Germination and biological adaptation approaches as salt-stress tolerance process in selected paddy cultivars under salinity stress.

Cultivating productive paddy crops on salty soil to maximise production is a challenging approach to meeting the world's growing food demand. Thus, determining salinity tolerance rates in specific paddy cultivars is urgently needed. In this study, the salt tolerance traits of selected paddy cultivars, ADT45 and ADT39, were investigated by analysing germination, metabolites (pigments and biomolecules), and enzymatic (Superoxide dismutase (SOD), Catalase (CAT), and Peroxidase (POD) adaptation strategies as salt-stress tolerance mechanisms. This study found that salinity-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) were efficiently detoxified by the antioxidant enzymes Superoxide dismutase (SOD), Catalase (CAT), and Peroxidase (POD) in ADT45 paddy varieties, followed by ADT39. Salinity stress had a significant impact on pigments and essential biomolecules in ADT45 and ADT39 paddy cultivars, including total chlorophyll, anthocyanin, carotenoids, ascorbic acid, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), malondialdehyde, and proline. ADT45 demonstrated a significant relationship between H2O2 and antioxidant enzyme levels, followed by ADT39 paddy but not IR64. Morphological, physiological, and biochemical analyses revealed that ADT45, followed by ADT39, is a potential salt-tolerant rice cultivar.

Antibacterial, antidiabetic, acute toxicity, antioxidant, and nephroproductive competence of extracts of Lannea coromandelica fruit through in-vitro and in-vivo animal model investigation.

The anti-dermatophytic (Proteus vulgaris, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter aerogenes, Propionibacterium acnes, Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptococcus pyogenes) and nephroprotective activities of methanol and aqueous extracts obtained from Lannea coromandelica fruit were investigated through in-vitro (agar well diffusion method) and in-vivo (animal model) study. The methanol extract showed considerable antibacterial activity against selective bacterial pathogens at increased concentration (15.0 mg mL-1) in the following order P. vulgaris (35.2 ± 1.6 mm) > E. aerogenes (32.1 ± 2.1 mm) > K. pneumoniae (29.3±2 mm) > P. acnes (28.2 ± 2.4 mm) > S. aureus (25.5 ± 2.4 mm) > S. pyogenes (24.3 ± 2.1 mm) than aqueous extract. The MIC values of this methanol and aqueous extract was found as 2.5-7.5 mg mL-1 and 5.0 to 1.0 mg mL-1 respectively. Different treatment sets (A-E) on a rat-based animal model study revealed that the methanol extract has excellent antioxidant and nephroprotective activity, as well as favorable effects on essential biochemical substances involved in active metabolic activities. As demonstrated by histopathological and microscopic examination, the biologically active chemical present in methanol extract had a positive effect on serum markers, enzyme, and non-enzyme-based antioxidant activities, as well as lowering the toxicity caused by EG in the rat (as nephroprotective activity) renal cells.

As assessment of shelf life increasing competence of pectin (Zucchini) based edible coating on tomatoes.

The most recent advancement in food packaging research involves improving the shelf life of perishable foods by utilising bio-based resources that are edible, eco-friendly, and biodegradable. The current study investigated the effect of edible pectin coating on mature green tomatoes to improve shelf life and storage properties. Zucchini pectin was used to make edible coating. The antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of extracted pectin were investigated. The findings indicated that the extracted pectin had antimicrobial (Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Aspergillus niger) and antioxidant (34.32% at 1 mg/mL) properties.Tomatoes were immersed in pectin solutions of varying concentrations, 1, 3, and 5% (w/v). Physiological evaluations of weight loss, total sugar content, titratable acidity pH, and ascorbic acid were performed on tomatoes during their maturing stages of mature green, light red, pure red, and breaking. Coating the tomatoes with pectin (5%) resulted in minimal weight loss while increasing the retention of total sugar, ascorbic acid, and titratable acidity. The shelf life of the pectin-coated tomatoes was extended to 11 days, while the uncoated control tomatoes lasted 9 days. Thus, a 5% edible pectin solution was found to be effective in coating tomatoes. The current study suggests that using 5% pectin as an edible coating on tomatoes can delay/slow the ripening/maturing process while also extending the shelf-life of tomatoes without affecting their physiochemical properties, which is scalable on a large scale for commercial purposes.

Metal accumulation and genetic adaptation of Oryza sativa to Cadmiun and Chromium heavy metal stress: A hydroponic and RAPD analyses.

