Exosomes derived from idiopathic gingival fibroma fibroblasts regulate gingival fibroblast proliferation and apoptosis.

OBJECTIVE: Exosomes have been proved to play an essential role in intercellular information transmission. However, few researches focused on exosomes derived from gingival fibroblasts (GFs) of IGF. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of exosomes derived from GFs of IGF (IGF-GFs) on the proliferation and apoptosis of normal gingival fibroblasts (N-GFs). METHODS: Gingival fibroblasts were cultured and identified using immunocytochemistry. Exosomes were isolated with exosomes extraction kit and characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and flow cytometry. PKH67 labeling was further used to trace the intracellular distribution of the exosomes. And MTS assay was used to test the effective concentration and time course of IGF-GFs-derived exosomes. Furthermore, the expression of PCNA, Ki67, Bcl-2, and Bax in N-GFs was analyzed by qRT-PCR and Western blot. RESULTS: Exosomes were isolated from IGF-GFs; the identification of exosomes and gingival fibroblasts was successfully finished. Moreover, we found that N-GFs co-cultured with exosomes showed a great increase in PCNA and Bcl-2 levels, and a moderate increase in Ki67 levels. By contrast, the levels of Bax were significantly reduced. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that exosomes derived from idiopathic gingival fibroma fibroblasts are involved in the regulation of gingival fibroblast proliferation and apoptosis.

[Energy and macronutrient intakes of farmers at different levels of physical activity in China from 2010 to 2012].

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the intake and structure of energy and macronutrients of farmers under three kinds of job types: working, farming and housework in China, and analyzes the intake status under different work intensity. METHODS: Based on the data of China Nutrition and Health Survey in 2010-2012, this paper analyzed the dietary intake of farmers over 18 years old at three job types and different work intensities. RESULTS: The energy intake of farmers in China was 2149. 5 kcal/d, and that of men and women were 2345. 2 kcal/d and 1985. 4 kcal/d, respectively. Farming farmers took in the highest energy and the domestic farmers took in the lowest energy. The average protein intake of farmers was 60. 8 g, 66. 0 g for men and 56. 4 g for women. The protein intake of working, farming and housework farmers, showed a downward trend. The fat intake of farmers was 66. 6 g, including 71. 9 g for men and 62. 1 g for women. With the three main forms of working, farming and housework, the fat intake showed a downward trend. The carbohydrate intake of farmers was 327. 5 g, including 354. 6 g for men and 304. 7 g for women, with farming farmers taking in the highest carbohydrate. Among the working farmers, under the light, medium and heavy work intensity, the intake of carbohydrate increased in turn, but protein and fat had no obvious characteristics; among the farming workers, under the light, medium and heavy work intensity, carbohydrate, protein and fat showed an increasing trend. There were also differences in the dietary structure characteristics among the three job types of working, farming and housework. The proportion of energy from protein and fat was higher in working farmers, the proportion of high-quality protein was close to 35%, the proportion of energy from carbohydrate was the highest in farming farmers, the proportion of high-quality protein was only 27%, the proportion of high-quality protein in household farmers was 30%, and the ratio of fat to energy in both farming and household farmers was less than 30%. Among working farmers, under the light, medium and heavy work intensity, the proportion of energy from carbohydrate increased, while the proportion of protein from animal food decreased; among farming farmers, under the light, medium and heavy work intensity, the proportion of protein from animal food increased slightly. CONCLUSION: There are some differences in the energy and macronutrients intake among the working farmers, farming farmers and household farmers in China. The farming farmers have the most energy intake, and with the increase of work intensity, the proportion of carbohydrate intake increases, and the protein intake is insufficient, especially the heavy work intensity. The nutrition needs of the population should get more attention.

[Provincial prevalence of overweight and obesity among 0-5 years old children in China in 2013].

