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Autoantibodies are biomarkers for autoimmune disease diagnosis, monitoring, and prediction. Therefore, this study established the frequency of latent and overt polyautoimmunity in children and adolescents with >6 months of diagnosis of immune thrombocytopenia (ITP). Forty-seven patients with chronic or persistent disease had non-organ-specific and organ-specific autoantibodies assessed. Frequency of latent polyautoimmunity was 36.2%, and, of overt polyautoimmunity, it was 4.3%. Of ITP patients with latent polyautoimmunity, 52.9% were positive for antinuclear antibody (ANA), 47.1% for autoantibodies other than ANA, and 64.7% for multiple autoantibodies. In addition, patients with latent polyautoimmunity and those positive for ANA were significantly older at disease onset. Both ITP patients positive and negative for autoantibodies reported family members with autoimmune diseases. The autoantibodies observed were as follows: ANA, anti-dsDNA, anti-SSA/Ro, IgM aCL, anti-GAD, anti-IA2, anti-IAA, anti-TG, anti-TPO, anti-LKM1, and SMA. Of ITP patients with overt polyautoimmunity, 1 was diagnosed with type 1 diabetes mellitus and the other with thyroiditis. In conclusion, children and adolescents with ITP present high frequency of latent and overt polyautoimmunity even for autoantibodies other than ANA. Therefore, ANA and other non-organ-specific and organ-specific autoantibodies should be considered for assessment during ITP patients' follow-up.
Assuntos
Autoanticorpos/imunologia , Púrpura Trombocitopênica Idiopática/imunologia , Adolescente , Autoantígenos/imunologia , Criança , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Humanos , MasculinoRESUMO
INTRODUCTION AND AIM: Data on epidemiology of liver diseases in Brazil is scarce. This study aimed to estimate the burden of chronic viral hepatitis and liver cirrhosis in the country. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The indicator used was disability-adjusted life year (DALY), a sum of years of life lost due to premature mortality (YLL) and years lived with disability (YLD). Liver cirrhosis was analyzed in etiologic categories and cirrhosis of viral origin was considered part of the burden of chronic hepatitis. RESULTS: There were 57,380 DALYs (30.3 per 100,000 inhabitants) attributable to chronic hepatitis B and cirrhosis due to hepatitis B, with 41,262 DALYs in men. Most burden was caused by YLL (47,015 or 24.8/100,000) rather than YLD (10,365 or 5.5/100,000). Chronic hepatitis C and cirrhosis due to hepatitis C were responsible for 207,747 DALYs (109.6/100,000), of which 137,922 were YLL (72.7/100,000) and 69,825 (36.8/100,000) were YLD, with a higher proportion of DALYs in men (73.9%). Cirrhosis due to alcohol or other causes had a total of 536,169 DALYs (1,4% of total DALYs in Brazil), with 418,272 YLL (341,140 in men) and 117,897 YLD (97,965 in men). Highest DALYs' rates occurred at ages 60-69 in chronic hepatitis and at ages 45-59 in cirrhosis due to alcohol or other causes. CONCLUSION: Chronic viral hepatitis and liver cirrhosis are responsible for a significant burden in Brazil, affecting mainly men and individuals still in their productive years. Most burden is related to non-viral causes of cirrhosis, with a major contribution of alcohol.