This research was performed to assess the influence of Cd and Cr metals on growth, pigments, antioxidant, and genomic stability of Oryza sativa indica and Oryza sativa japonica were investigated under hydroponic conditions. The results revealed that significant metal influence on test crop growth, pigment content, metal stress balancing antioxidant activity in a dose dependent manner. Since, while at elevated (500 ppm) concentration of Cd as well as Cr metals the pigment (total chlorophyll, chlorophyll a, b and carotenoids) level was reduced than control; however antioxidant activity (total antioxidant, H2O2, and NO) was considerably improved as protective mechanisms to combat the metal toxicity and support the plant growth. Furthermore, the test crops under typical hydroponic medium (loaded with Cd and Cr as 200, 300, 400, and 500 ppm) growth conditions, effectively absorb the metals from medium and accumulated in the root and least quantity was translocated to the shoot of this test crops. Furthermore, typical RAPD analysis with 10 universal primers demonstrated that the genomic DNA of the test crops was adaptable to develop metal resistance and ensure crop growth under increased concentrations (500 ppm) of tested heavy metals. These findings suggest that these edible crops have the ability to accumulate Cd along with Cr metals, and additionally that their genetic systems have the ability to adapt to metal-stressed environments.

Anti-Candida, antioxidant and antidiabetic potential of ethyl acetate extract fraction-7a from Cymodocea serrulata and its bioactive compound characterization through FTIR and NMR.

The purpose of this research was to look into the spectral categorization of fraction 7a from the Cymodocea serrulata ethyl acetate extract employing 1H as well as 13C NMR and FTIR techniques. Besides this, the antifungal (Candida tropicalis, Candida parapsilosis, Candida albicans, and Candida glabrata), antioxidant, and antidiabetic activities were also determined through in-vitro studies. Surprisingly, the 1H and 13C NMR analyses revealed that fraction 7a contains the most aliphatic and the least aromatic compounds. FTIR analysis revealed that the test fraction 7a contains the most active functional groups related to alkanes, phenols, esters, and amide groups. At a dosage of 500 µg mL-1, the fraction 7a does have outstanding antifungal activity against fungal pathogens such as Candida tropicalis, C. parapsilosis, C. albicans, and C. glabrata. The results suggest that the fraction 7a does have excellent anti-candida activity against candidiasis-causing fungal pathogens. This fraction 7a also demonstrated fine dose dependent antioxidant and antidiabetic activities.

Phytoremediation efficiency of Vigna mungo with the amalgamation of indigenous metal tolerant bacterial strain on metal polluted agriculture soil.

This research was performed to evaluate physico-chemical properties of farmland soil nearby the magnesite mine site. Unexpectedly, few physico-chemical properties were crossing the acceptable limits. Particularly, the quantities of Cd (112.34 ± 3.25), Pb (386.42 ± 11.71), Zn (854.28 ± 3.53), and Mn (2538 ± 41.11) were crossing the permissible limits. Among 11 bacterial cultures isolated from the metal contaminated soil, 2 isolates names as SS1 and SS3 showed significant multi-metal tolerance up to the concentration of 750 mg L-1. Furthermore, these strains also showed considerable metal mobilization as well as absorption ability on metal contaminated soil under in-vitro conditions. In a short duration of treatment, these isolates effectively mobilize and absorb the metals from the polluted soil. The results obtained from the greenhouse investigation with Vigna mungo revealed that the among various treatment (T1 to T5) groups, the T3 (V. mungo + SS1+SS3) showed remarkable phytoremediation potential (Pb: 50.88, Mn: 152, Cd: 14.54, and Zn: 67.99 mg kg-1) on metal contaminated soil. Furthermore, these isolates influence the growth as well as biomass of V. mungo under greenhouse conditions on metal contaminated soil. These findings suggest that combining multi-metal tolerant bacterial isolates can improve the phytoextraction efficiency of V. mungo on metal-contaminated soil.

Quercetin extraction from small onion skin (Allium cepa L. var. aggregatum Don.) and its antioxidant activity.

