MoS2 Liquid Cell Electron Microscopy Through Clean and Fast Polymer-Free MoS2 Transfer.

Two dimensional (2D) materials have found various applications because of their unique physical properties. For example, graphene has been used as the electron transparent membrane for liquid cell transmission electron microscopy (TEM) due to its high mechanical strength and flexibility, single-atom thickness, chemical inertness, etc. Here, we report using 2D MoS2 as a functional substrate as well as the membrane window for liquid cell TEM, which is enabled by our facile and polymer-free MoS2 transfer process. This provides the opportunity to investigate the growth of Pt nanocrystals on MoS2 substrates, which elucidates the formation mechanisms of such heterostructured 2D materials. We find that Pt nanocrystals formed in MoS2 liquid cells have a strong tendency to align their crystal lattice with that of MoS2, suggesting a van der Waals epitaxial relationship. Importantly, we can study its impact on the kinetics of the nanocrystal formation. The development of MoS2 liquid cells will allow further study of various liquid phenomena on MoS2, and the polymer-free MoS2 transfer process will be implemented in a wide range of applications.

Biomechanical analysis using finite element analysis of orbital floor fractures reproduced in a realistic experimental environment with an anatomical model.

Introduction: In this study, we attempted to demonstrate the actual process of orbital floor fracture visually and computationally in anatomically reconstructed structures and to investigate them using finite element analysis. Methods: A finite element model of the skull and cervical vertebrae was reconstructed from computed tomography data, and an eyeball surrounded by extraocular adipose was modeled in the orbital cavity. Three-dimensional volume mesh was generated using 173,894 of the 4-node hexahedral solid elements. Results: For the cases where the impactor hit the infraorbital foramen, buckling occurred at the orbital bone as a result of the compressive force, and the von Mises stress exceeded 150 MPa. The range of stress components included inferior orbital rim and orbital floor. For the cases where the impactor hit the eyeball first, the orbital bone experienced less stress and the range of stress components limited in orbital floor. The critical speeds for blowout fracture were 4 m/s and 6 m/s for buckling and hydraulic mechanism. Conclusion: Each mechanism has its own fracture inducing energy and its transmission process, type of force causing the fracture, and fracture pattern. It is possible to determine the mechanism of the fracture based on whether an orbital rim fracture is present.

Neural Network-Based Multi-Objective Optimization of Adjustable Drawbead Movement for Deep Drawing of Tailor-Welded Blanks.

To improve the formability in the deep drawing of tailor-welded blanks, an adjustable drawbead was introduced. Drawbead movement was obtained using the multi-objective optimization of the conflicting objective functions of the fracture and centerline deviation simultaneously. Finite element simulations of the deep drawing processes were conducted to generate observations for optimization. The response surface method and artificial neural network were used to determine the relationship between variables and objective functions; the procedure was applied to a circular cup drawing of the tailor-welded dual-phase steel blank. The results showed that the artificial neural network had better prediction capability and accuracy than the response surface method. Additionally, the non-dominated sorting-based genetic algorithm (NSGA-II) could effectively determine the optima. The adjustable drawbead with the optimized movement was confirmed as an efficient and effective solution for improving the formability of the deep drawing of tailor-welded blanks.

Tissue-like skin-device interface for wearable bioelectronics by using ultrasoft, mass-permeable, and low-impedance hydrogels.

Hydrogels consist of a cross-linked porous polymer network and water molecules occupying the interspace between the polymer chains. Therefore, hydrogels are soft and moisturized, with mechanical structures and physical properties similar to those of human tissue. Such hydrogels have a potential to turn the microscale gap between wearable devices and human skin into a tissue-like space. Here, we present material and device strategies to form a tissue-like, quasi-solid interface between wearable bioelectronics and human skin. The key material is an ultrathin type of functionalized hydrogel that shows unusual features of high mass-permeability and low impedance. The functionalized hydrogel acted as a liquid electrolyte on the skin and formed an extremely conformal and low-impedance interface for wearable electrochemical biosensors and electrical stimulators. Furthermore, its porous structure and ultrathin thickness facilitated the efficient transport of target molecules through the interface. Therefore, this functionalized hydrogel can maximize the performance of various wearable bioelectronics.

Highly conductive and elastic nanomembrane for skin electronics.

Skin electronics require stretchable conductors that satisfy metallike conductivity, high stretchability, ultrathin thickness, and facile patternability, but achieving these characteristics simultaneously is challenging. We present a float assembly method to fabricate a nanomembrane that meets all these requirements. The method enables a compact assembly of nanomaterials at the water-oil interface and their partial embedment in an ultrathin elastomer membrane, which can distribute the applied strain in the elastomer membrane and thus lead to a high elasticity even with the high loading of the nanomaterials. Furthermore, the structure allows cold welding and bilayer stacking, resulting in high conductivity. These properties are preserved even after high-resolution patterning by using photolithography. A multifunctional epidermal sensor array can be fabricated with the patterned nanomembranes.

Piezoresistive Behaviour of Additively Manufactured Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotube/Thermoplastic Polyurethane Nanocomposites.

To develop highly sensitive flexible pressure sensors, the mechanical and piezoresistive properties of conductive thermoplastic materials produced via additive manufacturing technology were investigated. Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) dispersed in thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU), which is flexible and pliable, were used to form filaments. Specimens of the MWCNT/TPU composite with various MWCNT concentrations were printed using fused deposition modelling. Uniaxial tensile tests were conducted, while the mechanical and piezoresistive properties of the MWCNT/TPU composites were measured. To predict the piezoresistive behaviour of the composites, a microscale 3D resistance network model was developed. In addition, a continuum piezoresistive model was proposed for large-scale simulations.

Lubricant-Added Conductive Composite for Direct Writing of a Stretchable Electrode.

Stretchable electrodes, which are essential components of next-generation electronic devices, should be highly conductive under multiaxial tensile strain, durable under repetitive stretching, and patternable for integrating stretchable devices. Herein, a lubricant-added stretchable conductive composite of a polydimethylsiloxane-based elastomer containing silver flakes is reported. The added lubricant minimizes changes in conductivity during stretching and maximizes elastic durability by reducing friction. The conductivity varies from 1933.3 S·cm-1 at 0% strain to 307.5 S·cm-1 at 300% uniaxial stretching and 1264.1 S·cm-1 at 50% biaxial stretching. Furthermore, the composite exhibits high durability, even after 1000 cycles of stretching at 200%, and the conductive composite paste can be applied to fine-linewidth direct writing.