Assuntos
Hepatite B Crônica/epidemiologia , Hepatite C Crônica/epidemiologia , Cirrose Hepática/epidemiologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Distribuição por Idade , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Brasil/epidemiologia , Avaliação da Deficiência , Feminino , Hepatite B Crônica/diagnóstico , Hepatite B Crônica/mortalidade , Hepatite C Crônica/diagnóstico , Hepatite C Crônica/mortalidade , Humanos , Incidência , Cirrose Hepática/diagnóstico , Cirrose Hepática/mortalidade , Cirrose Hepática Alcoólica/epidemiologia , Cirrose Hepática Alcoólica/mortalidade , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Prevalência , Prognóstico , Fatores de Risco , Distribuição por Sexo , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Background: Despite the widely acknowledged benefit of exercise for patients with cancer, little evidence on the optimal timing of exercise on adverse effects of cancer treatment is available. Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine whether an exercise intervention initiated during chemotherapy is superior to an intervention initiated after chemotherapy for improving long-term cardiorespiratory fitness (peak oxygen uptake [VO2peak]). Methods: In this prospective, randomized clinical trial, patients scheduled to receive curative chemotherapy were randomized to a 24-week exercise intervention, initiated either during chemotherapy (group A) or afterward (group B). The primary endpoint was VO2peak 1 year postintervention. Secondary endpoints were VO2peak postintervention, muscle strength, health-related quality of life (HRQoL), fatigue, physical activity, and self-efficacy. Between-group differences were calculated using intention-to-treat linear mixed-models analyses. Results: A total of 266 patients with breast (n = 139), testicular (n = 95), and colon cancer (n = 30) as well as lymphoma (n = 2) were included. VO2peak immediately postintervention and 1 year postintervention did not differ between the 2 groups. Immediately postchemotherapy, patients in group A exhibited significantly lower decreases in VO2peak (3.1 mL/kg/min; 95% CI: 2.2-4.0 mL/kg/min), HRQoL, and muscle strength and reported less fatigue and more physical activity than those in group B. Conclusions: Exercise can be safely performed during chemotherapy and prevents fatigue and decreases in VO2peak, muscle strength, and HRQoL, in addition to hastening the return of function after chemotherapy. Also, if exercise cannot be performed during chemotherapy, a program afterward can enable patients to regain the same level of function, measured 1 year after completion of the intervention. (Optimal Timing of Physical Activity in Cancer Treatment [ACT]; NCT01642680).
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To discuss and share knowledge around advances in the care of patients with thrombotic disorders, the Third International Symposium of Thrombosis and Anticoagulation was held in São Paulo, Brazil, from October 14-16, 2010. This scientific program was developed by clinicians for clinicians, and was promoted by four major clinical research institutes: the Brazilian Clinical Research Institute, the Duke Clinical Research Institute of the Duke University School of Medicine, the Canadian VIGOUR Centre, and the Uppsala Clinical Research Center. Comprising 3 days of academic presentations and open discussion, the symposium had as its primary goal to educate, motivate, and inspire internists, cardiologists, hematologists, and other physicians by convening national and international visionaries, thought-leaders, and dedicated clinician-scientists. This paper summarizes the symposium proceedings.
Assuntos
Anticoagulantes/uso terapêutico , Congressos como Assunto , Trombose/tratamento farmacológico , Trombose/metabolismo , Brasil , HumanosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Reported median overall survival (OS) in patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) has been reported to be just 3-4 years. As a consequence, first-line treatment has become more aggressive. Single-center studies with R-Hyper-CVAD and/or autologous stem-cell transplant (ASCT) have produced 3-year OS rates >80%, prompting many to adopt their use. We evaluated outcomes from a single-center cohort managed in a more traditional fashion. METHODS: We identified patients with MCL evaluated at Weill Cornell Medical Center since 1997, and included those with known date of diagnosis. An online social security database was used to verify survival. RESULTS: We identified 181 patients with MCL, and date of diagnosis could be determined in 111. Three-year OS from diagnosis was 86% [95% confidence interval (CI) 78% to 92%]. Median OS was 7.1 years (95% CI 63-98 months). Adequate information on therapy was available for 75 patients. Only five were treated upfront with (R)-Hyper-CVAD or ASCT while an additional four patients received one of these regimens subsequently. Treatment type had no significant effect on OS. CONCLUSION: Outcomes with standard approaches can yield similar survival to that achieved with more intensive approaches. Biases may account for the perceived superiority of aggressive strategies.