In the present study, the maximum yield of quercetin was optimized for the ethanol extraction of small onions (Allium cepa L. var. aggregatum Don.), and the antioxidant activity was investigated in vitro. The extraction of quercetin from the small onion skin was carried out through ethanol solvent extraction with different ratios of ethanol and water. Ethanol: water ratio produced the highest quercetin from the onion skin. RP-HPLC analysis of the extracted material showed 2, 122 mg/g of quercetin and 0.34 mg/g of isorhamnetin. A total of 301.03 mg GAE/g dry weight and 156 mg/g quercetin equivalents were found in the onion skin extract. DPPH and ABTS free radical scavenging potentials of the tested extract (90:10 v/v) were dose-dependent, with IC50 values of 62.27 µg/mL and 53.65 µg/mL, respectively. Therefore, the present study reports that small onion skin extract rich in quercetin may serve as a promising antioxidant and anticancer agent.

Organic gelatin-coated ZnNPs for the production of biodegradable biopolymer films.

Petroleum-based polymers have raised significant environmental concerns. It is critical to create compostable, good biocompatibility, and nontoxic polymers to replace petroleum-based polymers. Thus, this research was performed to extract the gelatin from fish waste cartilage and coated it over the surface of spherical shaped pre-synthesized ZnNPs along with a suitable plasticizer to produce the biodegradable film. The presence of gelatin on the surface of ZnNPs was first confirmed using UV-visible spectrophotometers, as well as the characteristic functional groups involved in the coating were investigated using Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). The morphological appearance of gelatin coated ZnNPs was ranged from 41.43 to 52.31 nm, the shape was found as platonic to pentagonal shape, and the fabricated film was observed through Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The thickness, density, and tensile strength of fabricated film were found to be 0.04-0.10 mm, 0.10-0.27 g/cm3, and 31.7 kPa. These results imply that the fish waste cartilage gelatin coated ZnNPs-based nanocomposite can be used for film preparation as well as a wrapper for food and pharmaceutical packaging.

Bioremediation efficiency of free and immobilized form of Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus tubigenesis biomass on tannery effluent.

Untreated tannery effluent discharge, which causes severe environmental pollution. This research was performed to assess the bioremediation (multi-pollutant adsorption) potential of pre-identified and multi metal tolerant Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus tubigenesis through a stirred tank bioreactor in free and immobilized form. Physicochemical property analysis results showed that most of the tannery effluent properties were beyond the permissible limits. These A. niger and A. tubigenesis effectively immobilized on corncob and coir solid support material. The stirred tank bioreactor based bioremediation study revealed that the fungal biomass (Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus tubigenesis) immobilized coir and corncob material demonstrated remarkable multi-pollutant (TSS: 22.5% & 13.5%, TS: 29% & 22%, BOD: 21% & 10%, TDS: 28% & 19%, COD: 30% & 22%, Cr: 27% & 19%, Cu: 28% & 12%, and Pb: 48% & 29% respectively) adsorption potential in a week of treatment. Moreover, it reduced the toxicity of tannery effluent and promotes the sprouting of Oriza sativa seeds, as demonstrated by petri plate bioassay. These finding suggest that the metal-tolerant fungal isolates A. niger and A. tubigenesis demonstrated impressive bioremediation proficiencies in an immobilized state. A field investigation is required to assess the feasibility of this strategy on tannery effluent.

Mixed pollutants adsorption potential of Eichhornia crassipes biochar on Manihot esculenta processing industry effluents.

The starch is one of the most essential food stuff and serves as a raw material for number of food products for the welfare of human. During the production process enormous volume of effluents are being released into the environment. In this regard, this study was performed to evaluate the physicochemical traits of Manihot esculenta processing effluent and possible sustainable approach to treat this issue using Eichhornia crassipes based biochar. The standard physicochemical properties analysis revealed that the most the parameters (EC was recorded as 4143.17 ± 67.12 mhom-1, TDS: 5825.62 ± 72.14 mg L-1, TS: 7489.21 ± 165.24 mg L-1, DO: 2.12 ± 0.21 mg L-1, BOD 2673.74 ± 153.53 mg L-1, COD: 6672.66 ± 131.21 mg L-1, and so on) were beyond the permissible limits and which can facilitate eutrophication. Notably, the DO level was considerably poor and thus can support the eutrophication. The trouble causing E. crassipes biomass was used as raw material for biochar preparation through pyrolysis process. The temperature ranging from 250 to 350 °C with residence time of 20-60 min were found as suitable temperature to provide high yield (56-33%). Furthermore, 10 g L-1 concentration of biochar showed maximum pollutant adsorption than other concentrations (5 g L-1 and 15 g L-1) from 1 L of effluent. The suitable temperature required to remediate the pollutants from the effluent by biochar was found as 45 °C and 35 °C at 10 g L-1 concentration. These results conclude that at such optimized condition, the E. crassipes effectively adsorbed most of the pollutants from the M. esculenta processing effluent. Furthermore, such pollutants adsorption pattern on biochar was confirmed by SEM analysis.