OBJECTIVE: To study the provincial prevalence of overweight and obesity among 0-5 years old children in China in 2013. METHODS: Data was from the China Nutrition and Health Surveillance among 0-5 years Children and Lactating Women in 2013. A stratified multistage cluster sampling was used among 0-5 years children from 31 provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities and selected 55 districts/counties. The weight and height measurement was conducted using a standard method. The questionnaire was used to collect the information of children. The WHO 2006 growth standard and WHO 2007 growth reference were used to define the overweight and obesity in children. The data was calculated using the post-stratified weight based on provincial census from the National Bureau of Statistics in 2010. RESULTS: The sample participants were 32 861 in 2013. The provincial prevalence of overweight was in 3. 3%-16. 1% and in 0. 6%-9. 7% for obesity. Among the provinces with urban survey sites, the highest prevalence of overweight and obesity was Shandong(14. 3% and 5. 2%), the lowest was Hainan(3. 3% and 0. 6%). Among the provinces with rural survey sites, the highest rate of overweight was Shanxi(16. 1%)and the lowest was Qinghai(3. 3%), while the highest rate of obesity was Shanxi(9. 7%)and the lowest was Qinghai(0. 7%). Among the provinces with both urban and rural survey sites, the highest prevalence of overweight and obesity was in Hebei(14. 3% and 6. 6%), the lowest was in Guizhou(3. 5% and 0. 9%). CONCLUSION: The prevalence of overweight and obesity among 0-5 years old children was higher in central and middle region in China.

[Cognition and control of weight among 15-49 years old women of childbearing age in China during 2010-2013].

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the weight recognition and control among women aged 15-49 in China. METHODS: Data was from the China National Nutrition and Health Surveillance 2010-2013. Stratified multistage cluster sampling method was used. The data of 35 664(16 914 urban women and 18 750 rural women) 15-49 years old women of childbearing age was used. The basic information was collected by questionnaires. Physical measurement indexes such as height and weight were collected. RESULTS: Among overweight and obese women of childbearing age, only 34. 9%(95%CI 34. 2%-35. 6%) of them correctly judged themselves overweight or obese, and 61. 4%(95% CI 60. 6%-62. 1%) of them thought they were normal weight; 10. 8%(95%CI10. 3%-11. 2%) of the normal-weight women thought they were overweight; while 3. 0%(95% CI 2. 6%-3. 4%) of the low-weight women thought they were overweight. Only17. 1%(95% CI 16. 4%-17. 8%) of overweight and obese women of childbearing age take weight control measures. In addition, 3. 6%(95% CI 3. 1%-4. 1%) of low-weight women of childbearing age and 9. 7%(95% CI 9. 3%-10. 1%) of normal-weight women took weight control measures, respectively. The proportion of women aged 15-24 taking weight control measures was higher than that of women aged 25-34 and 35-49, 14. 8%(95% CI 13. 3%-16. 4%), 12. 2%(95% CI 11. 1%-13. 2%) and 10. 0%(95% CI9. 3%-10. 1%), respectively. The proportion of women aged 15-24 taking weight control measures was the highest among normal weight women and overweight and obese women, 13. 9%(95% CI 13. 1%-14. 7%) and 26. 9%(95% CI 26. 4%-27. 4%), respectively. CONCLUSION: At present, there were more women of childbearing age in China who could not correctly assess their own body weight, leading to the inability to take correct weight control measures.

[Prevalence and variation of hypotension in Chinese adult residents in 2002-2012].

