

The widespread and indiscriminate use of broad-spectrum antibiotics leads to microbial resistance, which causes major problems in the treatment of infectious diseases. However, advances in nanotechnology have opened up new domains for the synthesis and use of nanoparticles against multidrug-resistant pathogens. The traditional approaches for nanoparticle synthesis are not only expensive, laborious, and hazardous but also have various limitations. Therefore, new biological approaches are being designed to synthesize economical and environmentally friendly nanoparticles with enhanced antimicrobial activity. The current study focuses on the isolation, identification, and screening of metallotolerant fungal strains for the production of silver nanoparticles, using antimicrobial activity analysis and the characterization of biologically synthesized silver nanoparticles by X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectroscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In total, 11 fungal isolates were isolated and screened for the synthesis of AgNPs, while the Penicillium notatum (K1) strain was found to be the most potent, demonstrating biosynthetic ability. The biologically synthesized silver nanoparticles showed excellent antibacterial activity against the bacteria Escherichia coli (ATCC10536), Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC9144), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC10145), Enterococcus faecalis, and Listeria innocua (ATCC13932). Furthermore, three major diffraction peaks in the XRD characterization, located at the 2θ values of 28.4, 34.8, 38.2, 44, 64, and 77°, confirmed the presence of AgNPs, while elemental composition analysis via EDX and spherical surface topology with a scanning electron microscope indicated that its pure crystalline nature was entirely composed of silver. Thus, the current study indicates the enhanced antibacterial capability of mycologically synthesized AgNPs, which could be used to counter multidrug-resistant pathogens.

Primary amenorrhoea secondary to two different syndromes: a case study.

Turner syndrome is a relatively common chromosomal abnormality presenting as primary amenorrhoea in gynaecological and endocrine clinics, caused by complete or partial X monosomy in some or all cells. Mayer-Rokitansky-Kuster-Hauser syndrome is another common cause of primary amenorrhoea characterised by Mullerian agenesis of varying degrees. We report a case of an 18-year-old girl, who presented with primary amenorrhoea, absence of secondary sexual characteristics and short stature. Hormonal profile confirms hypergonadotrophic hypogonadism. Karyotyping was consistent with Turner syndrome (45,XO). In addition, radiological imaging of the pelvis showed the absence of both ovaries as well as the uterus, cervix and vagina. This patient had therefore presented with two different syndromes as the cause of her primary amenorrhoea, which is extremely rare in a single patient. Moreover, oestrogen replacement therapy will trigger the development of secondary sexual characteristic and promote bone growth, but induction of menstruation and fertility is impossible.