Assuntos
Biomarcadores Tumorais/análise , Linfoma de Célula do Manto/tratamento farmacológico , Linfoma de Célula do Manto/patologia , Linfoma de Célula do Manto/terapia , Transplante de Células-Tronco , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Anticorpos Monoclonais/administração & dosagem , Anticorpos Monoclonais Murinos , Antineoplásicos/administração & dosagem , Protocolos de Quimioterapia Combinada Antineoplásica/administração & dosagem , Ensaios Clínicos como Assunto , Estudos de Coortes , Terapia Combinada , Ciclofosfamida/administração & dosagem , Bases de Dados Factuais , Dexametasona/administração & dosagem , Intervalo Livre de Doença , Doxorrubicina/administração & dosagem , Doxorrubicina/análogos & derivados , Feminino , Seguimentos , Humanos , Estimativa de Kaplan-Meier , Linfoma de Célula do Manto/diagnóstico , Linfoma de Célula do Manto/mortalidade , Linfoma de Célula do Manto/radioterapia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estadiamento de Neoplasias , Prednisona/administração & dosagem , Radioterapia , Análise de Regressão , Estudos Retrospectivos , Rituximab , Análise de Sobrevida , Fatores de Tempo , Transplante Autólogo , Resultado do Tratamento , Vincristina/administração & dosagemRESUMO
Sitting still for extended periods of time can lead to physical discomfort and even serious health risks. Due to safety regulations, reducing passenger' sitting time in aircrafts is not feasible. This paper presents the results of a laboratory study, in where an interactive airplane seat was compared with a current economy class seat. Participants used both seats for 3.5â¯h, and performed significantly more in-seat movements when using the interactive seating system. Furthermore, this interactive seat predominantly lead to significantly better comfort experiences and reduced discomfort experiences, however no significant differences have been found in self-reported localized musculoskeletal discomfort. Passengers indicated that they would prefer this interactive seat over a standard aircraft seat.
Assuntos
Aeronaves/instrumentação , Decoração de Interiores e Mobiliário , Movimento , Adulto , Desenho de Equipamento , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Dor Musculoesquelética/etiologia , Percepção , Postura Sentada , Jogos de Vídeo , Adulto JovemRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Knowing the high and low peaks in comfort during a flight could be useful in prioritizing aircraft interior improvements. OBJECTIVE: The first objective of this study was to identify whether there are differences in comfort experiences during different phases of a flight. The second objective of this study was to identify similarities between recalled and real time reported comfort experiences. METHODS: 149 participants were asked to rate the comfort in the different phases of their last flight on a scale from 1-10. Additionally, a combination of a self-reporting design probe and generative interview was used to investigate the appraisal patterns of emotions in nine passengers. RESULTS: The 149 subjects reported the highest comfort after take-off and arriving at the destination, the lowest while stowing the luggage and during the cruise flight. The qualitative long haul inflight study showed after take-off and while arriving at the destination the most positive emotions and during the cruise flight there is a negative experience phase. CONCLUSIONS: Suggestions are given to improve the cruise flight phase, by for example stimulation of movement or better service.
Assuntos
Aeronaves/normas , Conforto do Paciente/normas , Viagem/psicologia , Adulto , China , Comportamento do Consumidor , Feminino , Humanos , Decoração de Interiores e Mobiliário/métodos , Decoração de Interiores e Mobiliário/normas , Masculino , Países Baixos , Pesquisa Qualitativa , República da Coreia , Inquéritos e Questionários , TaiwanRESUMO
Boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) involves administration of a boron compound followed by neutron irradiation of the target organ. The boron atom captures a neutron, which results in the release of densely ionizing helium and lithium ions that are highly damaging and usually lethal to cells within their combined track length of approximately 12 microns. Prior to Phase I clinical trials for patients with malignant gliomas, mice with glioma 261 intracerebral tumors were fed D,L-3-(p-boronophenyl)alanine and irradiated with total tumor doses of 1000-5000 RBE-cGy of single fraction thermal neutrons to determine the maximum tolerated dose and effect on survival. These mice were compared to mice that received D,L-3-(p-boronophenyl)alanine alone, neutron irradiation alone, photon irradiation alone, or no treatment. Additional normal mice received escalating doses of neutron irradiation to determine its toxicity to normal brain. BNCT caused a dose-dependent, statistically significant prolongation in survival at 1000-5000 RBE-cGy. At 3000 RBE-cGy, median survival rates of the BNCT and untreated control groups were 68 and 22 days, respectively, with a long-term survival rate of 33%. At 4000 RBE-cGy, median survival was 72 and 21 days, respectively, with a long-term survival rate of 43%. At lower radiation doses, the extended survival was comparable between the BNCT and photon-irradiated mice; however, at 3000 and 4000 RBE-cGy the median survival of BNCT-treated mice was significantly greater than photon-irradiated mice. The maximum tolerated single fraction dose to normal brain was approximately 2000 RBE-cGy.