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the prevalence and variation of hypotension in Chinese adults residents in 2002 and 2010-2012. METHODS: Data of the blood pressure measurements from 2002 and 2010-2012 China National Nutrition and Health Survey(CNNHS), a multistage stratified cluster random sampling survey was conducted in 2002, and the sample size was 147 488, 64 869 males, 82 619 females, 50 123 urban residents, 97 365 rural residents, 71 078 northern residents and 76 410 southern residents. A multi-stage stratified and population-proportional cluster random sampling method was used in 2010-2012, and the sample size of was 120 427, 52 499 males, 67 928 females, 60 214 urban residents, 60 213 rural residents, 53 863 northern residents and 66 564 southern residents. The population data published by the National Bureau of Statistics in 2009 was used as a standard population of the data result for 2002 and 2010-2012. Complex sampling weighting method was adopted in data analyses. The prevalence of hypotension and 95%CI in different populations were calculated. Chi-square test was used to compare the rates, multi-factor analysis was conducted by using SURVEYLOGISTIC model regression. RESULTS: In 2002, the prevalence rate of hypotension in Chinese adults was 3. 0%, 1. 9% in males, 4. 1% in females, 2. 7% in urban residents, 3. 3% in rural residents, 2. 8% in northern residents and 3. 2% in southern residents. The prevalence rate of hypotension was the highest in 18-44 age group(4. 3%). Among people with different body mass index(BMI), the prevalence of hypotension was higher in low weight group(7. 0%). From 2010 to 2012, the prevalence rate of hypotension in Chinese adults was 2. 1%, 1. 1% in males, 3. 2% in females, 1. 9% in urban residents, 2. 2% in rural residents, 1. 8% in northern residents and 2. 3%in southern residents. The prevalence rate of hypotension was the highest in 18-44 age group(3. 1%). Among people with different BMI, the prevalence of hypotension was higher in low weight group(7. 4%). The total prevalence of hypotension in adult residents in China from 2010 to 2012 was lower than that in 2002, and the difference was statistically significant(χ~2= 624. 3, P <0. 0001). In 2002 and 2010-2012, the prevalence of hypotension in adult residents of China decreased with the increase of age, and the prevalence of hypotension in men and women also decreased with the increase of age. Women were higher than men, the lower age group was higher than the higher age group, and the lower weight group was higher than the normal population. The differences were statistically significant. Multivariate Logistic regression analysis also showed that lower age group, women and people with low weight were more prone to develop hypotension. CONCLUSION: In 2002 and 2010-2012, the total prevalence of hypotension in adult residents of China, and that of hypotension in both men and women decreased with the increase of age. Women were higher than men, the lower age group was higher than the higher age group, and the lower weight group was higher than the normal population. 18-44 age group, women and low weight group are more likely to have low blood pressure. Compared with 2002, the total prevalence of hypotension in Chinese adult residents showed a decreasing trend from 2010 to 2012.

[Association between drinking and metabolic syndrome among adults in China].

OBJECTIVE: To examine the association between alcohol consumption and metabolic syndrome(MS) among Chinese men and women aged 18 years and older. METHODS: The 2010᾿012 China National Nutrition and Health Survey(CNNHS) used multi-stage stratified cluster randomization sampling method to select study participants. Basic information, health-related behaviors and diseases history were collected by questionnaire. Drink information was collected by food frequency questionnaire. Metabolic syndrome was defined according to the updated NCEP ATP III criteria. A total of 102 591 participants aged 18 years and older were included in the analysis. Logistic regression model was performed to examine the association between alcohol consumption and MS. Restricted cubic spline(RCS) was performed to explore the dose response relation of alcohol intake and MS. RESULTS: The drink rate was 33. 66% in Chinese adults aged 18 years and older. Compared with non-drinkers, men who consumed⇿0 g/time had a lower MS prevalence(OR=0. 77, 95%CI 0. 66-0. 90). There was a linear dose response association between alcohol intake and MS among men but not among women. In men, there was no association between drinking type and MS. The OR of MS were 0. 91(95%CI 0. 81-1. 03), 0. 90(95%CI 0. 75-1. 08), 0. 85(95%CI 0. 54-1. 36), and 0. 96(95%CI 0. 84-1. 10) among men who consumed liquor, beer, wine, and mixed liquor. Compared with non-drinkers, women who drink liquor or mixed liquor had a decrease MS prevalence. The OR were 0. 74(95%CI 0. 56-0. 98) and 0. 78(95%CI 0. 66-0. 91). The association between drinking frequency and MS had no statistical significance and the P-trend was 0. 11 in men and 0. 31 in women. CONCLUSION: There is a linear dose response association between alcohol intake and MS among men but not in women. Men consumed >20 g/time have an increased MS prevalence.

[Complementary feeding time among 0-5 years old children in 2013 in China].

