Deferoxamine Reduces Inflammation and Osteoclastogenesis in Avulsed Teeth.

Replacement and inflammatory resorption are serious complications associated with the delayed replantation of avulsed teeth. In this study, we aimed to assess whether deferoxamine (DFO) can suppress inflammation and osteoclastogenesis in vitro and attenuate inflammation and bone resorption in a replanted rat tooth model. Cell viability and inflammation were evaluated in RAW264.7 cells. Osteoclastogenesis was confirmed by tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase staining, reactive oxygen species (ROS) measurement, and quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction in teeth exposed to different concentrations of DFO. In vivo, molars of 31 six-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were extracted and stored in saline (n = 10) or DFO solution (n = 21) before replantation. Micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) imaging and histological analysis were performed to evaluate inflammation and root and alveolar bone resorption. DFO downregulated the genes related to inflammation and osteoclastogenesis. DFO also reduced ROS production and regulated specific pathways. Furthermore, the results of the micro-CT and histological analyses provided evidence of the decrease in inflammation and hard tissue resorption in the DFO group. Overall, these results suggest that DFO reduces inflammation and osteoclastogenesis in a tooth replantation model, and thus, it has to be further investigated as a root surface treatment option for an avulsed tooth.

Intranuclear Delivery of Nuclear Factor-Kappa B p65 in a Rat Model of Tooth Replantation.

After avulsion and replantation, teeth are at risk of bone and root resorption. The present study aimed to demonstrate that the intra-nuclear transducible form of transcription modulation domain of p65 (nt-p65-TMD) can suppress osteoclast differentiation in vitro, and reduce bone resorption in a rat model of tooth replantation. Cell viability and nitric oxide release were evaluated in RAW264.7 cells using CCK-8 assay and Griess reaction kit. Osteoclast differentiation was evaluated using quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining. Thirty-two maxillary rat molars were extracted and stored in saline (n = 10) or 10 µM nt-p65-TMD solution (n = 22) before replantation. After 4 weeks, specimens were scored according to the inflammatory pattern using micro-computed tomography (CT) imaging and histological analyses. nt-p65-TMD treatment resulted in significant reduction of nitric oxide release and osteoclast differentiation as studied using PCR and TRAP staining. Further, micro-CT analysis revealed a significant decrease in bone resorption in the nt-p65-TMD treatment group (p < 0.05). Histological analysis of nt-p65-TMD treatment group showed that not only bone and root resorption, but also inflammation of the periodontal ligament and epithelial insertion was significantly reduced. These findings suggest that nt-p65-TMD has the unique capabilities of regulating bone remodeling after tooth replantation.

HIF1A overexpression using cell-penetrating DNA-binding protein induces angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo.

Hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF1A) is an important transcription factor for angiogenesis. Recent studies have used the protein transduction domain (PTD) to deliver genes, but the PTD has not been used to induce the expression of HIF1A. This study aimed at using a novel PTD (Hph-1-GAL4; ARVRRRGPRR) to overexpress the HIF1A and identify the effects on angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo. Overexpression of HIF1A was induced using Hph-1-GAL4 in human umbilical vein/vascular endothelium cells (HUVEC). The expression levels of genes were analyzed by the quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) after 2 and 4 days, respectively. An in vitro tube formation was performed using Diff-Quik staining. HIF1A and Hph-1-GAL4 were injected subcutaneously into the ventral area of each 5-week-old mouse. All of the plugs were retrieved after 1 week, and the gene expression levels were evaluated by qPCR. Each Matrigel plug was evaluated using the hemoglobin assay and hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining. The expression levels of HIF1A and HIF1A target genes were significantly higher in HIF1A-transfected HUVEC than in control HUVEC in vitro. In the in vivo Matrigel plug assay, the amount of hemoglobin was significantly higher in the HIF1A-treatment group than in the PBS-treatment group. Blood vessels were identified in the HIF1A-treatment group. The expression levels of HIF1A, vascular endothelial growth factor (Vegf), and Cd31 were significantly higher in the HIF1A-treatment group than in the PBS-treatment group. These findings suggest that using Hph-1-G4D to overexpress HIF1A might be useful for transferring genes and regenerating tissues.

The Effect of MMP-13, MMP-12, and AMBN on Gingival Enlargement and Root Deformation In a New Type of Gingival Fibromatosis.