Tulsi (Ocimum sanctum) mediated Co nanoparticles with their anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and methyl orange dye adsorption properties.

Nanotechnology is an emerging technology that uses medicinal plants to extract nanoparticles for conventional applications. In the present investigation, the medical plant Tulsi (Ocimum sanctum) has used in the synthesis of cobalt (Co) nanoparticles in a cost-effective, feasible process. The efficiency of nanoparticles in removing methyl orange dye was evaluated by analyzing their applications in wastewater treatment. An analysis of the anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer properties of Tulsi-mediated Co nanoparticles was conducted to examine their medical application. Morphological analysis of Co nanoparticles showed that the synthesized nanoparticles were in crystal shape with a mean particle size of 110 nm. A batch adsorption study has shown that incubation periods of 5 h, pH 2, temperatures of 70 °C, and adsorbent dosage of 125 µg/mL are optimal for removing methyl orange dye from wastewater. To examine the anti-inflammatory properties of Tulsi-mediated Co nanoparticles, protein denaturation and nitric oxide scavenging assays were performed. The maximum anti-inflammatory response was recorded at a concentration of 250 µg/mL of Co nanoparticles. MTT assays against MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells were used to evaluate the anti-cancer properties of Co nanoparticles. This study investigates the economical extraction of Co nanoparticles from tulsi and its potential use in wastewater purification and biomedical applications.

Larvicidal and pupicidal activity of phyto-synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles against dengue vector aedes aegypti.

This study aimed to assess the phyto-synthesizing potential of Tarenna asiatica methanol leaf extract as well as its larvicidal and pupicidal potential against Aedes aegypti larvae. According to the findings of this study, the methanol leaf extract of T. asiatica has the potential to synthesize zinc oxide nanoparticles from zinc acetate dehydrate. Standard analytical techniques such as UV-visible spectrophotometer, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray Diffraction analysis, Scanning Electron Microscope, and Energy Dispersive X-Ray were used to characterize the phyto-synthesized nanoparticles. The zinc oxide nanoparticles synthesized ranged in size from 22.35 to 31.27 nm and was spherical in shape. These nanoparticles demonstrated excellent larvicidal activity against Aedes aegypti larvae in the second, third, and fourth in stars, as well as significant pupicidal activity. These findings suggest that the methanol leaf extract of T. asiatica synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles, which could be used to develop mosquito repellents.

Utilisation of persistent chemical pollutant incorporating with nanoparticles to modify the properties of geopolymer and cement concrete.

The majority of industrial products are identified as persistent organic pollutants after their date of expiry, which is highly harmful to the ecosystem and human health and also going to be banned around the world. Paint latex is one of those pollutants which become a hazardous waste material after stocking for a long time. Approximately 20% of color paints do not get used for their desired purpose after getting sold out and end up in a landfill. Now a day's construction industry is inclining towards the various types of geo-polymer concrete since it does not require cement. But that geo-polymer concrete has too much less workability as compared to the same grade of control cement concrete. To achieve the desired workability as well as other properties of geo-polymer concrete by using waste paint latex as performance improving admixture is the main motive of the present research. Fourteen different mixes of control and calcined clay-based geo-polymer concrete have been prepared by adding up to 3% waste paint latex of weight of cementitious materials and a detailed study has been done on various properties such as workability, rheology, shrinkage, strength and its microstructure. The presence of nanoparticles of TiO2 in waste paint latex has helped to produce extra hydration products, by which the mechanical properties, durability and microstructure of both traditional and geo-polymer concrete have increased. It has been concluded that a higher dose of waste paint latex improves the workability but the strength and durability properties of traditional and geo-polymer concrete improve up to 2-2.5% of waste paint latex replaced to water.

Valorization of pineapple peel waste for fungal pigment production using Talaromyces albobiverticillius: Insights into antibacterial, antioxidant and textile dyeing properties.