OBJECTIVE: To describe complementary feeding time among 0-5 years old children in 2013 in China. METHODS: Data was from the China Nutrition and Health Surveillance in 2013. A stratified multistage cluster sampling was used from 31 provinces( autonomous regions and municipalities) and selected 55 districts/counties. The study included 24 580 children aged 0-5 years. The basic situation and complementary feeding of children aged 0-5 years were collected by questionnaires. RESULTS: The average time for children aged 0-5 years in China to start complementary foods was 6. 1 months. The urban( 5. 7 months) was earlier than the rural( 6. 4 months), large cities, medium and small cities, general rural and poor rural areas were 5. 5, 5. 8, 6. 9 and 5. 5 months, respectively. The proportions of early complementary feeding( < 4 months) and late complementary feeding( > 9 months) were 10. 2 %( n = 2496) and 9. 5%( n = 2336), which were 7. 3% and 5. 5% respectively in urban area and 13. 1% and 13. 7%respectively in rural area. The proportions of early complementary feeding was the highest( 19. 6%) in poor rural areas, the proportions of late complementary feeding was the highest( 15%) in the general rural areas. The rate of introduction of solid, semi-solid or soft foods was 82. 3%, the urban( 89. 4%) was higher than the rural( 73. 6%), and it was the lowest( 63. 4%) in the poor rural areas. CONCLUSION: There were both early complementary feeding and late complementary feeding among 0-5 years children in China in 2013, and the regional difference were significant. It is more likely to add complementary foods too early or too late in rural areasthan in urban areas, especially in poor rural areas.

[Status of blood pressure and prevalence of hypertension among 6-17 years old children and adolescents in 2010-2012 in China].

OBJECTIVE: To describe the mean of systolic blood pressure( SBP), diastolic blood pressure( DBP), and the prevalence of hypertension among 6-17 years old children and adolescents in China in 2010-2012. METHODS: Data was from the China Nutrition and Health Surveillance in 2010-2012. The total number was 35 657 which selected through the method of multi-stage stratified cluster randomization sampling and probability proportion to size( PPS). The study objects were 6-17 years old childrenand adolescents in 31 Provinces and 150 sites in China Mainland. Blood pressure was measured by mercury sphygmomanometer. Hypertension was defined using Blood pressure reference standards for Chinese children and adolescents( 2010). Age-standardized result were calculated incorporating a sample weighting using the national census from the National Bureau of Statistics in 2009. RESULTS: The overall mean SBP was 101 mmHg. It was 102 mmHg for boys and 99 mmHg for girls. It showed 94 mmHg and 105 mmHg in 6-11 and 12-17 age groups. The mean DBP was 65 mmHg. Both boys and girls were 65 mmHg. It was 61 mmHg and 68 mmHg in 6-11 and 12-17 age groups. The prevalence of hypertension was 12. 4% in children and adolescents in China. It was 12. 4% in boys and 12. 3% in girls. It showed 7. 3% in 6-11 age group and 15. 6% in 12-17 group. The SBP, DBP and prevalence of hypertension were increased with age. The mean SBP of poor rural area was lowest and there was no difference in SBP and hypertensive prevalence. CONCLUSION: The government should pay more attention on blood pressure and hypertension in 6-17 years old children and adolescents. It is important to strengthen the surveillance and early detection and prevention.

[Salt intake among Chinese adults in 2010-2012].

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the mean population intake of salt in Chinese adults in 2010-2012. METHODS: Data were from the Chinese Nutrition and Health Surveillance in 2010-2012. The samples were selected through the method of probability proportion to size (PPS). The study objects were 55 531 adults aged 18 and over from 150 sites in 31 provinces, autonomous regions or municipalities in China. The information of oil, salt and other condiments for household was from the 3 d food weighed record. The average of salt intake for individuals was calculated based on the energy percentage in one family. The results presented the level of salt intake (x ± Sx) by analyzing the different demography characteristics. The results were calculated using complex weighting by the population data from National Bureau of Statistics in 2009. RESULTS: The intake of salt was (9.6 ± 0.3) g/d and it was higher in men ((10.4 ± 0.4) g/d) than that in women ((8.8 ± 0.3) g/d). The intake in the age group of 40-49, 50-59 and 60-69 was (9.9 ± 0.5) g/d, (10.3 ± 0.4) g/d and (9.9 ± 0.3) g/d, respectively. The adults in rural ((10.2 ± 0.3) g/d) had a higher salt intake than that of urban ((9.0 ± 0.5) g/d). An average of salt intake was increased gradually in big city ((7.9 ± 0.3) g/d), medium /small city ((9.2 ± 0.6) g/d) , general rural ((9.9 ± 0.4) g/d) and poor rural ((10.8 ± 0.7)g/d). CONCLUSION: The mean salt intake among Chinese adults was still in a very high level. Something should be done to reduce the salt intake for the government and policy-makers.

[Consumption status and trend of added sugar containing food among Chinese from 2002 to 2012].