This case compared gene-expression between a new type of idiopathic gingival fibromatosis (IGF) and normal gingiva, to clarify the nature of the gingival overgrowth and dental anomaly. A 6-year-old girl with generalized gingival overgrowth and root deformations was diagnosed with IGF. Gene expression profiles were compared between normal gingiva (N=9) and one IGF gingiva using cDNA microarray. Genes related to regulation of cell proliferation and proteolytic degradation were expressed strongly in IGF. MMP-13 and MMP-12 expression were 120 times and 96 times lower in IGF, respectively, whereas AMBN expression was 79 times higher. RT-PCR and immunohistochemical staining supported the microarray results. Reduced proteolytic activity due to low MMP-13 and MMP-12 expression appears to be a potential mechanism for gingival overgrowth. Genetic investigations, such as expression levels of MMP-13, MMP-12, and AMBN, may enable classification of a new syndrome characterized by gingival enlargement with abnormal root development.

Ectopic Hard Tissue Formation by Odonto/Osteogenically In Vitro Differentiated Human Deciduous Teeth Pulp Stem Cells.

There have been many attempts to use the pulp tissue from human deciduous teeth for dentin or bone regeneration. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of odonto/osteogenic in vitro differentiation of deciduous teeth pulp stem cells (DTSCs) on their in vivo hard tissue-forming potential. DTSCs were isolated from extracted deciduous teeth using the outgrowth method. These cells were exposed to odonto/osteogenic stimuli for 4 and 8 days (Day 4 and Day 8 groups, respectively), while cells in the control group were cultured in normal medium. The in vitro differentiated DTSCs and the control DTSCs were transplanted subcutaneously into immunocompromised mice with macroporous biphasic calcium phosphate and sacrificed at 8 weeks post-implantation. The effect of odonto/osteogenic in vitro differentiation was evaluated using alkaline phosphatase (ALP) staining and quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The in vivo effect was evaluated by qualitative RT-PCR, assessment of ALP activity, histologic analysis, and immunohistochemical staining. The amount of hard tissue was greater in Day 4 group than Day 8 group (p = 0.014). However, Day 8 group generated lamellar bone-like structure, which was immunonegative to anti-human dentin sialoprotein with significantly low expression level of DSPP compared with the control group (p = 0.008). This study demonstrates that odonto/osteogenic in vitro differentiation of DTSCs enhances the formation of bone-like tissue, instead of dentin-like tissue, when transplanted subcutaneously using MBCP as a carrier. The odonto/osteogenic in vitro differentiation of DTSCs may be an effective modification that enhances in vivo bone formation by DTSCs.

Characteristics of stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHED) from intact cryopreserved deciduous teeth.

The aim of this study is to compare the characteristics of stem cells derived from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHED) from cryopreserved intact deciduous teeth with those of fresh SHED. In total, 20 exfoliated deciduous teeth were randomly divided into a fresh group (f-SHED; n = 11) and cryopreserved group (c-SHED; n = 9; stored for 1-8 months). Following thawing and separation of the pulp, the SHED cells were cultured, and the characteristics as mesenchymal stem cells were investigated using proliferation assays, cell-cycle analysis, colony-forming unit-fibroblast (CFU-F) assays, and flow cytometry analyses. Furthermore, differentiation into adipogenic and osteogenic lineages was investigated in vitro as well as in vivo via transplantation in mice. We found no significant differences between the two groups in the proliferation analyses, in the expression of mesenchymal stem cell markers, or in the adipogenic and osteogenic differentiation in vitro (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the in vivo transplantation results showed no significant differences in the quantity of bone tissue that formed or in histochemistry performance (p < 0.05). In conclusion, cryopreservation of intact exfoliated deciduous teeth appears to be a useful method for preserving SHED.

Viability of pulp stromal cells in cryopreserved deciduous teeth.