Assuntos
Compostos de Boro/uso terapêutico , Neoplasias Encefálicas/radioterapia , Glioma/radioterapia , Fenilalanina/análogos & derivados , Radiossensibilizantes/uso terapêutico , Animais , Encéfalo/efeitos da radiação , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Nêutrons , Fenilalanina/uso terapêutico , Análise de SobrevidaRESUMO
The course of immunological reaction in 10 Yersinia enterocolitica 0:9 experimentally-infected heifers was followed using the conventional brucellosis tests complement fixation test (CFT), serum agglutination test (SAT) and brucella card test (BCT), and a recently developed Brucella antigen-specific gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) test. Initially, the animals were exposed orally to 10(10) colony-forming units (CFU) of Y. enterocolitica 0:9. Four weeks later, they were inoculated intravenously with 10(8) CFU of Y. enterocolitica 0:9 cells. After oral inoculation, the response in the conventional brucellosis tests was minimal. Only after intravenous inoculation were CFT and SAT titres and BCT reactions comparable to natural, false positive brucellosis reactors. After oral exposure the Brucellergen-stimulated release of IFN-gamma peaked at values above the cut-off stimulation index of 2.5 in 80% of the heifers. After intravenous inoculation, stimulation indices above 2.5 were present in only 10% of the animals. Two B. abortus infected control cattle showed stimulation indices of 3.1 and 3.4, and a negative control animal exhibited a stimulation index of 1.0. These findings show, in contrast to a previous study, that the Brucellergen-specific IFN-gamma assay cannot be used as a specific and discriminatory test for B. abortus infections.
Assuntos
Brucella abortus/classificação , Brucelose Bovina/diagnóstico , Doenças dos Bovinos , Yersiniose/veterinária , Yersinia enterocolitica/classificação , Animais , Brucella abortus/imunologia , Brucella abortus/isolamento & purificação , Brucelose Bovina/imunologia , Bovinos , Células Cultivadas , Reações Cruzadas , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática , Testes Imunológicos/métodos , Testes Imunológicos/veterinária , Interferon gama/análise , Interferon gama/biossíntese , Linfócitos/imunologia , Sensibilidade e Especificidade , Sorotipagem , Yersiniose/diagnóstico , Yersiniose/imunologia , Yersinia enterocolitica/imunologia , Yersinia enterocolitica/isolamento & purificaçãoRESUMO
Seventeen serotype 7 Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae strains isolated in New Zealand and A. pleuropneumoniae serotypes 1-12 reference strains were typed by restriction endonuclease analysis of chromosomal DNA and plasmid profiling. All serotype 7 strains produced similar DNA cleavage patterns and were significantly different to other reference serotype strains. Minor differences in the cleavage patterns enabled the 17 serotype 7 strains to be grouped into seven profiles. Plasmids were identified in all but three strains but the banding patterns did not account for the differences in the chromosomal profiles. The study showed that restriction endonuclease analysis and plasmid profiling are useful in epidemiological studies of porcine pleuropneumonia.