OBJECTIVE: To understand the status and trend of added sugar containing food consumption from 2002 to 2012. METHODS: Using dietary data from the Chinese Nutrition and Health Survey in 2002 and the Chinese Nutrition and Health Surveillance in 2010-2012, to analyze the consumption status of added sugar containing food in these two years and to compare the difference between the past ten years in China. RESULTS: From 2002 to 2012, consumption rate of added sugar containing food increased from 20.4% to 26.9%, the consumption rate of all ages in 2012 was higher than in 2002 (t = -3.75, P = 0.0133), female higher than male (t = 0.86, P = 0.3991). The percentage of total calories from added sugar containing food was decreasing from 9.48% in 2002 to 9.09% in 2012, the difference was statistically significant (t = 4.16, P < 0.0001). From 2002 to 2012, species composition ratio of sugar-sweetened beverages (11.7% and 8.5%), dairy products (8.1% and 15.0%), instants food (26.6% and 39.0%) was increasing in some degree. CONCLUSION: The consumption level of added sugar in China is low, which still under the recommended limits (10%) of WHO, but the consumption rate of food containing added sugar is increasing generally.

[Status of consumption of potato and its related products in Chinese residents from 2010 to 2012].

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the status of consumption of potato and its related products in Chinese residents from 2010 to 2012. METHODS: Data was from China Nutrition and Health Surveillance 2010-2012. Information on the consumption of potato and its related products was collected using the 24 h recall method for three consecutive days. RESULTS: The average consumption of potatoes for Chinese residents was 29. 2 g / d, 20. 1 g for urban residents, 37. 7 g for rural residents. The consumption rate of potato was40. 1%, which were 35. 7% and 44. 2% in urban and rural areas. The average consumption of potato eaters was 72. 8 g, 56. 2 g and 85. 3 g for urban and rural areas respectively. The average consumptions of potato powder and chips were 0. 2 g and 0. 04 g, and the edible rate were 0. 4% and 0. 2% respectively. CONCLUSION: At present, the edible rate and the consumption of potato were lower in Chinese residents. To promote potato staple strategy should actively promote potato food products and industrial development, guide the dietary structure of Chinese residents, and improve the residents' understanding of the nutritional value of potato.

[Survey on the consumption status of trans fatty acids food among the population over the age of 3 in Beijing and Guangzhou].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the intakes of trans fatty acids over the age of 3 in different populations, and to determine the high exposure food and population in two cities. METHODS: Use food frequency survey to investigate the frequency and the average intake of food containing trans fatty acids among subjects in the past three months. RESULTS: The first ranks high exposure food is vegetable oil, while other food is different in sequence among two cities. The common high exposure populations are 13-17 years old groups and students at school groups. CONCLUSION: The high exposure food and population are different among two cities, and the reasons are so various that we need further research.

[Malnutrition status and influencing factors in children with migrant worker mother in poor areas in China].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the malnutrition status and influencing factors in children with migrant worker mother in poor areas of 13 provinces. METHODS: Survey data was from the program of Public Health Emergency Response and Operation Mechanism-Establish the monitoring and information system on nutrition and health and related risk factors in 0-5 children in 2009 which funded by China CDC. Multistage stratified random cluster sampling method used in the national survey was performed. The contents of the investigation included questionnaire survey, anthropometric measurement,biochemical tests and dietary survey. The subjects of the study were 2161 children no more than 18 months in the survey. Z-scores were calculated according to WHO growth standards (2006). Data processing and multiple factors analysis were finished by non condition logistic regression in software SAS 9.12. RESULTS: There were 9.3% children whose mother were migrant workers in the target population. The prevalence of stunting and underweight in children with migrant worker mother was 15.5% and 6.0% Excluding other influencing factors, the results suggested that low birth weight (OR=2.543, 95% CI 1.481-4.365), minority nationality (OR=1.661, 95% CI 1.274-2.165), mother is migrant worker (OR=1.602,95% CI 1.085-2.367), the nearest medical institution at a distance of >or=1 km (OR=1.308, 95% CI 1.008-1.696), and unsanitary toilet (OR=1.311, 95% CI 1.017-1.689) are the most important independent factors among 0-18 months young children. CONCLUSION: Malnutrition in children with migrant worker mother in poor areas should not be ignored. Enhance the monitoring and adopt comprehensive improvement are useful to improve the growth of children.