The cryopreservation of exfoliated deciduous teeth and harvesting of stem cells from them as required would reduce the costs and efforts associated with banking stem cells from primary teeth. The aim of this study was determine whether the viability of pulp stromal cells from deciduous teeth was influenced by the cryopreservation process itself or the period of cryopreservation. In total, 126 deciduous teeth were divided into three groups: (1) fresh, (2) cryopreserved for <3 months (cryo<3), and (3) cryopreserved for 3-9 months (cryo3-9). The viability of the pulp tissues was compared among the three groups by evaluating the outgrowth from pulp tissues and cell activity within those pulp tissues. In addition, the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay was performed to compare cell apoptosis within fresh pulp tissue and pulp tissue that had been cryopreserved for 4 months. The outgrowth from and cell activity within the pulp tissues did not differ significantly between the fresh and cryo<3 pulp tissues. However, these parameters were significantly reduced in the cryo3-9 pulp tissue. In TUNEL assay, 4-month cryopreserved pulp tissues has more apoptotic cells than fresh group. In conclusion, it is possible to acquire pulp stromal cells from cryopreserved deciduous teeth. However, as the period of cryopreservation becomes longer, it is difficult to get pulp cells due to reduced cell viability.

Investigation of the crystal formation from calcium silicate in human dentinal tubules and the effect of phosphate buffer saline concentration.

Background/purpose: Based on hydrodynamic theory, blocking the dentinal tubules can reduce discomfort caused by dentin hypersensitivity. This study identified the crystals formed in dentinal tubules from tricalcium silicate (TCS) in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and evaluated the effect of PBS concentration on crystal formation. Materials and methods: Sixty-nine specimens were made by isolating the cervical part of extracted premolars. TCS was applied by brushing for 10,000 strokes on dentin surface simulating sensitive dentin. Specimens were stored in PBS or solutions with concentrations 1/100, 1/10, 10, and 100 times that of PBS for 1, 30, 60, or 90 days (n = 3). Another nine specimens applied TCS, were immersed in PBS for 3 months, and divided into three subgroups: no treatment, sonication for 10 min, and 1M acetic acid treatment for 3 min. Crystal formation was examined using a scanning electron microscope, assigned five grade scores (0-4) according to maturation, and analyzed by a nonparametric two-way ANOVA (α = 0.05). Crystal components were analyzed using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and energy dispersion X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). Results: The maturation of intratubular crystals was dependent on time and PBS concentration (P < 0.05). In all periods, the high-concentration group showed a higher maturation grade than the low-concentration group. Intratubular crystals were similar to hydroxyapatite according to XRD and EDS, and they withstood sonication and acid application. Conclusion: TCS with nanosized particles formed hydroxyapatite-like crystals in the dentinal tubules, which were dependent on time and concentration of PBS and withstood sonication and acid application.

Effect of loupe and microscope on dentists' neck and shoulder muscle workload during crown preparation.

Although there is consensus among dentists that visual aids not only improve vision but also help improve posture, evidence is scarce. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of visual aids (loupe and microscope) on the muscle workload of dentists during crown preparation on dentiform first molars in each quadrant of a phantom head, considering dentists' muscles, patients' tooth positions and surfaces. Six right-handed dentists from a single tertiary hospital participated. Surface electromyography device recorded the muscle workload of the bilateral upper trapezius, sternocleidomastoid, cervical erector spinae, and anterior deltoid during crown preparation. The results showed significantly lower workload in all examined muscles when using a microscope compared to the naked eye (p < 0.05), whereas the loupe showed reduced workload in some specific muscles. The muscle with the highest workload for all visual aids was the cervical erector spinae, followed by the upper trapezius. When analyzed by tooth surface, while the loupe did not significantly reduce overall workload compared to the naked eye for each surface, the microscope significantly reduced workload for most surfaces (p < 0.05). Therefore, during crown preparation, the workload of the studied muscles can successfully be reduced with the use of a loupe or microscope.

Comparison of the stress distribution in base materials and thicknesses in composite resin restorations.

Resin-based composite materials are commonly used for restorations, but their dimensional changes during the polymerization could cause various clinical problems. This study evaluated the influence of a base of different materials and thicknesses on the stress magnitude and distribution in a second maxillary premolar with an MOD resin composite restoration using three-dimensional finite element analysis. A sound tooth without cavity was considered as the control group (ST), and another group was restored with composite resin without applying a base material in a MOD cavity (CR). The other three groups were restored with composite resin along with the following base materials: glass ionomer cement, low-viscosity resin, and tricalcium silicate, respectively (CR-GIC, CR-LR, and CR-TS). These three groups were further divided into two subgroups according to the thickness of the base layer: thin (0.5 mm) and thick (1.0 mm). The stress distribution was compared using the maximum principal stress after polymerization shrinkage and vertical loading with 600 N on the occlusal surface. Group ST showed the lowest stress value, and its stress propagation was confined to outer enamel surfaces only. Group CR demonstrated the highest stress distribution in the tooth-restoration interface with increased failure risk on marginal areas. The thin and thick subgroups of the three groups with a base layer had lower stress levels than Group CR. The base materials reduced the marginal stress caused by polymerization shrinkage of composite resin in MOD cavities. Different base materials and thicknesses did not affect the stress distribution.