Assuntos
Infecções por Actinobacillus/veterinária , Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae/classificação , DNA Bacteriano/química , Plasmídeos/química , Pleuropneumonia/veterinária , Doenças dos Suínos/microbiologia , Infecções por Actinobacillus/epidemiologia , Infecções por Actinobacillus/microbiologia , Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae/genética , Animais , Enzimas de Restrição do DNA/química , Eletroforese em Gel de Ágar/veterinária , Nova Zelândia , Pleuropneumonia/epidemiologia , Pleuropneumonia/microbiologia , Mapeamento por Restrição/veterinária , Sorotipagem/veterinária , Suínos , Doenças dos Suínos/epidemiologiaRESUMO
Yersinia outer protein (YOP) preparations from Y. enterocolitica and Y. pseudotuberculosis were used as antigens in immunoblots for the detection of Yersinia infections in experimentally and naturally infected ruminants. Sera from 9 groups of animals were used: (1) 51 sera from cattle which were false-positive in the standard brucellosis serological tests, (2) 52 sera from brucellosis-negative cattle, (3) 51 sera from a deer herd in which 16 animals were positive in the brucellosis tests and Yersina species were isolated from 5 animals, (4) 50 sera from a deer herd in which sera from all animals were negative in the brucellosis tests, (5) 107 sera from brucellosis-negative cattle which were received from throughout New Zealand, (6) 30 sera from cattle naturally infected with B. abortus and from which B. abortus was isolated, (7) 55 sera from cattle naturally infected with B. abortus, (8) 26 sera from cattle experimentally infected with B. abortus, with mostly high titres in the conventional brucellosis tests, and (9) sera taken weekly from 3 cattle experimentally infected with Y. enterocolitica 0:9. In all 3 Y. enterocolitica 0:9 experimentally infected animals the antibody reactivity against major YOPs in the Y. enterocolitica and in the Y. pseudotuberculosis YOP preparation correlated well with the strength in the classical brucellosis tests and with the staining of smooth lipopolysaccharides (SLPS) in blots, thus confirming the usefulness of YOPs for the detection of Yersinia infections. Sera from naturally infected cattle and deer herds, regardless of whether they were false positive or negative in the brucellosis tests, showed high frequencies of staining in YOP blots (53-58% in cattle and 80-100% in deer), indicating a high prevalence of field infections with Yersinia species in New Zealand. In two of the three sera groups from B. abortus infected animals, antibodies against YOPs were detected with high frequency, showing that dual infections may be common and may interfere with differential serological testing.
Assuntos
Anticorpos Antibacterianos/sangue , Antígenos de Bactérias/imunologia , Proteínas da Membrana Bacteriana Externa/imunologia , Brucella abortus/imunologia , Brucelose Bovina/imunologia , Doenças dos Bovinos , Yersiniose/imunologia , Yersiniose/veterinária , Yersinia enterocolitica/imunologia , Animais , Formação de Anticorpos , Brucelose Bovina/sangue , Bovinos , Reações Cruzadas , Eletroforese em Gel de Poliacrilamida , Reações Falso-Positivas , Feminino , Immunoblotting , Ruminantes , Fatores de Tempo , Yersiniose/sangueRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To analyze variations in early neonatal mortality, stillbirth rates, and a set of indicators collected from obstetric hospitals affiliated to the Brazilian National Unified Health System (SUS) for their monitoring through the Hospital Data System (SIH/SUS) and Live Births Data System (SINASC). METHODS: One-hundred and thirty five hospitals in the state of Rio de Janeiro were assessed in 1997. Factor analysis was conducted using principal components. Score distribution for the first two components were established, which allowed to classify hospitals according to maternal risk profile and care outcomes. RESULTS: Hospitals affiliated to SUS were responsible for 77.8% of all deliveries in the state of Rio de Janeiro and 23% of them performed fewer than 100 deliveries a year. Among hospitals of extreme high maternal risk and low performance, there were several units considered as referral centers for high-risk pregnancy. It was also observed that 5% of hospital units with low complexity infrastructures showed a profile of high maternal risk and questionable care outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: The Hospital Information Data System affiliated to the National Unified Health System has proven to be an important information source for monitoring hospital stillbirth and early neonatal mortality rates as well as for planning surveillance actions for health services providing obstetric and/or neonatal care.