[Intervention for family feeding methods for nursling between 6 to 24 months in Zhouqu].

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the change of family feeding methods after nutrition intervention for nurslings between 6 to 24 months in Zhouqu . METHOD: Choose 252 nurslings in basic survey and 239 in final survey by PPS sampling and obtain the change of feeding methods by questionnaire. RESULTS: After the one year's intervention, the rate of pure breast feeding increases from 26.98% to 39.33%, the rate of breast feeding in one hour after the baby delivered increases from 17.06% to 38.09%. The rate of feeding formula powder increases from 27.28% to 61.51% and the status of feeding vegetable meat and bean are improved. The rate for early complementary feeding for special kings of food decreased. CONCLUSION: After the one year's intervention, the feeding methods improves in total, but there are still some problems. It isrequired to enhance intervention and formulate and implement a kind of reasonable intervention method to attach the objective of scientific feeding for nurslings.

[Analysis on the status and factors influencing the breastfeeding of children under 2 years of age in poverty stricken areas of China in 2007 - 2009].

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the main factors influencing the breastfeeding of children within 6 months after birth in poor areas, to provide effective intervention measures for improving the unreasonable behavior in order to promote healthy development of children. METHODS: Using the data of nutrition and health monitoring of children under 2 years of age in poor areas of China in 2007 - 2009. Analyzing the factors which influencing the behavior of feeding children. RESULTS: Single factor analysis and multivariate analysis showed that the nationality, place of delivery, main caregiver, family per capita income were important influencing factors. CONCLUSION: Health education is to be strengthened for improving the breastfeeding of children within 6 months after birth in poor areas, especially in ethnic minority areas and families with lower per capita income. Measures on interventions of these influencing factors and scientific feeding patterns should be established.

Nutritional status of children during and post-global economic crisis in China.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the impact of the global economic crisis on the nutritional status of children in China during and after the crisis. METHODS: Data from 1990 to 2010 were sourced from the National Food and Nutrition Surveillance System. Approximately 16 000 children under 5 years old were selected using a stratified random cluster method from 40 surveillance sites. Anthropometric and hemoglobin measurements for children under 5 were conducted. Nutritional status was determined according to WHO child growth standards. RESULTS: Prevalence of underweight and stunting in children under 5 had a downward trend. Underweight prevalence was close to normal (less than 5%), with prevalence of stunting 12.6% in 2009 and 12.1% in 2010 in rural areas. Prevalence of stunting in infants under 6 months and 6-12 months old in poorer rural areas increased from 5.7%-9.1% and 6.7%-12.5%, respectively, in 2008-2009. This trend also continued post-crisis in 2010. Prevalence of stunting in children left behind by mothers was 20%-30% higher than in children the same age in general and poorer rural areas. Prevalence of anemia in children did not change in rural areas, but prevalence of anemia in all age groups increased in poorer rural areas, especially in children under 24 months old. Level reached 30%-40% in 2009, and fluctuated in 2010. CONCLUSION: The nutritional status of children under 5 was comparatively stable during and after the global economic crisis, attributable to the Chinese government's policy response. The nutritional status in poorer rural areas fluctuated in response to the economic crisis and, thus, relevant action and intervention must be taken immediately to help the most vulnerable population in poorer rural areas. A proper national nutritional strategy for children under 2 years old, including nutrition supplementation for pregnant women and in-home fortification for complementary feeding, should be initiated.

[Prevalence of anemia and feeding behavior among 2-5 year-old children in poor areas of China].

OBJECTIVE: To understand the prevalence of anemia and its related risk factors among 2-5 year-old children in Chinese poor areas. METHODS: 5927 children aged 2-5 years old in poor areas of 30 counties in 13 provinces (autonomous regions or municipalities) were randomly selected by multi-stage cluster random sampling. Designed questionnaires were used to collect personal information and feeding behavior; and hemoglobin levels were tested. RESULTS: The prevalence of anemia in children aged 2-5 years in poor areas was 22.4%. The prevalence peak of anemia was in 5-5.9 age group and the distribution of anemia among different areas was significantly different. The result of non-conditional Logistic regression analysis showed that anemia was related to some factors, including weaning time, having breakfast or not, number of people dining at home, education level of mother, the frequency of children having meals at home and family annual per capita income. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of anemia of 2-5 years old children in poor areas of China is quite serious and more consideration should be given. Anemia is closely related to feeding conditions and feeding behavior. Taking specific measures to develop anemia prevention and intervention programs are necessary.