Intratubular crystal formation in the exposed dentin from nano-sized calcium silicate for dentin hypersensitivity treatment.

The aim of this study is to evaluate intratubular crystal formation from the experimental material consisting of dicalcium silicate (C2S) and tricalcium silicate (C3S) with nano-scaled particle size. A total of twenty-four specimens were made by isolating 8 mm of the cervical part centered at the cementoenamel junction of extracted premolars. Twelve specimens were not treated and considered as control. The experimental material was applied to the other twelve specimens by brushing for 10,000 strokes. Each group was randomly divided into four subgroups according to the period of immersion in phosphate buffer saline (PBS) for 1, 30, 60, and 90 days each. The specimens were sectioned longitudinally and examined with scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersion X-ray spectroscopy. The intratubular crystal were formed in PBS and densely filled the dentinal tubules over time. The crystal formation occurred at a depth of more than 50 µm from the dentin surface. The Ca/P ratio of formed intratubular crystals was 1.68 after 3 months. The experimental material consisting of C2S and C3S with a nanoscale particle size can form hydroxyapatite-like crystals in dentinal tubules in PBS, and there is a possibility of reducing dentin hypersensitivity by blocking the dentinal fluid flow.

Cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of various types of endodontic sealers in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO-K1) cells.

This study aimed to evaluate the cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of five endodontic sealers (AH Plus, MTA Fillapex, Endoseal MTA, Sealapex, and Zinc oxide eugenol) in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Cytotoxicity was evaluated by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay to check cell viability at 1, 3, and 7 days. Genotoxicity was assessed by cytokinesis-block micronucleus, single-cell gel electrophoresis, and γH2AX immunofluorescence assays. Cell viability of all endodontic sealers, except Endoseal MTA, on day 1 was less than 100%. Endoseal MTA showed the highest cell viability on day 7. AH Plus and Endoseal MTA showed less DNA damage than other sealers. After complete setting, AH Plus and Endoseal MTA showed low genotoxicity, which could reduce DNA damage in periapical cells, making them suitable as endodontic sealers.

Comparative gene expression analysis of stemness between periodontal ligament and umbilical cord tissues in humans.

Background/purpose: Due to their regenerative potential, periodontal ligament (PDL) and umbilical cord (UBC) tissues are an attractive potential mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) source. This study compared the expression patterns of genes related to stemness between fresh PDL and UBC tissues. Materials and methods: PDL tissues were collected from 38 permanent premolars extracted for orthodontic purposes, and UBC tissues were obtained from three newborns. Each sample was immediately frozen to prevent RNA degradation. cDNA microarray analysis, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and immunohistochemical staining were performed. Gene expression patterns associated with dental stemness (DS) and induced pluripotent stemness (iPS) were compared between PDL and UBC tissues. Results: In the cDNA microarray analyses, the expressions of most iPS genes were greater in the PDL than in the UBC. Meanwhile, the expressions of most DS genes were greater in the UBC than in the PDL. Quantitative real-time PCR analyses showed that the expression levels of matrix metallopeptidase 13 (MMP13), ADAM metallopeptidase domain 22 (ADAM22), vascular cell adhesion protein 1 (VCAM1), and kruppel-like factor 4 (KLF4) genes were greater in the PDL than in the UBC, while the expressions of melanoma cell adhesion molecule (MCAM) and activated leukocyte cell adhesion molecule (ALCAM) were greater in the UBC than in the PDL. Conclusion: These results suggest that UBC and PDL tissues showed slightly different expression patterns of genes related to stemness, which warrants further investigation to use these tissues for future regeneration and implantation therapies.

Evaluation of the clinical efficacy of quantitative light-induced fluorescence technology in diagnosing cracked teeth.