Assuntos
Morte Fetal/epidemiologia , Sistemas de Informação Hospitalar , Maternidades/normas , Mortalidade Infantil , Adolescente , Adulto , Brasil/epidemiologia , Criança , Atenção à Saúde/normas , Análise Fatorial , Feminino , Necessidades e Demandas de Serviços de Saúde , Hospitalização , Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Gravidez , Gravidez de Alto Risco , Qualidade da Assistência à Saúde , RiscoRESUMO
Anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum lindemuthianum is an important disease of common bean, resulting in major economic losses worldwide. Genetic diversity of the C. lindemuthianum population contributes to its ability to adapt rapidly to new sources of host resistance. The origin of this diversity is unknown, but sexual recombination, via the Glomerella teleomorph, is one possibility. This study tested the hypothesis that Glomerella strains that are frequently recovered from bean anthracnose lesions represent the teleomorph of C. lindemuthianum. A large collection of Glomerella isolates could be separated into two groups based on phylogenetic analysis, morphology, and pathogenicity to beans. Both groups were unrelated to C. lindemuthianum. One group clustered with the C. gloeosporioides species complex and produced mild symptoms on bean tissues. The other group, which belonged to a clade that included the cucurbit anthracnose pathogen C. magna, caused no symptoms. Individual ascospores recovered from Glomerella perithecia gave rise to either fertile (perithecial) or infertile (conidial) colonies. Some pairings of perithecial and conidial strains resulted in induced homothallism in the conidial partner, while others led to apparent heterothallic matings. Pairings involving two perithecial, or two conidial, colonies produced neither outcome. Conidia efficiently formed conidial anastomosis tubes (CATs), but ascospores never formed CATs. The Glomerella strains formed appressoria and hyphae on the plant surface, but did not penetrate or form infection structures within the tissues. Their behavior was similar whether the beans were susceptible or resistant to anthracnose. These same Glomerella strains produced thick intracellular hyphae, and eventually acervuli, if host cell death was induced. When Glomerella was co-inoculated with C. lindemuthianum, it readily invaded anthracnose lesions. Thus, the hypothesis was not supported: Glomerella strains from anthracnose lesions do not represent the teleomorphic phase of C. lindemuthianum, and instead appear to be bean epiphytes that opportunistically invade and sporulate in the lesions.
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Phaseolus/microbiologia , Phyllachorales/patogenicidade , Brasil , Phyllachorales/classificação , Phyllachorales/citologia , Phyllachorales/genética , FilogeniaRESUMO
Este texto é resultado de um projeto de pesquisa sobre a temática do jovem, violência e escola. O objetivo desse projeto foi investigar a interpretação dos jovens sobre a violência na sociedade, na escola e na sua própria vida. O pressuposto é o de que conhecer a perspectiva de agressores e vítimas sobre as suas experiências de violência contribui para esclarecer os universos simbólicos e normativos que regulam as condutas violentas e as possíveis formas de reduzir sua incidência. Os dados foram coletados por meio de grupos focais. Um dos grupos foi constituído por alunos qualificados pela escola como protagonistas de situações de violência. O outro grupo foi constituído por jovens considerados bons alunos. A análise dos dados mostra uma diferença entre a lógica da violência à escola e da escola, e a violência na escola.
Este texto es el resultado de un proyecto de investigación sobre el tema de la violencia juvenil y la escuela. El objetivo de este proyecto fue investigar la interpretación de los jóvenes sobre la violencia en la sociedad, en la escuela y en su propia vida. El supuesto es que el conocimiento de la perspectiva de los agresores y de las víctimas acerca de sus experiencias de violencia ayuda a clarificar los universos normativos y simbólicas que regulan el comportamiento violento y las posibles maneras de reducir su incidencia. Los datos fueron recolectados a través de grupos de enfoque. Un grupo fue formado por la escuela calificada como protagonistas de los estudiantes situaciones de violencia. El otro grupo estaba formado por los jóvenes considerados buenos estudiantes. Análisis de los datos muestra una diferencia entre la lógica de la violencia hacia y desde la escuela y la violencia escolar.