The present study explores natural pigments as sustainable alternatives to synthetic textile dyes. Due to their therapeutic applications and easy production, fungal pigments have gained attention. However, data on pigment production using solid-state fermentation and optimization is limited. Milk whey was used to grow Talaromyces sp., followed by an evaluation of pigment production in solid and liquid media. Pineapple peels were used as a cost-effective substrate for pigment production, and a one-factor-at-a-time approach was used to enhance pigment production. Pineapple peel-based media produced 0.523 ± 0.231 mg/g of pigment after eight days of incubation. The crude pigment had promising antibacterial and significant antioxidant properties. The extraction fungal pigment's possible use as an eco-friendly textile dye was assessed through fabric dyeing experiments with different mordants. This work contributes to the valorization of agricultural waste and provides insight into using fungal pigments as sustainable alternatives to synthetic textile dyes.

Utilization of the Nannochloropsis microalgae biochar prepared via microwave assisted pyrolysis on the mixed biomass fuel pellets.

Nannochloropsis microalgae biochar has become increasingly attractive due to its potential as a component of microalgae-based biodiesel blends. This biochar is a by-product of the pyrolysis process, but its use in the energy sector has been limited. In this study, pellets were formed using microalgae residues and their physiochemical properties were analyzed to assess the feasibility of using microalgae biochar as a fuel source. Three types of biomasses, namely date seed dust, coconut shell waste, and microalgae biochar, were utilized to produce fuel pellets. These pellets were categorized into three types, B1, B2, and B3, based on the composition of the biomass. The inclusion of microalgae biochar in the pellets resulted in enhanced calorific value, as well as improved heating value and bulk density. Moreover, the mechanical strength of microalgae-based pellets was higher due to their high lignin content compared to another biomass. The moisture absorption test results showed that the use of mixed biomass reduced the moisture content over an extended period. Microalgae pellets exhibited higher young's modulus and greater impact resistance, indicating greater mechanical strength. Furthermore, due to their higher calorific value, the combustion time of microalgae pellets was greater than that of other biomass. In conclusion, the results of this study suggest that microalgae biochar can be a promising alternative fuel source for the energy sector.

Green synthesized Cobalt oxide nanoparticles using Curcuma longa for anti-oxidant, antimicrobial, dye degradation and anti-cancer property.

In the present study, cobalt oxide nanoparticles have been synthesized using the root extract of Curcuma longa in a manner that is both environmentally friendly and economical. Initially, the synthesized nanoparticles were characterized using a UV-Vis spectroscopy analysis, in which plasma resonance at 345 nm was observed, which confirmed that CL-Cobalt oxide nanoparticles were synthesized. While FTIR analysis showed a peak at 597.37 cm-1 indicating Co-O stretching vibration. In addition, DLS, SEM and XRD analyses confirmed the synthesis of polydispersed (average size distribution of 97.5 ± 35.1 nm), cubic phase structure, and spherical-shaped CL-Cobalt oxide nanoparticles. CL-Cobalt oxide nanoparticles synthesized from green materials showed antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. CL-Cobalt oxide nanoparticles exhibited antibacterial activity against Gram negative (Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli) and Gram positive bacteria (Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus), while CL-Cobalt oxide nanoparticles additionally displayed significant antifungal activity against Aspergillus niger. CL-Cobalt oxide also showed application in a bioremediation perspective by showing strong photocatalytic degradation of methyl red, methyl orange and methyl blue dye. In addition, CL-Cobalt oxide also demonstrated anticancer activity against MDA-MB-468 cancer cell lines with an IC50 value of 150.8 µg/ml. Therefore, this is the first and foremost report on CL-Cobalt oxide nanoparticles synthesized using Curcuma longa showing antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, dye degradation and anticancer applications.

Deciphering the anticancer, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant potential of Ti nanoparticles fabricated using Zingiber officinale.

Rapid and sustainable green technology was implemented in the current study to fabricated Ti nanoparticles. The vegetable ginger with the scientific name Zingiber officinale was employed as a biological source in the fabrication process of nanoparticles. The optical, structural, morphological, and particle size of the fabricated Ti nanoparticles were characterized with the help of UV-visible absorption spectrum, FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared) spectrum, SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope) analysis, DLS (Dynamic Light Scattering) technique and XRD (X-ray powder diffraction) crystallography technique. The presence of spherical-shaped Ti nanoparticles with an average particle size of 93 nm was confirmed based on these characterization techniques. The anti-cancer properties of the Z. officinale mediated Ti nanoparticles were analyzed through MTT assay against cell lines MCF-7 (Human breast adenocarcinoma cell line) and concentration-dependent anti-cancer properties were observed. The anti-inflammatory capacity of the Z. officinale mediated Ti nanoparticles were examined through protein denaturation and nitric oxide scavenging assay. The antioxidant capacity of the Z. officinale mediated Ti nanoparticles were examined through DPPH assay, hydrogen peroxide radical scavenging assay, hydroxyl radical scavenging assay, and FRAP (Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power) analysis. The fabricated Ti nanoparticles exhibited anti-inflammatory and antioxidant capacity in a concentration-dependent pattern.