[Status of malnutrition and its influencing factors in children under 5 years of age in poor areas of China in 2009].

OBJECTIVE: To study the status of malnutrition and its influencing factors in children less than 5 years of age in poor areas of China in 2009. METHODS: Multistage stratified random cluster sampling method used in the national survey was performed. The subjects of the study were 7818 children less than 5 years of age in poor areas. The contents of the investigation included questionnaire survey, anthropometric measurement, biochemical tests and dietary survey. Z-scores were calculated according to WHO growth standards. The prevalence of malnutrition was calculated hy WHO Anthro V 3. 2. 2 software. Data processing and multiple factors analysis were finished hy non condition logistic regression in software SAS 9.12. RESULTS: The prevalence of stunting, underweight and wasting in children under 5 year-old in poor areas of China were 15.9%, 7.8% and 3.7% respectively. Excluding other influencing factors, the results suggested that the low birth weight (OR = 1.975, 95% CI = 1.515 -2.575), household income less than 2000 Yuan per capita per year (OR = 1.813, 95% CI = 1.364 -2.409), not cared by father/mother (OR = 1.190, 95% CI = 1.022 - 1.387) and no sanitary drinking water (OR = 1.282, 95% CI = 1.120 - 1.466) are the most important factors making the child more likely to become malnutrition. Compared to the child whose mother was professional personnel, cadre or army-woman, the child whose mother was farmer (OR = 5.384, 95% CI = 2.490 - 11.642), migrant worker (OR = 4.244, 95% CI 1.953 - 9.222) , rural handicraft worker or individual-owned businesswoman (OR = 4. 872, 95% CI = 2.169 - 10.947) and household wife (OR = 5.331, 95% CI = 2.438 - 11.654) was easy to become malnutrition. The nearest medical institution at a distance of not more than 1 km is a protective factor for malnutrition (OR = 1.246, 95% CI = 1.100 -1.411). The risk of malnutrition would be increased when food supplements were started from the 9th month after birth (OR = 1.194, 95% CI = 1.016 - 1.403). CONCLUSION: Malnutrition in children under 5 year-old in poor areas of China should not be ignored. Influencing factors are still existing and changing. Comprehensive improvement will be the effective measure for changing the nutritional status of children.

[Growth and anemia status investigation of 0-2 years infant and child in poor rural areas of Guangxi autonomous region].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate and analysis the growth and anemia status of 0-2 years old infant and child in poor rural areas of Guangxi autonomous region. METHODS: 659 child under 2 years old were selected randomly to measure the length, weight and hemoglobin concentration, and to get the child basic condition information through questionnaire. RESULTS: In this area, the percent of 0-2 years old child growth retardation was 24.6%, under weight was 19.5%, wasting was 11.4% and anemia was 22.6%. CONCLUSION: The malnutrition and anemia status of 0-2 years old infant and child in investigated areas was severe.

[Study on feeding status of infants and young children under 2-years-old in China].

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the feeding situation and change trend of the infants and young children under the age of 2 years in China. METHODS: The multi-stage cluster probability sampling was used to select randomly total 7204 infants and young children under the age of 2 years from Chinese 14 provinces, autonomy regions and municipalities. Questionnaires for parents were used to collect the information of feeding. RESULTS: The national breastfeeding rate of infant under 6 months was 49.2% in 2006, which of urban and rural was 51.9% and 48.5% respectively. About the complementary feeding of the infants and young children of 6 to 24 months old, the addition rate of formula, common milk and milk products, cereals, meats, aquatic products, eggs, legume, vegetable and fruit is 41.8%, 47.6%, 94.4%, 78.0%, 59.9%, 87.4%, 64.9% and 90.2% respectively. CONCLUSION: The nutritional status of infants and young children still need further concerns, for the reason that the exclusive breastfeeding rate remained in a low level, especially the rate in rural areas showed a dramatic decreased trend. Meanwhile, the complementary feeding frequently begins too early or too late, and foods are often nutritionally inadequate and unsafe.