BACKGROUND: This retrospective study evaluated the clinical efficacy of quantitative light-induced fluorescence (QLF) technology for crack detection and the diagnosis of cracked teeth and assessed the possibility of a quantitative evaluation of cracks using QLF technology. METHODS: Patients who were clinically diagnosed with cracked teeth over a 1-year period were included. The QLF images of the corresponding symptomatic cracked teeth and asymptomatic contralateral teeth with crack lines were taken with Qraypen C (AIOBIO, Seoul, Korea). Fluorescence loss (ΔF), maximum fluorescence loss (ΔFmax), red fluorescence (ΔR), and maximum red fluorescence (ΔRmax) of the crack line were analyzed. The correlation between these parameters and sex, age, tooth position (1st premolar, 2nd premolar, 1st molar, 2nd molar), spontaneous pain (+/-), percussion test (+/-), cold test (++/+/-), and bite test (+/-) were statistically analyzed. RESULTS: A total of 66 patients were included. Twenty-four patients had asymptomatic contralateral teeth with apparent crack lines; thus, 90 teeth were analyzed. The crack lines in 84 teeth observed as red fluorescent lines on the QLF images showed ΔR values higher than the cut-off value set by the analysis program used. The patient's age and the ∣ΔF∣ and ΔR values were positively correlated. However, there was no statistically significant difference in the QLF parameters between the same patient's symptomatic tooth and the contralateral tooth. CONCLUSIONS: QLF technology is a useful assistive diagnostic device for diagnosing cracked teeth.

Complete mitochondrial genome of Aleochara (Aleochara) curtula (Goeze, 1777) (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae).

The mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) of Aleochara (Aleochara) curtula (Goeze, 1777) (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) is reported. This mitogenome (GenBank accession no. OL675411) is 16,600 bp in size and consists of 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 22 transfer RNA genes (tRNAs), and two ribosomal RNA genes (rRNA). Most PCGs use typical mitochondrial stop codon (TAR) except for cox3, which uses a single T residue. The A, G, T, and C nucleotide base composition of the mitogenome is 40.61%, 7.66%, 40.34%, and 11.39%, respectively. The phylogenetic analyses recovered the monophyly of Aleocharinae.

Antiphotoaging and Skin-Protective Activities of Ardisia silvestris Ethanol Extract in Human Keratinocytes.

Ardisia silvestris is a traditional medicinal herb used in Vietnam and several other countries. However, the skin-protective properties of A. silvestris ethanol extract (As-EE) have not been evaluated. Human keratinocytes form the outermost barrier of the skin and are the main target of ultraviolet (UV) radiation. UV exposure causes skin photoaging via the production of reactive oxygen species. Protection from photoaging is thus a key component of dermatological and cosmetic products. In this research, we found that As-EE can prevent UV-induced skin aging and cell death as well as enhance the barrier effect of the skin. First, the radical-scavenging ability of As-EE was checked using DPPH, ABTS, TPC, CUPRAC, and FRAP assays, and a 3-(4-5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2-5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay was used to examine cytotoxicity. Reporter gene assays were used to determine the doses that affect skin-barrier-related genes. A luciferase assay was used to identify possible transcription factors. The anti-photoaging mechanism of As-EE was investigated by determining correlated signaling pathways using immunoblotting analyses. As-EE had no harmful effects on HaCaT cells, according to our findings, and As-EE revealed moderate radical-scavenging ability. With high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis, rutin was found to be one of the major components. In addition, As-EE enhanced the expression levels of hyaluronic acid synthase-1 and occludin in HaCaT cells. Moreover, As-EE dose-dependently up-regulated the production of occludin and transglutaminase-1 after suppression caused by UVB blocking the activator protein-1 signaling pathway, in particular, the extracellular response kinase and c-Jun N-terminal kinase. Our findings suggest that As-EE may have anti-photoaging effects by regulating mitogen-activated protein kinase, which is good news for the cosmetics and dermatology sectors.

Slit-Robo expression in the leech nervous system: insights into eyespot evolution.

