The role of extracellular vesicles on the occurrence of clinical complications in ß-thalassemia.

Thalassemia is the most common monogenic disorder of red blood cells (RBCs) caused by defects in the synthesis of globin chains. Thalassemia phenotypes have a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations and vary from severe anemia requiring regular blood transfusions to clinically asymptomatic states. Ineffective erythropoiesis and toxicity caused by iron overload are major factors responsible for various complications in thalassemia patients, especially patients with ß-thalassemia major (ß-TM). Common complications in patients with thalassemia include iron overload, thrombosis, cardiac morbidity, vascular dysfunction, inflammation, and organ dysfunction. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small membrane vesicles released from various cells' plasma membranes due to activation and apoptosis. Based on studies, EVs play a role in various processes, including clot formation, vascular damage, and proinflammatory processes. In recent years, they have also been studied as biomarkers in the diagnosis and prognosis of diseases. Considering the high concentration of EVs in thalassemia and their role in cellular processes, this study reviews the role of EVs in the common complications of patients with ß-thalassemia for the first time.

Interesting effects of interleukins and immune cells on acute respiratory distress syndrome.

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a medical condition characterized by widespread inflammation in the lungs with consequent proportional loss of gas exchange function. ARDS is linked with severe pulmonary or systemic infection. Several factors, including secretory cytokines, immune cells, and lung epithelial and endothelial cells, play a role in the development and progression of this disease. The present study is based on Pubmed database information (1987-2022) using the words "Acute respiratory distress syndrome", "Interleukin", "Cytokines" and "Immune cells". Cytokines and immune cells play an important role in this disease, with particular emphasis on the balance between pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory factors. Neutrophils are one of several important mediators of Inflammation, lung tissue destruction, and malfunction during ARDS. Some immune cells, such as macrophages and eosinophils, play a dual role in releasing inflammatory mediators, recruitment inflammatory cells and the progression of ARDS, or releasing anti-inflammatory mediators, clearing the lung of inflammatory cells, and helping to improve the disease. Different interleukins play a role in the development or inhibition of ARDS by helping to activate various signaling pathways, helping to secrete other inflammatory or anti-inflammatory interleukins, and playing a role in the production and balance between immune cells involved in ARDS. As a result, immune cells and, inflammatory cytokines, especially interleukins play an important role in the pathogenesis of this disease Therefore, understanding the relevant mechanisms will help in the proper diagnosis and treatment of this disease.

Molecular Communication Transmitter Design in Limited-Capacity Storage Regime.

The limited storage capacity at the transmitters of a molecular communication (MC) system can affect the system's performance. One of the reasons for this limitation is the size restriction of the transmitter, which the storage must be replenished so that the transmitter has enough molecules for future transmission. This paper proposes a biologically inspired transmitter model based on neurons for MC whose storage charging and discharging follow differential equations. The proposed transmitter opens its outlet for a specific time in each time frame to exponentially release a portion of stored molecules to code bit-1 and remains silent to code bit-0. We analyze our model based on different transmission parameters. These parameters are the symbol duration, the release time duration, the storage capacity, and the release and replenishment rate of the storage. We find that the storage outlet must be open for a certain period within the time slot duration in order to improve the performance of the proposed system. Additionally, we demonstrate that determining the effect of storage capacity size can be important for practical MC due to the significant differences between the ideal transmitter and the proposed one, which have a limited size. We show that increases in the transmitter storage size can improve the system performance. As a result, taking a closer look at these practical transmitters is essential to solving the problems and challenges of molecular communication systems.

Molecular analysis of interleukin-25 exons 1 and 2 and its serum levels in Iranian patients with multiple sclerosis.

Overexpression of Interleukin-17 (IL-17) family has been shown in a variety of autoimmune diseases. IL-25 (IL-17E), as a member of this family of cytokines, induces the overexpression of IL-13 and impedes Th17/IL-17 responses. In the present study potential single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) of IL-25, its serum level in Multiple Sclerosis (MS) patients have been surveyed. Blood samples were obtained from 100 Relapsing-Remitting MS cases, and 100 healthy controls. Serum levels of IL-25 were measured by ELISA. IL-25 exons 1 and 2 were sequenced. IL-25 serum levels investigation showed significant association in cases compared to controls. Molecular analysis of IL-25exons 1 and 2 depicted significant differences in polymorphisms of exon 2 between two groups of study. However, no significant differences were found in polymorphisms for IL-25 exon. These results demonstrate that serum levels of IL-25 are reduced in MS patients compared to controls. This is the first study in Iran that shows polymorphisms in IL-25 among MS patients. Considering the role of IL-25 in suppression of the effects of IL-17A and active phase of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis (EAE) in vivo, this cytokine seems to have therapeutic potentials for autoimmune diseases like MS.