This paper is the result of a research project on the subject of youth, violence and school. The purpose of this project was to investigate the understanding of the young people on the violence in society, at school and in their own lives. The assumption is that knowing the aggressors' and victims' perspective about their experiences of violence helps to clarify the symbolic and the normative universes that rule violent conducts and the possible ways to reduce the incidence of violence. Data were collected through focus groups. One of the groups was composed by students qualified by their school's board as protagonists in situations of violence. The other group was consisted by those considered as good students. Data analysis shows the differences between the logic of violence at school, the school violence and violence against the school.
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Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adolescente , Ensino Fundamental e Médio , Violência , Exposição à Violência , Grupos Focais/métodosRESUMO
Este texto é resultado de um projeto de pesquisa sobre a temática do jovem, violência e escola. O objetivo desse projeto foi investigar a interpretação dos jovens sobre a violência na sociedade, na escola e na sua própria vida. O pressuposto é o de que conhecer a perspectiva de agressores e vítimas sobre as suas experiências de violência contribui para esclarecer os universos simbólicos e normativos que regulam as condutas violentas e as possíveis formas de reduzir sua incidência. Os dados foram coletados por meio de grupos focais. Um dos grupos foi constituído por alunos qualificados pela escola como protagonistas de situações de violência. O outro grupo foi constituído por jovens considerados bons alunos. A análise dos dados mostra uma diferença entre a lógica da violência à escola e da escola, e a violência na escola.
Este texto es el resultado de un proyecto de investigación sobre el tema de la violencia juvenil y la escuela. El objetivo de este proyecto fue investigar la interpretación de los jóvenes sobre la violencia en la sociedad, en la escuela y en su propia vida. El supuesto es que el conocimiento de la perspectiva de los agresores y de las víctimas acerca de sus experiencias de violencia ayuda a clarificar los universos normativos y simbólicas que regulan el comportamiento violento y las posibles maneras de reducir su incidencia. Los datos fueron recolectados a través de grupos de enfoque. Un grupo fue formado por la escuela calificada como protagonistas de los estudiantes situaciones de violencia. El otro grupo estaba formado por los jóvenes considerados buenos estudiantes. Análisis de los datos muestra una diferencia entre la lógica de la violencia hacia y desde la escuela y la violencia escolar.
This paper is the result of a research project on the subject of youth, violence and school. The purpose of this project was to investigate the understanding of the young people on the violence in society, at school and in their own lives. The assumption is that knowing the aggressors' and victims' perspective about their experiences of violence helps to clarify the symbolic and the normative universes that rule violent conducts and the possible ways to reduce the incidence of violence. Data were collected through focus groups. One of the groups was composed by students qualified by their school's board as protagonists in situations of violence. The other group was consisted by those considered as good students. Data analysis shows the differences between the logic of violence at school, the school violence and violence against the school.
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Violência , Estudantes , Ensino Fundamental e MédioRESUMO
The force applied to the closure of a parenteral container is a critical parameter in assuring the integrity of a seal. Measurement of the force can be accomplished either off line, through residual force measurements, or on line, through instrumentation of the sealing station. The instrumentation of the sealing station provides a dynamic profile of the sealing event for development of the optimal sealing parameters. A computer interface for this application has been developed using a standard IBM-AT and commercially available data acquisition hardware and software. The resultant data can be set up in Lotus 1-2-3, or any other analysis package capable of importing ASCII files, for graphic display, and/or additional analysis. The system thus provides a means to acquire quantitative data on the sealing event for development of optimal sealing parameters.
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Embalagem de Medicamentos , Software , Interface Usuário-ComputadorRESUMO
The use of steam as a sterilizing media for rigid, fixed volume containers is routine. When applied to less rigorous packages this process can cause package failure and product contamination or loss. A study has been carried out verifying the validity of a previously developed equation by measuring the actual pressures generated during sterilization in a small container system.