BACKGROUND: Slit and Robo are evolutionarily conserved ligand and receptor proteins, respectively, but the number of slit and robo gene paralogs varies across recent bilaterian genomes. Previous studies indicate that this ligand-receptor complex is involved in axon guidance. Given the lack of data regarding Slit/Robo in the Lophotrochozoa compared to Ecdysozoa and Deuterostomia, the present study aims to identify and characterize the expression of Slit/Robo orthologs in leech development. RESULTS: We identified one slit (Hau-slit), and two robo genes (Hau-robo1 and Hau-robo2), and characterized their expression spatiotemporally during the development of the glossiphoniid leech Helobdella austinensis. Throughout segmentation and organogenesis, Hau-slit and Hau-robo1 are broadly expressed in complex and roughly complementary patterns in the ventral and dorsal midline, nerve ganglia, foregut, visceral mesoderm and/or endoderm of the crop, rectum and reproductive organs. Before yolk exhaustion, Hau-robo1 is also expressed where the pigmented eye spots will later develop, and Hau-slit is expressed in the area between these future eye spots. In contrast, Hau-robo2 expression is extremely limited, appearing first in the developing pigmented eye spots, and later in the three additional pairs of cryptic eye spots in head region that never develop pigment. Comparing the expression of robo orthologs between H. austinensis and another glossiphoniid leech, Alboglossiphonia lata allows to that robo1 and robo2 operate combinatorially to differentially specify pigmented and cryptic eyespots within the glossiphoniid leeches. CONCLUSIONS: Our results support a conserved role in neurogenesis, midline formation and eye spot development for Slit/Robo in the Lophotrochozoa, and provide relevant data for evo-devo studies related to nervous system evolution.

The complete mitochondrial genome and phylogenetic analysis of Euurobracon yokahamae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae).

Euurobracon yokahamae is a parasitoid wasp found solely in Asia, and is endangered in some countries. The complete mitochondrial DNA sequence of E. yokahamae was sequenced using next-generation sequencing (NGS). The mitogenome of this species is 14,974bp long and encodes for 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 22 transfer RNAs, and 2 ribosomal RNAs. Maximum likelihood phylogenetic analysis of the mitochondrial genome of braconid species was performed. Tree topology showed that E. yokahamae was closely related to another species of the same genus.

Development of markers using microsatellite loci of two rove beetle species, Paederus fuscipes Curtis and Aleochara (Aleochara) curtula Goeze (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae), followed by analyses of genetic diversity and population structure.

BACKGROUND: The family Staphylinidae is the most speciose beetle group in the world. The outbreaks of two staphylinid species, Paederus fuscipes and Aleochara (Aleochara) curtula, were recently reported in South Korea. None of research about molecular markers and genetic diversity have been conducted in these two species. OBJECTIVE: To develop microsatellite markers and analyze the genetic diversity and population structures of two rove beetle species. METHODS: NGS was used to sequence whole genomes of two species, Paederus fuscipes and Aleochara (Aleochara) curtula. Microsatellite loci were selected with flanking primer sequences. Specimens of P. fuscipes and A. curtula were collected from three localities, respectively. Genetic diversity and population structure were analyzed using the newly developed microsatellite markers. RESULTS: The number of alleles ranged 5.727-6.636 (average 6.242) and 2.182-5.364 (average 4.091), expected heterozygosity ranged 0.560-0.582 (average 0.570) and 0.368-0.564 (average 0.498), observed heterozygosity ranged 0.458-0.497 (average 0.472) and 0.418-0.644 (average 0.537) in P. fuscipes and A. curtula, respectively. Population structure indicates that individuals of A. curtula are clustered to groups where they were collected, but those of P. fuscipes are not. CONCLUSION: Population structures of P. fuscipes were shallow. In A. curtula, however, it was apparent that the genetic compositions of the populations are different significantly depending on collection localities.

Distinctive cytokine profiles of stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth and dental pulp stem cells.

BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: SHED and DPSC have stem cell regenerative potential, but comparative research on their cytokine profile is rare. This study aimed to investigate and compare cytokine profiles secreted from stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHED) and dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs). MATERIALS AND METHODS: SHED-conditioned medium (CM) and DPSC-CM were extracted using seven primary and permanent teeth each. Cytokine membrane array was performed for each CM to quantify and compare the secretomes of 120 cytokines. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, immunocytochemistry, and immunohistochemistry analysis were performed to demonstrate cytokine membrane array analysis. RESULTS: Significant differences were observed in the expression levels of 68 cytokines-27 and 41 cytokines were 1.3-fold more strongly expressed in SHED-CM and DPSC-CM, respectively. Cytokines involved in immunomodulation, odontogenesis and osteogenesis were more strongly expressed in SHED-CM. Cytokines involved in angiogenesis were detected more strongly in DPSCs-CM. SHED and DPSCs have distinctive cytokine profiles and characteristics in terms of their stem cell regenerative potential. CONCLUSION: These observations suggest that SHED may have a better cytokine profile related to inflammatory, proliferative, osteogenic, and odontogenic potential.