Mint leaves (Mentha arvensis) mediated CaO nanoparticles in dye degradation and their role in anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer properties.

In ancient times, herbal plants were considered one of the greatest gifts from nature that human beings could receive, and about 80% of these plants have medicinal uses. In traditional medicine, Mentha arvensis, commonly known as mint, has many applications, and in the present study, the mint leaf extract has been used to synthesis nanoparticles using the mint leaf extract as a biosource for the extraction of nanoparticles. In addition to having a wide range of applications in various fields, calcium oxide (CaO) nanoparticles are also considered to be safe for human use. In order to assess the characteristics of the abstracted CaO nanoparticles, UV-visible absorption spectrophotometers, Fourier Transform Infrared spectrophotometers (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopes (SEMs), Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), and X-ray Diffraction Spectrophotometers (XRDs) were used. By conducting a protein denaturation assay and nitric oxide scavenging assay, mint leaf mediated CaO nanoparticles were evaluated for their therapeutic applications. MTT assays were used to prove that the CaO nanoparticles mediated by mint leaf had anti-cancer properties. By examining the ability of mint leaf mediated CaO nanoparticles to degrade various dyes such as methyl red, methyl orange, and methylene blue, which are the most used azo dyes in textile industries resulting in water contamination, the ability of these nanoparticles to act as a photocatalytic agent was examined.

Cobalt nanoparticles synthesizing potential of orange peel aqueous extract and their antimicrobial and antioxidant activity.

The ability of cobalt nanoparticles (CoNPs) to absorb electromagnetic waves led to their use as potential biomedical agents in recent years. The properties of magnetic fluid containing cobalt nanoparticles are extraordinary. Hence, this research was designed to evaluate the Co(NO3)2 reducing the potential of orange peel aqueous extract and assessed their antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. The aqueous extract derived from orange peel had the potential to fabricate the CoNPs from 1 M Co(NO3)2 and the synthesized CoNPs were successfully characterized by standard nanoparticles characterization techniques such as UV-vis spectrophotometer, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), and Dynamic light scattering (DLS) analyses. The FTIR analysis revealed that the synthesized CoNPs were capped with active functional groups. It was characterized by predominant peaks corresponding to carbonyl (CO), amide (CO = ), and C-O of alcohols or phenols. The size and shape of CoNPs were found as 14.2-22.7 nm and octahedral, respectively, under SEM analysis. Furthermore, at increased concentration, the CoNPs demonstrated remarkable antimicrobial activity against common bacterial (Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus,Bacillus subtilis, and Klebsiella pneumoniae) and fungal (Aspergillus niger) pathogens. Furthermore, these CoNPs also showed considerable in-vitro antioxidant activities against various free articles such as 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2). These results suggest that OP aqueous extract synthesized CoNPs possess considerable biomedical applications.

Synthesis of AgNPs from leaf extract of Naringi crenulata and evaluation of its antibacterial activity against multidrug resistant bacteria.

The biosynthesis of AgNPs using a methanolic extract of Naringi crenulata is described in this study. UV-visible spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), particle size analyzer (PSA), scanning electron microscope (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used to characterize the synthesized AgNPs. The UV-visible spectrum revealed a sharp peak at 420 nm, which represents silver's strong Plasmon resonance. FTIR and XRD confirmed the functional groups (N-H stretch, alkanes, O-H stretch, carboxylic acid, N-H bend, C-X fluoride, and C-N stretch) and face-centered cubic crystalline structure of synthesized AgNPs. SEM and TEM analyses revealed that the synthesized nanoparticles had a spherical morphology with an average diameter of 32.75 nm. The synthesized AgNPs have antibacterial activity against multidrug-resistant bacteria pathogens such as Vibrio cholerae, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Escherichia coli, and Klebsiella pneumoniae. AgNPs can be synthesized using a methanolic extract of Naringi crenulate, and the resulting particle may have wide range of biological applications.